白音花沙地不同茬口弃耕地植被演替初探

采用定性、定量相结合法,总结白音花沙地不同茬口弃耕地植被演替系列、差异和模式,摸索到演替初期、中期,到达相对稳定阶段的变化趋势,其中荞麦、玉米、谷子、黍子等作物弃耕地,以黍子地植被演替速度最快,在进行草田轮作时,可优先考虑。变化的模式基本为a b—c d—e—f,使弃耕地植被趋向于恢复到受破坏前原生群落类型,但时间上有差异,质亦不同。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复的主要途径

围绕封山育林，对山西省西部黄土丘陵沟壑区的植被性质，土壤基质和植物群落演替进行了细致分析与探讨，就黄土丘陵沟壑区的植被恢复提出了可借鉴的看法，特别对在本区域开展封山育林的技术可行性，现有资源的可利用性，投资的高效性及成效的显著性，形成群落的多样性进行了论述，提出在公益林的经营管理上，要向形成多林种，多树种，复层混交的自然林业发展，采用封山育林满足生态环境建设的需要。     

退化马尾松群落恢复与重建途径的研究

对不同退化马尾松群落的恢复与重建进行试验研究的结果表明：不同退化马尾松群落通过封禁治理,其自然恢复能力不同。植被盖度大于３０％以上的退化群落可以得到不同程度的恢复,低于３０％的仅通过封禁难以恢复;较严重退化马尾松群落通过封禁、施肥和抚育管理措施,可以得到恢复;严重退化马尾松群落要通过挖大穴、施基肥、进行多要树种多层次混交,才能重建正向演替群落。     

黄土丘陵区不同恢复阶段狼牙刺种群动态研究

以荒草坡为对照,对黄土丘陵区封禁8 a、20 a和30 a的狼牙刺群落的狼牙刺种群结构进行了研究,分析了种群的年龄结构、垂直结构、生命表,存活曲线规律.结果表明:不同恢复阶段的狼牙刺种群个体平均基径、高度差异明显:30 a的垂直高度＞20 a垂直高度＞8 a垂直高度＞荒草坡,说明不同恢复阶段狼牙刺种群年龄结构均属于进展型.随着狼牙刺恢复,种群稳定性增加.狼牙刺种群适应力、繁殖力强,是严酷条件下植被恢复的优良树种,应该充分利用其优良特性,抑制不利的环境因素,以封禁和生态修复为主,迅速恢复严酷生境条件下的植被.     

晋西黄土区长期封禁小流域植被群落动态变化

【目的】探索晋西黄土高原封山育林小流域植被群落多样性及种间关联性的动态变化规律,为黄土高原地区仿拟自然植被的恢复与构建提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】2016年7、8月,以山西吉县蔡家川流域内实施封山育林35年的柳沟小流域为调查对象,采用样线与样方相结合的方法,对阳坡、半阳坡、阴坡、半阴坡、梁峁顶和沟底6种不同生境的植被状况进行调查,并与1996年(封禁15年)、2007年(封禁26年)、2016年(封禁35年)在柳沟小流域相同生境调查的数据进行对比,将1996—2007年划分为第1时段,2007—2016年划分为第2时段,研究封山育林小流域群落生物多样性及种间关联性的动态变化规律。【结果】在时间尺度上,表示相似性程度的Jaccard指数在第2时段各生境均较第1时段同生境明显增加,半阳坡、阳坡、半阴坡、阴坡、梁峁顶和沟底的增长率分别为69.6%、27.3%、18.1%、48.5%、5.2%和1.0%;表示物种更替程度的Cody指数在第2时段除梁峁顶与第1时段相同外,其余生境均有所减小,半阳坡、阳坡、半阴坡、阴坡和沟底的减小率分别为41.2%、29.4%、28.6%、50.0%和22.7%;2016年生境梯度Jaccard指数表现为阴坡-半阴坡﹥阳坡-半阳坡﹥沟底-阴坡,生境梯度Cody指数表现为阴坡-半阴坡=阳坡-半阳坡﹤梁峁顶-阳坡;2007年半阳坡与1996年同生境群落的种间关联性不显著(P﹥0.05),阳坡、沟底也存在相同情况,其余同生境不同时段的群落种间关联性呈显著正关联(0.01﹤P﹤0.05);2016与2007年沟底群落种间关联性为显著正关联(0.01﹤P﹤0.05),其余生境群落种间关联性均为极显著正关联(P﹤0.01);表示群落间联结强度的联结系数(AC)除梁峁顶第2时段较第1时段下降外,其余生境的联结系数均较之前增加。【结论】在晋西黄土高原封山育林小流域,植被多度指标的改善速率在封山育林后2007—2016年阶段慢于封山育林后1996—2007年的前期阶段;阴坡与半阴坡、阳坡与半阳坡群落的相似度提高,物种更替速率减慢;随时间延长,同一生境其群落间具有一定的相关性,群落结构渐趋稳定,仍处于进展演替阶段。     

封山育林的综合效益及对群落演替的影响

通过对湖南会同阔叶林和溆浦马尾松林样地调查 ,综合分析了封山育林的综合效益及对群落演替的影响 ,结果表明 :封山育林能较快地恢复森林植被 ,较好地保护和发展生物多样性 ,促进了群落演替     

石灰岩山地封禁区植被恢复的研究

封山育林能使生态环境得以自然恢复，投资少见效快，在林业建设中可以收到事半功倍的效果。本文根据样线技术以及样方外业调查的结果，分析了晋东南石灰岩山地封禁区植被及生物量的自然恢复情况，以重要值的大小来衡量分析出各个坡向植物群落中起主要作用的树种，探索石灰岩山地植物群落演替规律。结果表明：经过１０ａ的封禁，区域植被总的覆被率达０．７５，生物量达４０８４．７１～１０７６７．７６ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，使封禁区由一个简单生态系统恢复成为一个较为复杂的生态系统。     

洱海东岸临水面山石灰岩山地封山育林

调查分析洱海东岸临水面山石灰岩山地特殊的立地条件、植被条件和植物群落演替规律,认为封山育林可合理利用石灰岩山地各种小生境,是洱海东岸石灰岩地区恢复植被、扩大森林面积、提高森林资源质量的重要途径.并就封育类型、封育方式、封育年限、育林措施、封禁措施及封育成效等进行了论述.     

河南省黄河中游天然林保护区封山育林研究

本文依据植物群落演替理论,结合河南省黄河中游天然林保护区森林植被的分布现状,将区域内森林植被划分为三个大区,通过分析研究,提出了各区的稳定森林植被群落,并对封山育林典型模式进行了分析评价。探讨了封山育林的规律。     

论石灰岩地区封山育林

封山育林是石灰岩地区植被恢复和森林资源质量提高的重要途径；根据石灰岩地区特殊的地理环境、植被条件和植物演替规律，结合封山育林的一般原则，提出了石灰岩地区封山育林的技术措施。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.