花椒不同造林密度成效试验研究

在天水地区温暖半湿润半干旱气候条件下,对花椒不同造林密度成效进行对比试验研究。结果表明:造林密度对花椒成活率影响不明显,但对生长量和结果量影响显著。营造花椒经济林,采取3 m×4 m、3 m×3 m株行距,花椒树生长快、树形成型早,定植后第3年开始结果,第6年实现丰产,平均产花椒果皮1 350kg/hm2以上;营造花椒生态经济兼用林,株行距采取2 m×4 m、2 m×3 m,第4年按隔株挖除的方法调整栽培密度,能增加枝量,扩大树冠,第6年花椒果皮产量可达到1 200 kg/hm2。     

陕西残塬沟壑区生态经济林经营体系研究

水是制约陕西残塬沟壑区生态经济林发展的主要因素,特别是前期干旱不仅降低经济林的造林成活率,而且严重影响着核桃、花椒等生态经济林的正常开花、坐果、果实生长、成熟及树体生长。因此,因地制宜改进造林技术,充分利用有限的雨水资源,提高造林成活率和营林效益,是     

榆林市经济林状况的调查

榆林市经济林主要有枣树、山杏、桃树、苹果、梨树、葡萄、核桃。栽植葡萄和桃树收入最高,每667m2分别达到6 780元和4 640元。经济林栽培存在的主要问题是：红枣裂果严重;晚霜严重危害山杏、桃树的开花、坐果;农民缺乏经济林栽培管理技术。     

杉木不同经营方式的经济与养分利用效益分析

在立地指数级为16的杉木林内共设置12个固定样地,经过30年系统观察,对杉木传统经营方式和大径材经营方式的经济与养分利用效益进行比较分析。结果表明:在30年内,传统经营方式经营1.5个轮伐期,产木材558.371 m3/hm2,收益702 156元/hm2,木材效益1 258元/m3;需要造林2次,前期成本26 182元/hm2,后期成本268 018元/hm2;经营净收益为407 956元/hm2。大径材经营方式经营1个轮伐期,木材效益达到1 786元/m3;前期、后期经营成本分别为传统经营方式的50%、76.9%,经营净收益高于传统经营方式34.3%。传统经营方式1.5个轮伐期内消耗氮、磷、钾、钙、镁总量为1 110 kg/hm2,而大径材经营方式养分消耗为传统经营方式50%,单位养分利用效益是传统经营方式的2.7倍,达到989元/kg。     

铜川农民增收的支柱产业——干杂果经济林

铜川市以核桃、花椒、柿子为主的干杂果经济林有着悠久的栽培历史和广泛的群众基础,截至2008年底全市干杂果林总面积已达100万亩,其中核桃70万亩,花椒25万亩,柿子及其它5万亩。去年干杂果总产量1．25万吨,总产值25亿元,农民人均625元,占当年农民人均纯收入的19％,干杂果经济林建设对农民增收起到了十分重要的作用。但客观说,在经营管理方面还存在不少问题。     

贝奥不育剂林间防治效果调查

贝奥不育灭鼠剂是一种新型的植物源灭鼠剂,来源于天然植物雷公藤。2007年在内蒙古大兴安岭林区,分别采取6 m×6 m,7 m×7 m,8 m×8 m和10 m×10 m的不同投药方式,对棕背Clethrionomys rufocanusSundevall和莫氏田鼠Microtus maximowicziiSchrenck进行了林间防治试验,结果表明莫氏田鼠的适口性较好,盗食率达到75%以上,而棕背最高盗食率仅为10.1%。对莫氏田鼠采取10 m×10 m的投药方式(3 450 g/hm2)可达到较好的控制效果。     

花椒半硬枝扦插育苗试验

以半硬枝花椒枝条为繁殖材料,就不同药剂种类和浓度,采用5因素5水平正交旋转组合回归设计,进行了花椒半硬枝扦插育苗试验。根据所测得的数据,建立了花椒半硬枝扦插生根率目标函数的回归模型,以及单因素效应和双因素互作效应的子模型。通过计算机模拟仿真筛选出提高花椒半硬枝扦插生根率的综合决策方案,即NAA 98.42~123.99 m g/L;IAA 129.91~161.48m g/L;2,4-D 6.35~7.82 m g/L;B925.91~88.74 m g/L;ABT 76.38~101.77 m g/L。单因子效应的直接评定结果是:ABT生根粉>NAA>2,4-D>B9>IAA;双因子互作生根率较高的组合为IAA和2,4-D组合及IAA和NAA组合。IAA和2,4-D组合,二者在各自的适宜浓度范围内,2,4-D比IAA效果明显;IAA和NAA组合,在一定浓度范围内,选择二者的高浓度组合较好。     

微生物改良剂对花椒经济林土壤修复和改良

对武都地区种植的花椒经济林土壤施用新一代绿色环保型"微生物改良剂",测定了施肥前后花椒林地土壤养分理化指标和土壤微生物数量,研究其对花椒经济林土壤的修复效果。结果表明,施用微生物改良剂后,土壤的pH值呈现下降趋势,比施肥前的对照组下降了6.7%;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质等土壤理化指标明显增加;土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量均有显著的增加。     

陇南市武都区主要农林经济作物优势比较分析

通过对陇南市武都区油橄榄及其它主要农林产业现状调查,探讨武都农林产业的经济效益,将该区三大特色经济林产业油橄榄、核桃及花椒与粮食作物玉米和小麦进行优劣势对比,总结出种植粮食作物的投入成本明显居高且产值甚微,油橄榄单位面积产值明显高于花椒和核桃产业,得出油橄榄产业是武都具有绝对优势的特色产业。     

关于渭南核桃等干杂果经济林建设的思考

渭南市近年来依托林业重点工程建设,大力发展经济林产业,至2010年底,全市建成231万亩经济林基地,其中花椒127万亩,红枣48万亩,柿子25万亩,核桃31万亩。全市特色经济林果品(鲜果)产量达22.1万吨,果品及加工年产值14亿元。全市经营林果品加工的企业和农户达500余家,韩城、大荔、富平分别被国家     

Live fences as tools for biodiversity conservation: a study case with birds and plants

Live fences may act as tools for biodiversity conservation by providing habitat for native species and increasing connectivity in the landscape. We studied the influence of live fence characteristics on species richness and fence use by birds by examining both local and landscape factors. We studied three types of live fences: planted fences of a native tree, planted fences of an exotic, and spontaneous. They were either connected to forest fragments or isolated, and were all within a pasture matrix. Spontaneous and planted live fences maintain a diverse plant (77 shrub and tree species) and bird communities (98 species). Fence types strongly differed in vegetation composition and structure. We found that by analyzing each fence characteristic independently, there was no difference in bird richness or abundance. However, there was a significant correlation when plant richness, structure, and connectivity were analyzed together. This could be the result of some variables counterbalancing each other. Birds used fences for a variety of purposes including foraging, breeding, and moving across the landscape. Native birds and plants used live fences as habitat and refuge in a landscape where large forest tracts have been lost for decades. Live fences in conjunction with small forest fragments maintain a diverse array of plant and birds species that are a subsample of the species originally found in the landscape before extensive deforestation. We recommend the establishment of live fences, allowing growth of spontaneous understory.     

Collisions against Fences by Woodland Grouse in Scotland

A study was carried out in native pinewoods at Abernethy andGlen Tanar to investigate the effect of forest fences on capercaillieand black grouse. Collisions occurred at a rate of 0.25 and0.03 per km of fence per month for capercaillie and black grouserespectively. Male capercaillie had a higher proportion of severeand fatal collisions than females. Capercaillie tended to collidewith those sections of fence where there were moderately sizedpines (8.5 m) close (within 4.4 m) to the fence. Collision sitesclose to trees were most strongly associated with the heightof exposed trunk, suggesting that capercaillie fly under thecanopy and fail to see the fence. The annual mortality rateof radio-tagged capercaillie caused by collisions was 32 percent indicating that this was a major mortality factor. Collisionswere most frequent between September and November when capercailliewere dispersing. It is recommended that fences are removed whereand when they are unnecessary, or are made more visible, orare set back from old woodland.     

Pits and rocky microsites in a subalpine forest stand facilitate regeneration of spruce saplings by suppressing dwarf bamboo growth inside a deer-proof fence

We determined patterns of microsite suppression in dwarf bamboo Sasa nipponica when grazing deer were absent. This bamboo species is able to outcompete Hondo spruce (Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis) saplings under many environmental circumstances. We set up two 10 × 100 m plots inside a deer-proof fence within a subalpine forest on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan, and two similarly sized plots outside the fence. Within the plots, we surveyed microsites where spruce saplings grew. We measured height and shoot elongation of all spruce saplings, and culm height and cover ratios of dwarf bamboo growing around each spruce sapling. Spruce sapling density and average height were higher inside the deer-proof fence than outside, as were bamboo height and cover. Thus, there was a negative effect of deer browsing on vegetation parameters outside the fence and a suppression of the negative effect of bamboo on spruce sapling growth inside the fence. Spruce sapling height was higher in tree-fall pits than in other microsites inside the fence, whereas both dwarf bamboo height and cover were lower in pits and rocky sites than elsewhere. In soil and collar microsites, spruce sapling shoot growth was lower and bamboo height and cover were higher than in pits and rocky sites. Inside the fence, dwarf bamboo cover was high, but pits and rocks suppressed its growth, allowing spruce saplings to flourish. To restore heavily damaged spruce forests with advanced saplings, it will be necessary to construct deer-proof fences and create and maintain microsites with pits and rocks.     

Wind protection in a hedged agroforestry system in semiarid Kenya

In semiarid Laikipia (Kenya) severe crop damage and loss of mulch material may be caused by south to south-easterly winds from June to September. Demonstration agroforestry systems which surround farms with live fences had some success in protecting crops, mulch and soil, but great care must be taken, because air may be channelled through or over them. For demonstration purposes, a deliberate gap was made in a two meter high Coleus barbatus live fence to study its effect on wind speed and damage to crops. The effectiveness of protection given by this hedge together with intercropped Grevillea robusta trees was quantified using electrical cup anemometers. The combination of hedges and trees gave protection to a maize/bean intercrop but the biomass distribution was not the most suitable one. This picture was complicated by variable wind direction and interactions between wind and the biomass of hedges and trees. The lowest efficiency of wind reduction occurred closest to the deliberate gap, where also the lowest protection by the Grevillea trees was found. South to south-easterly winds increased the gap effect and caused gradients in tree protection perpendicular to the southern hedge. This gave at times wind speeds even higher than outside the system. Only visually wind effects could be detected. Trees and hedges strongly competed with the crops if not root pruned.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Deer-proof fence prevents regeneration of Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis through seed predation by increased woodmouse populations

The indirect consequence of sika deer (Cervus nippon) grazing on the regeneration of Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis through its effect on the small rodent population was assessed by evaluating seed predation by mice inside and outside the deer-proof fence on Mt Ohdaigahara, central Japan. Following construction of the deer-proof fence, Sasa nipponica, which covers the forest floor and is the main forage of deer, grew thicker inside the fence due to the absence of deer grazing than outside of the fence. Higher numbers of two species of woodmice (Apodemus speciosus and A. argenteus) were found inside the fence, possibly because the thick S. nipponica growth provides better cover. Inside the fence, more seeds of P. jezoensis var. hondoensis were eaten by the mice than outside the fence. These results suggest that the mouse populations inside the fence increased due to changes in S. nipponica cover, which subsequently increased seed predation by the mice, possibly preventing regeneration of P. jezoensis var. hondoensis.     

杨树氮肥适宜用量试验研究

采用田间小区试验,在施用一定量磷钾的基础上,研究不同氮用量对江汉平原杨树的生长及材积量的影响。研究表明:杨树每株施用纯氮100g,材积量每hm~2比对照多增2.84m~3,增产率66.98％,差异达极显著水平;每株杨树施用氮素100g比施用氮素50g,材积量每hm~2多增1.16m~3,多增产19.59％;株施氮素100g比不施用氪素每hm~2净增收入624元,投产比1.00:2.74。综合分析,江汉平原杨树每株施用氮素100g为宜。     

Live fencing practices in the tribal dominated eastern ghats of India

Live fencing, an age old and traditional agroforestry practice, remains relatively less understood and least documented at least in India. Exploratory surveys conducted in the northern part of the Eastern ghat region of India covering five districts of three states (Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Chhatisgarh), indicated that traditional farmers have vast knowledge about their live fencing practices and the species used. Two groups of species were observed on the fence. The first group of thirty three species were used primarily for protection and denoted as fence species. Together, they also provide 22 other products and services. The second group of species maintained on the fences for production purposes include five fruit trees, fifteen other trees and two climbers. The fencing practices were classified into two groups (single species and multiple species live fence systems) depending on the species used and into three groups (live fencing around field crops, around backyards or homesteads and around orchards/plantations) depending on the landscapes being protected. Only 20% of fences were dominated by single species; the rest were under multiple species.Ninety percent of house backyards were fenced, whereas only one percent of crop fields and seventy percent orchards were fenced. Some promising fence species of this region are Acacia caesia, A concinna, A. nilotica, Agave sisalana, Annona squamosa, Borassus flabellifer, Carissa carandus, Lawsonia inermis and Murraya koenigii     

湖南省经济林产业可持续发展的战略思考

湖南地处中亚热带,自然条件优越,经济林资源丰富,主要经济林品种产业化发展在建国以后已取得了长足的进步,为发展农林经济、致富农民乃至生态建设都起到了很大的作用．但是,目前湖南省的经济林发展,普遍存在着数量大、质量低、规模小、深加工产品少、管理滞后、消费群体单一、科技创新能力弱、技术标准质量监督体系不健全等问题,严重地影响了湖南省经济林产业的可持缓发展．分析了湖南省经济林产业的现状、存在问题和发展潜力,在此基础上提出了湖南经挤林可持续经营的技术措施．     

安徽省经济林产品市场营销模式探讨——以安徽省世界银行贷款林业项目为例

安徽省通过实施世界银行贷款林业项目已累计营造经济林近2万hm2,为了帮助项目农户顺利销售其经济林产品,通过采取利用现有经济林产品营销体系和帮助农户建立合作组织、行业协会以及组建规模集中的专业交易市场等措施,建立起以市场为导向、企业为龙头、协会为桥梁的经济林产品营销体系,解决了项目农户在经济林产品销售中遇到的困难和问题,有效地促进了项目农户经济林产品的销售。在分析安徽省经济林产品营销体系建设现状的基础上,针对经济林产品营销中存在的后续加工开发、产业链的形成及管理方面的问题,从加强组织领导、整合现有资源、加大科技投入、实施品牌战略和倡导绿色营销等5个方面提出了经济林产品营销的主要措施和方法。     

北京市生态公益林管护员补偿机制问题研究初探

2004年12月1日,北京市山区生态林补偿工作全面展开,开始对60.80万hm2生态公益林进行财政补助。三年的公益林补偿政策实施以来,取得了良好的效果,林木覆盖率达到51%以上,同时解决了大量山区剩余劳动力,使山区农民纯收入增加了350元左右。同时,在实施过程中也出现了很多问题,例如,管护员管理机制不完善、补偿金过低、"鸡肋"等问题。对此,笔者提出了加强管护员责任,规范和完善补偿金管理、提高补偿金标准,专款专用等建议。