香椿苗氮素营养的研究

试验结果表明，香椿苗对氮素敏感，合理施用氮肥促进苗木磷、氮元素吸收，生长期间叶片含磷量≥０．１４％，含氮量≥４．ｏ％．该试验地条件下，在施Ｐ２Ｏ５１３０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２基础上，氮肥施用量与造林合格苗产量呈二次抛物线关系，回归方程为ｙ＝３０３１０．６＋５４６．８９ｘ－ｌ．０３９ｘ３，适宜施氮量范围为１８０～２７０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２，最佳经济施氮量为２６１．３５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２．试验还对施肥后的土壤养分变化情况进行了研究。     

黑枣苗氮磷营养及经济施肥的研究

试验采用苗床施肥，结果表明，肥料用量适宜促进营养元素吸收利用，７～８月份苗木叶片含氮量３．５％～４．０％、含磷量０．２％～０．３％、含钾量１．０％或稍高时，苗木生长良好。在该试验条件下，施Ｐ２Ｏ５１２０ｋｇ／ｈａ、施纯氮１８０ｋｇ／ｈａ左右，幼苗产量、质量及施肥利润均达到较高水平。     

光箨篌竹施肥试验对笋产量影响的初步研究

对光箨篌竹进行施肥试验结果表明,施肥能量显提高光箨篌竹的笋产量,出笋量及年增长量,Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ３种肥料对笋产量,出笋量及年增长量的影响顺序为：尿素〉硫酸钾〉过磷酸钙,最佳施肥处理组合为每０．０７ｈｍ＾２,施尿素１３．３３ｋｇ,硫酸钾６．６７ｋｇ,过磷酸钙６．６７ｋｇ,３要素比例为Ｎ：Ｐ：Ｋ：＝１：０．１４：０．６,其最佳处理组合每０．０７ｈｍ＾２能增加收入１２３．２３％。     

哀牢山木果石栎林降雨过程中的养分循环

本文以云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区中山湿性常绿阔叶林的主要森林类型——木果石栎林为研究对象，分析了大气降雨对该生态系统的养分循环。结果表明，以大气降雨、穿透雨和树木干流为养分输入，以地表迳流和土壤渗漏为养分输出的养分循环过程中，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ等分别增加了１５．９４１ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ，０．３５３ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ，３．８３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ和１．２０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ，而Ｍｇ减少了０．６５４ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２·ａ。     

湿地松幼林施肥五年生长反应

在江西省永丰县恩江林场贫瘠的第四纪低丘红土立地进行湿地松林施肥试验，用以检验要对Ｎ、Ｐ、肥效的反应，和不同施肥期对幼林生长的影响，施肥后五年的生长统计分析表明：Ｎ、Ｐ配合施用效果最佳；施用量为Ｎ１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、Ｐ２Ｏ５１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２时，立木蓄积达到４２．０１ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，比不施肥增加９０％；单施肥湿地松幼林的生长反应也达到极显著水平。造林施Ｐ２Ｏ５５０－２００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２时，立木     

杉木幼林生态系统N,P,K循环及模拟研究

在尤溪杉木人工林生态站７年定位观测基础上，进行杉木幼林生态系统养分循环研究，建立了养分循环的分室模型。结果表明：７年生杉木幼林生态系统Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ贮量分别为；７３０８．４６、２０２２．９６、１３０２９０．１４ｋｇ／ｎｍ２，其中９９．７３％存在于土壤分室中。杉木幼林Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ年吸收量５２．２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年存留量２２．６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年归还量２９．５８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，系统每年通过水文学途径获得Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ为１５．９２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，径流输出９．２３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，系统中年净积累６．６９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。同时通过计算模拟，定量地描述了０—１０年内系统Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ在各分室的运转状态及施肥效果，并计算了Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ达到稳定状态时的平衡点。     

北方产区栗树氮肥用量研究

试验证明栗树施Ｎ１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２效果极显著，每化顷产量增加９１８－１６５０ｋｇ，增产效果达到４９．２％－５２．３％，每化顷增加产值７３３５－１６５００元。为此，１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２纯Ｎ施用量可作为北方产区栗树施Ｎ指标，不同施Ｎ量与叶片中Ｎ，Ｐ含量的关系；在Ｎ０－Ｎ１５０处理之间二者呈显著正相关；在Ｎ０－Ｎ３００处理间，枝长，枝粗的增加与施Ｎ量有显著相关性。     

马尾松幼林施肥效应的研究

三年来的马尾松幼林施肥试验结果表明,马尾松幼林理想的施肥处理是磷肥处理,单施磷肥马尾松幼林树高增益２０．５％～２２．２％,地径生长增益１９．８％～２０．８％;理想的施肥总量是Ｐ２Ｏ５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,即造林当年施基肥Ｐ２Ｏ５２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,造林后第３年再追施Ｐ２Ｏ５２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;立地低下的地方可适当配合施些氮肥;马尾松幼林不必施钾肥。     

土壤本底与毛白杨幼林施肥效应间关系的研究

通过对定州市毛白杨幼林施肥试区土壤本底分析及４年的施肥效应调查,结果表明：该区土壤肥力低下,富钾、少磷、氮素尤缺;施肥效应与土壤本底密切相关;单施氮肥,林木材积随着施氮量的增加而增加,即Ｎ１＜Ｎ２＜Ｎ３,材积分别为对照的１２６．５％、１４９．０％、１７１．４％;单施磷肥,材积随着施磷量的增加而增加,即Ｐ１＜Ｐ２,材积分别是对照的１４２．９％和１５７．１％;单施钾肥无效;氮磷配合差异显著,Ｎ１·Ｐ１和Ｎ２·Ｐ１处理,毛白杨材积分别为对照的１４６．９％和１４９．０％;氮钾配合等同单施氮肥效果。     

林木相关值法营养诊断及施肥技术研究

对尾叶桉、湿地松林分进行相关值法营养诊断,结果表明：１．尾叶桉：不施肥的幼林需Ｐ肥,１,６龄林需Ｎ肥,２龄林要慎施Ｎ肥,应施有机肥;１～４龄林不必施Ｋ肥,至５,６龄林时要补充Ｋ肥;２,６龄林需Ｃａ肥,３龄林较需Ｍｇ肥。需肥顺序是Ｐ、Ｎ、Ｋ。施肥处理的以施Ｎ１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的适宜;施Ｐ量１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２为足够,施５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的偏低;４龄林后需补充Ｋ肥。尾叶桉施Ｐ肥效果最为显著。２．湿地松：不施肥林地较需Ｐ、Ｋ肥,林地高Ｐ时需施Ｎ肥,Ｍｇ、Ｃａ养分足够。需肥顺序是Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｎ。施肥处理的以施Ｐ２００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的更有利于促进湿地松６龄林后的生长成材。施Ｐ肥后,均能促进幼林对Ｎ的需求,并随着施钙镁磷肥量的增大,需Ｎ量和Ｃａ,Ｍｇ—Ｋ的拮抗交互作用也增大。湿地松施肥肥效不显著。３．林地土壤养分库存量下降的趋势及顺序与相关值诊断结果完全吻合。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.