及其催化合成乙酸松油酯的研究

用几种稀土元素对单一型固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2进行改性.结果表明,用Ce4 改性效果较好,且当Ce4 质量分数为7.5 %、经500 ℃焙烧3 h后催化剂SO2-4/TiO2-Ce4 的催化活性最佳,并用TEM、XRD和IR对其结构进行了表征.该改性催化剂属于纳米级材料,粒径为32 nm,粒度均匀.并以该固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2-Ce4 为催化剂,松油醇和乙酸酐为原料合成乙酸松油酯.利用正交试验得到适宜的合成条件为:反应温度70 ℃、催化剂用量3 %、松油醇与乙酸酐物质的量之比为1∶1.5、反应时间6 h.在此条件下,松油醇转化率达99 %,产物中乙酸松油酯含量达90 %.与普通型固体超强酸进行比较,SO2-4/TiO2-Ce4 具有更高的催化活性和选择性.     

稀土元素改性SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2及其催化合成乙酸松油酯的研究

用几种稀土元素对单一型固体超强酸SO24-/TiO2进行改性。结果表明,用Ce4 改性效果较好,且当Ce4 质量分数为7.5%、经500℃焙烧3h后催化剂SO24-/TiO2-Ce4 的催化活性最佳,并用TEM、XRD和IR对其结构进行了表征。该改性催化剂属于纳米级材料,粒径为32nm,粒度均匀。并以该固体超强酸SO24-/TiO2-Ce4 为催化剂,松油醇和乙酸酐为原料合成乙酸松油酯。利用正交试验得到适宜的合成条件为:反应温度70℃、催化剂用量3%、松油醇与乙酸酐物质的量之比为1∶1.5、反应时间6h。在此条件下,松油醇转化率达99%,产物中乙酸松油酯含量达90%。与普通型固体超强酸进行比较,SO24-/TiO2-Ce4 具有更高的催化活性和选择性。     

固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2 催化β-月桂烯与马来酸酐的Diels-Alder反应研究

研究了SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2型固体超强酸催化剂的制备及其催化β-月桂烯与马来酸酐的Diels-Alder反应,通过GC、GC-MS和红外分析,确定其主产物为4-(4-甲基-3-戊烯基)-4-环己烯-1,2-酸酐。结果表明,该催化剂对β-月桂烯与马来酸酐的Diels-Alder反应有较高的催化活性和较好的选择性。考察了其催化性能的影响因素。结果表明,适宜的催化剂制备条件是:n(钛)∶n(锆)为1∶1,焙烧温度450℃。Diels-Alder反应优化的工艺条件:n(β-月桂烯)∶n(马来酸酐)为1∶1、反应时间4 h、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1%。该条件下β-月桂烯转化率96.5%,产物选择性94.0%,产物得率90.7%。同时考察了催化剂放置时间对异构产物的影响和催化剂重复使用情况。     

硅胶负载硫酸铁催化合成肉桂醛乙二醇缩醛

以肉桂醛和乙二醇为原料,以硅胶负载硫酸铁(Fe2(SO4)3/SiO2)为催化剂,合成了肉桂醛乙二醇缩醛,考察了醛醇比(物质的量之比)、反应时间、催化剂用量及其稳定性对产率的影响.结果表明,硅胶负载硫酸铁是合成肉桂醛乙二醇缩醛的理想催化剂,较优反应条件为:肉桂醛0.1 mol,n(肉桂醛)∶n(乙二醇)1.0∶1.5,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2.0%,带水剂环己烷15mL,回流反应3.0 h,肉桂醛乙二醇缩醛的产率可达83.2%.     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成苹果酯-B的研究

报道了固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12 O40/TiO2的制备方法,并以TiSiW12 O40/TiO2为多相催化剂,通过乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,2-丙二醇反应合成了苹果酯-B,探讨TiSiW12 O40/TiO2对缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了原料量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响.实验表明TiSiW12 O40/TiO2是合成苹果酯-B的良好催化剂,在乙酰乙酸乙酯与1,2-丙二醇的物质的量比为1∶ 1.5、催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.0%、环己烷为带水剂、反应时间1.0 h的优化条件下,苹果酯-B的收率可达83.3%.     

纳米固体超强酸催化合成乙酸松油酯的研究

研究了纳米固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2催化松油醇乙酰化反应.通过正交试验得出反应的最佳工艺条件:反应温度50 ℃,反应时间5 h,催化剂用量3 %,乙酐和松油醇摩尔比(酐醇比)为1.3∶1.在此条件下进行稳定性实验,产物中总酯的含量为92.79 %,主要副产物柠檬烯和异松油烯的含量为5.27 %,松油醇的转化率100 %;催化剂的活性和选择性都优于普通固体超强酸,而且可重复使用5次.     

固体超强酸催化长叶烯制备异长叶烯的研究

研究了SO2-4/TiO2-ZrO2型固体超强酸催化剂的制备及其催化长叶烯的异构反应,通过GC、GC-MS和标样分析,确定其主产物为异长叶烯.结果表明,该催化剂对长叶烯的异构化反应有很高的催化活性和较好的选择性.考察了其催化性能的影响因素.结果表明,适宜的催化剂制备条件是:n(钛)∶n(锆)为3∶1,焙烧温度550 ℃.长叶烯异构优化的工艺条件:反应时间4 h、反应温度165 ℃、催化剂用量4 %.该条件下长叶烯转化率99.1 %,异长叶烯得率97.2 %.同时考察了催化剂放置时间对异构产物的影响和催化剂重复使用情况.     

SO2-4/SnO2固体超强酸催化合成松油醇的研究

将SO2 - 4/SnO2 固体超强酸用于催化合成松油醇 ,显示出很高的催化活性 ;获得了SO2 - 4/SnO2 制备及松油醇合成的较好工艺条件 :硫酸浓度为 1 0mol/L ,焙烧温度 550℃ ,焙烧时间 3h ,催化剂用量为松节油重量的 8% ,一氯乙酸与松节油的摩尔比为 1 0～ 1 4∶1,反应温度 6 0℃ ,反应时间 8～ 12h。SO2 - 4/SnO2 还具有良好的重复使用性能和再生效果。     

纳米级固体超强酸SO2-4-/ZrO2催化合成乙酸芳樟酯的研究

首次采用纳米级固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2为催化剂合成乙酸芳樟酯,考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、乙酐与芳樟醇摩尔比(酐醇比)等因素对反应的影响.结果表明,反应温度30℃、反应时间6.5 h、催化剂用量为原料质量的2.5%、酐醇比为2.51时,芳樟醇转化率为93.2%,产物中乙酸芳樟酯含量为53.78%,总酯含量为76.89%.通过与其它催化剂对比发现,本实验反应时间较短,催化剂可重复使用,有较好的应用潜力.     

天然苯甲醛合成新工艺

实验利用丙二醇做溶剂,NaHCO_3为催化剂,研究肉桂醛水解制苯甲醛的工艺条件。通过单因素试验和正交试验得出反应温度、催化剂用量、H_2O_2的用量和反应时间对得率有显著影响,最佳条件:反应时间2.5 h,反应温度60℃,肉桂醛和NaHCO_3的摩尔比1∶0.15,肉桂醛和H_2O_2的质量比1∶20。苯甲醛平均得率81.85%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.