桉木三组分在高温热水预处理及酶解糖化中的规律研究

为优化桉木高温热水预处理的工艺条件,用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段分析预处理渣的理化特性。结果表明,最佳的预处理条件为:预处理温度180℃,时间20 min,绝干木粉与水1∶20(g∶mL)。此条件下,预处理液中木糖、葡萄糖的转化率分别为81.93%和2.21%。桉木木粉经最优条件预处理后,大部分半纤维素被水解;纤维素的相对结晶度基本不变;碳水化合物的结构变的松散,纹孔膜破裂,纤维碎片增多,极大的提高了后续纤维素酶的可及度。对最优条件下预处理渣的进一步酶解:发现葡萄糖的转化率高达80.52%,比未经预处理直接酶解提高3.63倍。对酶解残渣的进一步分析可知,桉木原料87.12%的酸不溶木质素可在酶解残渣中得到回收,这有利于木质素的综合利用。     

亚硫酸氢盐预处理对玉米秸秆酶水解的影响

研究了亚硫酸氢钠对玉米秸秆进行预处理的条件,主要考察了亚硫酸氢钠用量、预处理温度和pH值对玉米秸秆酶水解效率的影响。结果表明:在温度180℃、保温30min时,随着亚硫酸氢钠用量的增加,木质素和半纤维素的溶出量增大,从而促进玉米秸秆预处理后底物的酶水解,当亚硫酸氢钠用量为7%时,酶水解转化率和葡萄糖得率分别为69.40%和62.44%;预处理温度越高,酶水解效率越高,温度190℃、保温30min时底物酶水解转化率达到了81.04%,葡萄糖得率71.91%;预处理pH值升高,酶水解效率相应增大,pH值在4.2～4.7之间时,酶解效率增加明显。     

两步法预处理对杨木酶水解及木质素吸附性能的影响

研究了不同的两步法预处理对杨木酶水解和木质素吸附性能的影响,结果显示:未处理原料中木质素为29.05%,其酶水解得率仅为15.24%;蒸汽爆破一步法预处理后物料中木质素为34.88%,酸性基团仅为10.16 mmol/kg,酶水解得率为56.88%,预处理过程中木质素几乎没有脱除,因此未能回收作为吸附剂使用。碱性氧化-蒸汽爆破和碱性磺化-蒸汽爆破两步法预处理后物料中木质素减少至21.06%和17.68%,酸性基团增加至101.34和107.69 mmol/kg,酶水解得率由一步法的56.88%提高至74.38%和81.09%,两步法预处理脱除了原料中50%左右的木质素,经回收可作为重金属离子吸附剂使用,对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为158.73和142.86 mg/g。分析表明:碱性磺化-蒸汽爆破两步法预处理既可大量脱除木质素,增强纤维素酶水解,又可对木质素进行改性,提高木质素对重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能。     

造纸废弃物麦草废渣高温自水解预处理对酶水解性能的影响

对造纸废弃物麦草废渣进行高温自水解预处理,并对预处理后的麦草废渣进行组成分析和酶解,以纤维素和木聚糖的酶解得率为考核指标,研究了不同自水解预处理条件对麦草废渣酶解的影响。研究表明,预处理后麦草废渣的化学组成和物理结构均发生了改变,纤维素的含量增加,比表面积增大且促进了纤维素的酶解。酶解结果显示,温度对预处理麦草废渣的酶水解得率有着极其显著的影响。以200℃自水解预处理60 min的麦草废渣为酶水解底物(质量浓度50 g/L),添加纤维素酶35 FPIU/g(以纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶25 IU/g、木聚糖酶120 U/g及2 g/L聚乙二醇(PEG6000),酶解体系50 m L,于50℃酶解36 h,其纤维素和木聚糖酶解得率分别达86.29%和74.03%,是麦草废渣经170℃自水解40 min后酶解得率的2.3倍和2.8倍。     

碱性木聚糖酶在中小径竹KP浆漂白中的应用

探讨碱性木聚糖酶用于中小径竹KP浆漂白预处理的最佳工艺条件及碱性木聚糖酶预处理对中小径竹KP浆ECF漂白的影响.结果表明,碱性木聚糖酶Unikfect 100处理浆的最佳工艺为:浆浓度4%,pH值9.0,温度65℃,时间20 min,酶用量15.0×10-7 mol·s-1g-1浆;对ECF漂白的影响为:O-X-D1-EOP-D2漂序的漂白效果优于O-D/C-EOP-D2,在白度相近的情况下,纸浆的粘度及物理强度较高.     

稀硫酸-氢氧化钙联合预处理玉米秸秆制乙醇

以玉米秸秆为原料,研究稀硫酸-氢氧化钙联合预处理秸秆制备燃料乙醇的方法。玉米秸秆经稀硫酸预处理、固液分离后得到的预水解液(主要含有木糖)进行戊糖发酵;而残渣采用氢氧化钙进一步预处理后,经酶水解得到的葡萄糖进行己糖发酵,从而实现戊糖和己糖分开发酵产乙醇。研究结果表明,玉米秸秆稀硫酸预处理最佳条件为:硫酸用量1.00%(以绝干玉米秸秆计),反应温度130℃,反应时间70 min,此时木聚糖水解得率为80.45%;采用树干毕赤酵母对玉米秸秆稀硫酸预水解液原液、浓缩液Ⅰ(浓度为原液的2倍)和浓缩液Ⅱ(浓度为原液的3.5倍)进行戊糖发酵,乙醇得率分别为82.52%、85.13%和73.64%。氢氧化钙进一步预处理玉米秸秆稀硫酸预处理渣的最佳条件为:氢氧化钙用量0.125 g/g(以绝干玉米秸秆计),反应温度90℃,时间24 h,此时纤维素酶水解得率为84.92%;采用酿酒酵母对两步预处理残渣的酶水解液原液、浓缩液Ⅲ和浓缩液Ⅳ(浓度为原液的2倍和3倍)进行己糖发酵,乙醇得率分别为92.22%、91.89%和85.54%。     

蒸汽爆破和有机溶剂预处理对杨木底物酶水解性质的影响

选取三倍体毛白杨为原料,通过分析最优条件下有机溶剂法和蒸汽爆破法预处理后纤维素得率、结晶度指数、木质素含量及酶水解的结果,比较两种预处理工艺对底物性质的影响。结果表明:蒸汽爆破法能脱出部分木质素,而有机溶剂法能使大部分木质素脱除,木质素质量分数比未处理的降低63.34%。与原料相比,经过预处理后,结晶度指数都有所提高,蒸汽爆破预处理后达1.962,有机溶剂法预处理后达1.712。有机溶剂法预处理的样品葡萄糖转化率为81.36%,蒸汽爆破预处理的样品的葡萄糖转化率可达91.29%。     

蒸汽爆破预处理条件对麦草酶水解影响的研究

在预处理温度分别为190℃和210℃,停留时间分别为2、4、8min的条件下,分析不同预处理条件对麦草原料得率、半纤维素组分、纤维素的回收率、纤维素的酶水解得率产生的影响.研究结果表明,随着预处理条件的加剧,汽爆原料的得率呈下降趋势,而纤维素和半纤维素组分的溶解程度提高,酶水解得率相应提高.在温度为190℃,停留时间为2min的条件下,汽爆麦草原料得率和纤维素回收率最高,分别达到80.7%和57.6%;在温度为210℃,停留时间为8min的条件下,汽爆麦草原料的纤维分离程度最佳,并且纤维素的酶水解得率最高,达到72.4%.     

磷酸联合过氧化氢预处理玉米芯及其酶水解效率的影响

利用磷酸联合过氧化氢(H_3PO_4-H_2O_2,PHP)预处理玉米芯,并以纤维素酶水解预处理后玉米芯,以酶解效率为指标优化预处理条件。研究结果表明:玉米芯经H_3PO_4-H_2O_2混合液(H_3PO_4质量分数80%)于50℃下预处理4 h后,纤维素质量分数57.38%,纤维素回收率95.84%,半纤维素和木质素的脱除率分别为62.36%和68.97%。在酶用量10 FPIU/g(以葡聚糖质量计)的条件下,72 h酶水解得率为39.12%,相比未经预处理玉米芯的72 h酶水解得率(10.84%)提高了2.61倍。利用红外光谱分析物料预处理后结构的变化,H_3PO_4和H_2O_2在预处理过程中起到了协同作用,能同时去除半纤维素和木质素。相比单独使用H_3PO_4预处理(16.78%)或H_2O_2预处理(20.71%),H_3PO_4-H_2O_2预处理玉米芯的72 h酶水解得率分别提高了133.13%和88.89%。     

蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解速率下降的因素分析（英文）

为评价导致纤维素酶水解速率下降的因素,以底物质量浓度为50 g/L葡聚糖及酶用量为20 FPIU/g滤纸酶活和10 IU/gβ-葡萄糖苷酶活的蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解为研究对象,探讨了影响酶水解速率的潜在因素,包括物料反应性能、纤维素酶非特异性吸附、酶失活及终产物抑制。结果表明:酶用量40 FPIU/g条件下酶水解6 h及12 h后,蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆的物料反应性能分别下降了16.0%及23.7%,然而,在酶用量为20 FPIU/g时,物料反应性能的下降对酶水解速率的影响极其有限;酶解木质素的添加使得1 h酶解上清液中酶蛋白浓度降低了20.8%,但初始酶水解速率并未显著降低,即木质素对纤维素酶的非特异性吸附对酶水解速率影响不大;两段酶水解中纤维素酶的更新使得7 h酶水解速率由一段酶水解中的1.30 g/(L·h)提高至1.83 g/(L·h);两段酶水解中终产物的去除则使得7 h酶水解速率提高至4.76 g/(L·h),是一段酶水解中7 h酶水解速率的3.66倍。综合而言,酶失活及终产物抑制对酶水解速率影响较大,其中终产物抑制是导致蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解速率降低的关键因素。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.