宁夏六盘山不同林龄华北落叶松人工林枯落物水文效应

[目的]探究林龄对华北落叶松林枯落物水文效应的影响。[方法]于2017年6月在宁夏六盘山香水河小流域选择4种林龄阶段(16、25、34、43a)的华北落叶松人工林样地,调查林分结构和测量林下枯落物蓄积量、厚度、持水量等指标,分析不同林龄华北落叶松枯落物层持水能力差异。[结果]研究表明:(1)华北落叶松枯落物厚度介于4.5～6.0 cm,总蓄积量在29.08～33.21 t·hm~(-2),且半分解层蓄积量高于未分解层蓄积量,4种林龄枯落物厚度与蓄积量均表现为成熟林近熟林中龄林幼龄林。(2)各龄林枯落物最大持水量介于79.47～110.05 t·hm~(-2),成熟林最大;最大持水率变动在273.32%～341.27%,中龄林最大。(3)各龄林枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间动态变化均类似,枯落物持水过程表现为浸水0.5 h内吸水速率最大,4 h之后吸水速率趋于平缓,10 h后枯落物持水量基本饱和,持水量与浸水时间均呈明显对数关系(R~20.92)。(4)各龄林枯落物有效拦蓄量在43.64～70.52 t·hm~(-2)之间,成熟林拦蓄能力最强。[结论]综合分析4种林龄枯落物水文效应,成熟林枯落物层水文功能最强。     

岫岩地区不同发育阶段红松人工林土壤理化性质研究

为掌握岫岩地区红松人工林不同发育阶段土壤质量的变化情况,对不同林龄红松林的土壤理化性质进行了测定和分析。结果表明,通过土壤物理性质反映出岫岩地区不同发育阶段红松人工林的土壤质量次序为成熟林>幼龄林>中龄林>近熟林;通过土壤化学性质反映出土壤质量次序为:成熟林>中龄林>幼龄林>近熟林。近熟林阶段土壤理化性质最差,成熟林阶段土壤理化性质最佳。     

通榆县杨树人工林地表枯落物载量调查与分析

以通榆县营造杨树人工林为对象,对不同龄组林地地表枯落物类型与载量进行调查与分析,结果表明:在4种枯落物中,枯落叶片风干含水率平均值最低,为9.68%;1 h时滞枯枝最高,为15.16%。全县杨树人工林地表枯落物总量587 202.7 t,幼龄林总质量最高,为226 527.5 t,占38.6%;中龄林总质量73 209.9 t,占12.5%;近熟林总质量最低,为19 018.6 t,占3.2%;成熟林总质量156 711.0 t,占26.7%;过熟林总质量量111 735.7 t,占19.0%。从枯落物总质量看,秋季防火重点为幼龄林、成熟林和过熟林。     

落叶松人工林土壤腐殖物质组分及其对酸度的影响

对落叶松人工纯林不同发育阶段幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及二代幼龄林土壤腐殖物质组分变化及其对酸度的影响进行研究,以次生林和一代幼龄林为对照,比较不同发育阶段落叶松人工林与天然次生林、一代幼龄林与二代幼龄林土壤有机质含量、腐殖物质组分特征的差异.结果表明:落叶松人工林从幼龄林到近熟林根际与非根际土壤有机质含量、胡敏酸含碳量、胡敏素含碳量随林龄的增大而增大;近熟林到成熟林根际与非根际土壤有机质含量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量随着林龄的增大而降低;土壤腐殖化程度(土壤中胡敏酸占全C的百分比)和土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸含碳量与富啡酸含碳量比值(HA/FA)为次生林大于幼龄林和近熟林;二代幼龄林与一代幼龄林相比,根际土壤有机质含量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量分别降低4.53%、35.8%和1.98%,非根际土壤有机质含量、胡敏酸含碳量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量分别提高46.44%、43.69%、47.45%和49.5%;土壤腐殖物质组分与酸度的相关关系随着年龄的变化而变化,并且不同发育阶段根际土壤腐殖物质组分与根际土壤活性酸(pH值)、交换性酸、水解性酸相关性密切.     

甘肃小陇山日本落叶松人工林不同发育阶段土壤理化性质的变化

采用时序研究法对甘肃小陇山林区日本落叶松人工林不同发育阶段(6、15、23、35 a)的土壤物理性质、化学性质进行多因子综合比较,利用主成分分析的方法,以主成分特征贡献率为权重,计算土壤肥力综合指标值,分析土壤性质的演变规律。结果表明:日本落叶松人工林发育至近熟林阶段,土壤物理性质变差,表现为土壤密度最大1.62g·cm-3,毛管孔隙度和最大持水量降至最低,分别为29.69%、24.45%,并且土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾、镁、钙含量也明显降低;而到成熟林阶段,土壤理化性质有显著改善,土壤密度降低为1.21 g·cm-3、毛管孔隙度和最大持水量恢复至45.56%、42.65%,土壤养分含量也有了很大的提高,甚至超过了中龄林阶段的水平;同时幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林土壤性质综合得分分别为-0.329、0.188、-0.565、0.739,也表明近熟林土壤性质最差,成熟林土壤性质最好。     

赤峰市落叶松人工林土壤碳密度分布特征研究——以喀喇沁旗旺业甸实验林场为例

文章以赤峰市落叶松人工林的土壤为研究对象,采用土壤剖面法和分层取样法,研究了不同深度下土壤容重、有机碳含量和碳密度的分布特征。结果表明:①落叶松人工幼龄林和成熟林土壤容重随土层深度增加先减少后增加,近熟林土壤容重随土层深度增加而增加,中龄林变化规律不明显。幼龄林、近熟林和成熟林土壤容重同土层深度均呈二项式关系。②落叶松人工林同一土层深度土壤碳含量均随林龄增加而减少,各林龄土壤碳含量随土层深度增加呈现减少趋势。幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林土壤碳含量同土层深度呈二项式关系,近熟林呈乘幂关系。③落叶松人工林不同林龄碳密度随土壤深度的增加呈先下降后升高趋势,各林龄土壤碳密度同土层深度均呈二项式关系。④土壤碳含量和碳密度的变化规律同有关研究结论基本一致。     

苏木山不同林分密度华北落叶松人工林枯落物特征

为了解苏木山华北落叶松人工林枯落物组成,选择林龄48 a生的苏木山华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,测量了不同林分密度林内枯落物。结果表明:(1)研究区枯落物储量为10.71～19.54 t·hm~(-2),其中半分解层储量为5.90～11.92 t·hm~(-2),未分解层储量为4.81～7.63 t·hm~(-2)。(2)各林分密度枯落物储量为1 800株·hm~(-2)900株·hm~(-2)500株·hm~(-2)1 100株·hm~(-2)。枯落物厚度为2.40～4.72 cm,其中半分解层厚度为0.67～1.80 cm,未分解层厚度为1.73～2.92 cm。(3)各林分密度枯落物含水率均表现为未分解层小于半分解层,枯落物含水率为林分密度500株·hm~(-2)1 800株·hm~(-2)900株·hm~(-2)1 100株·hm~(-2)。     

帽儿山主要森林类型凋落物层水文效应研究

对帽儿山地区不同林型的水文功能进行研究,通过分析不同林分凋落物层,得出人工林蓄水能力普遍比天然次生林强。在纯林中落叶松蓄水能力最强,水曲柳林最弱;混交林中红松水曲柳混交蓄水能力最强,云杉水曲柳林蓄水能力最弱;天然次生林蓄水能力较弱。蓄水能力总的排序：落叶松纯林〉红松纯林〉红松水曲柳混交林〉落叶松水曲柳混交林〉云杉纯林〉云杉水曲柳混交林〉天然次生林〉水曲柳纯林。蓄水能力与林分类型,枯落物分解状况及枯落物积累状况有关。     

枯落物层对六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤性质的影响

为探究枯落物层对六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤物理、水文性质的影响,于2017年通过设置不同密度的华北落叶松人工林枯落物保留/去除样地,调查了枯落物保留/去除样地林下土壤物理和水文性质的差异。结果表明:枯落物层能够增加土壤的孔隙度、土壤蓄水和渗透能力,去除地表枯落物(LR)和保留枯落物(CK)两种林分在0～100 cm土层中平均容重分别为1.38 g/cm~3和1.30 g/cm~3,平均总孔隙度分别为44.88%和49.74%,毛管孔隙度分别为36.33%和42.56%,非毛管孔隙度表现为8.55%和7.19%,LR和CK土壤初渗速率变化为6.25和7.98 mm/min,土壤稳渗速率范围为3.81和5.22 mm/min,土壤平均入渗速率LR和CK分别为4.38和5.64 mm/min。以上结果说明了枯落物层会显著影响华北落叶松人工林的土壤物理水文性质。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤肥力分析

[目的]研究不同发育阶段(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林)对杉木人工林土壤肥力的影响,为揭示杉木地力衰退的原因提供依据。[方法]通过对南方杉木中心产区不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤理化性质的测定,利用数学模糊评价和主成分分析2种方法,综合比较不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤肥力。[结果]不同发育阶段对人工林土壤物理、化学性质均有显著影响。在同一发育阶段中,杉木人工林表层土与底层土之间存在差异(p0.001);土壤质量含水量对土壤物理性质具有显著指示作用,有机质、p H值与土壤养分指标呈显著相关;主成分分析和模糊评价方法均得出不同发育阶段杉木林土壤肥力呈现幼龄林成熟林中龄林的规律。[结论]随着杉木栽植时间的增长,需要采取施肥、间伐等人工干预恢复地力,进而满足杉木速生需求。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.