木麻黄优良无性系在山地引种栽培试验

通过福建中部山地引种木麻黄造林试验,5 a的研究结果表明:木麻黄无性系与实生苗造林保存率都较高,分别达到98.15%和96.8%,差异不显著。试验还表明,采用木麻黄无性系造林,其树高、胸径、材积的生长明显优于木麻黄实生苗的生长速度。前者比后者三项主要指标的生长量增加25.0%、26.5%和94.2%,差异较为显著。采用木麻黄优良无性系造林,其林木干型通直、冠幅大、林相整齐;应用实生苗造林,个体分化较大、生长参差不齐。     

沙荒风口造林用木麻黄抗逆无性系选育及造林效果

选育6个木麻黄无性系并培育两年生大苗,在福建平潭县岚城镇上楼村沙荒风口进行造林试验。结果表明木麻黄无性系大苗造林后在树高、胸径、材积等方面的生长情况显著优于普通木麻黄实生苗,所造林分具有生长快、郁闭早、林相整齐等特点。6个无性系中龙7、惠1、粤701表现最优,抗风力强,可作为沿海沙荒风口造林的理想材料。     

平潭岛沙地木麻黄不同品种造林试验初步研究

在平潭岛沙地开展了木麻黄平潭2号、A13和粤501无性系以及本地木麻黄实生苗造林对比试验,对5年生的试验林进行了生长量和防风效能的测定,结果表明:3种木麻黄无性系的生长量均高于本地木麻黄实生林,而且树高、胸径差异均达到极显著水平,不同无性系生长量差别不大,木麻黄平潭2号无性系生长最快。防风效果大小表现为木麻黄平潭2号无性系木麻黄粤501无性系木麻黄A13无性系本地实生木麻黄。在此试验条件下,平潭岛选用木麻黄造林宜优先选用木麻黄平潭2号无性系,其次是粤501和A13无性系。     

木麻黄无性系及实生苗间抗虫性差异的研究

通过对木麻黄7个无性系和2个家系间的星天牛虫害率的调查,发现不同无性系和家系间的虫害率有极显著的差异,虫害率最高的是无性系"平潭2号",达36.3%,最低的是实生苗家系"F0602",虫害率为0。相关性分析表明,木麻黄的虫害率与胸径和树高生长分别有极显著和显著的正相关关系,说明长速快的无性系或家系更易受到星天牛的侵袭。福建省沿海星天牛危害严重的地区除了选育抗星天牛的无性系外,还应营造一定比例的优良木麻黄实生苗人工林,提高木麻黄人工林的防护效益。     

用材型木麻黄无性系造林试验及增益效果分析

从福建省惠安赤湖国有防护林场收集的52份木麻黄无性系中筛选了13个表现较好的用材型无性系,通过苗木培育与造林试验,对木麻黄各无性系的性状进行了测定分析。结果表明,参试木麻黄各无性系间除枝下高外,树高、胸径、材积和冠幅差异均达到显著或极显著水平,而无性系重复间差异不明显。综合分析表明,粤703、惠86和龙7三个木麻黄无性系具有明显的增益效果,可作为用材型木麻黄优良无性系在生产中推广应用。     

晋江深沪湾风口木麻黄不同无性系造林试验

福建晋江深沪湾风口地段由于风沙和盐雾危害严重,导致木麻黄基干林带的营造十分困难。为了筛选出适宜的抗风、耐盐型木麻黄无性系,在晋江深沪湾风口地段进行5个木麻黄无性系造林试验。造林后当年12月对不同木麻黄无性系的生长量和成活率进行调查和分析,结果表明:惠安1号木麻黄无性系的造林成活率(85.65%)最高,其次是粤8(74.80%),而平潭2号(69.72%)的成活率最低,但不同无性系造林成活率差异未达到显著水平;造林后当年木麻黄不同无性系的平均地径、树高的大小顺序均为惠安1粤501粤8粤701平潭2,惠安1的平均地径(2.19cm)和树高(1.64m)均显著大于其他无性系,而平潭2的平均地径(1.59cm)和树高(1.28m)均最小,平均地径显著小于其他无性系。     

不同无性系、不同规格杉木扦插苗造林效果研究

1992年,在浙江省开化县对开天3、开天57和开天新6三个杉木(Cunninghamia lauceolata)无性系的5个规格扦插苗进行造林试验,研究不同无性系、不同苗木规格对杉木造林的影响。2014年调查结果表明不同无性系及不同苗木规格造林成活率、保存率均在95%、85%以上,无显著差异;3个无性系间树高、胸径、材积生长量差异极显著,以开天新6号表现最好,23年生时其平均树高15.56 m、胸径15.48 cm、单株材积0.159 8 m~3;不同苗木规格间其胸径、材积差异显著,Ⅰ级苗木生长表现最好,23年生时平均树达14.39 m、胸径14.34 cm、单株材积0.130 9 m~3。对不同规格杉木苗1、3、5、8年生时各生长性状的比较发现,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级苗造林后随树龄增加,其树高、胸径、材积间的差距也逐步减少,8年生时其树高由原来差异极显著变成差异不显著,胸径、材积由原来极显著变成显著;高径比在无性系及不同规格苗木间差异都不显著,以开天57最大,达到100.64;冠径比在不同无性系间差异显著,开天新6冠径比最小,为14.26,不同规格苗木之间差异不显著。选育的开天新6无性系在生长性状与形质指标上均表现良好,适宜在开化县类似杉木产区中等立地推广。     

木麻黄优良无性系去枝与留枝育苗及造林效果分析

对木麻黄优良无性系去枝、留枝及其在育苗造林中的生长情况进行比较,结果表明:木麻黄优良无性系去枝和留枝苗的生根率差别不大,都在88%以上;多枝容器苗地径、苗高、成活率好于去枝,差异极显著。造林后3年调查,留枝苗生长更快,长势更好,胸径、树高及保存率与去枝苗相比差异显著。建议生产上应采用木麻黄优良无性系留枝苗在造林中推广应用。     

不同楸树无性系组培苗幼龄期生长表现分析

为加快楸树良种自根苗发展,本研究连续2年对7个楸树不同无性系组培苗造林后的生长量进行观测分析,结果表明无论是第1年还是第2年,不同无性系间胸径和树高性状皆存在显著差异。重复力结果表明,楸树幼龄期的胸径和树高都属于高重复力性状,遗传稳定性较好。综合2年的生长量数据,7个无性系中生长较好的无性系是5#、72#和2#,生长最差的是64#。     

杉木无性系造林对比试验及重复力估测

引进浙江省12个杉木无性系扦插苗在Ⅱ、Ⅲ类立地的不同坡位上与福建省大田桃源国有林场初级种子园实生苗进行造林对比试验.结果表明,20 a生时12个无性系间在树高、胸径、冠幅、单株平均材积生长上均存在极显著差异,枝下高因造林密度原因差异不显著;不同坡位造林对无性系的影响,除冠幅显著外,其它各生长性状均极显著;与实生苗对比,适宜本地发展的杉木无性系首选57号、28号,其次为38号、A1、110号,可作为建立采穗圃的优良种源.无性系各生长性状重复力测算结果表明,20 a生时各无性系与原株之间的遗传特性保持极高的稳定性.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.