NL-95等3个杨树无性系秋栽试验初报

对NL-95(P.×euram ericanaCL‘NL-95’)、NL-895(P.×euram ericanaCL‘NL-895’)、35杨等杨树无性系秋栽及春栽进行试验,结果表明;秋栽成活率高于春栽:其当年长势也是秋栽比翌年春栽好。因此,从气温、地温、湿度、苗木含水量等因素分析,认为杨树秋栽在苏北是可以推广的一项技术。     

NL-895等杨树新无性系苗期试验

以杨树新无性系NL-895、NL-95、NL-1388、NL-3244、NL-120、NL-3814、NL-220、NL-177、NL-873为试验材料,对其苗期的树高、地径等生长指标进行跟踪测定。结果表明,各杨树新无性系树高总生长量之间差异极显著。NL-895比NL-95、NL-120、NL-220、NL-177高生长速度快,平均高达5.4 m。而NL-3244、NL-3814、NL-1388、NL-873前期高生长较慢,最终平均高达4.9 m。其中NL-95、NL-895、NL-3244,NL-873平均高出62 cm以上。而NL-895、NL-95最高生长量达6 m。各无性系平均增长100 cm左右,其中NL-95、NL-895达106 cm。各无性系地径月平均增长0.7cm左右,其中NL-95、NL-895最高达0.73 cm。同时,NL-95,NL-895抗病性能较好。干形圆满通直。因此,认为NL-895和NL-95各方面指标优异,适宜在本地培育优壮苗。     

皖东圩区几个杨树新品种造林试验

10个杨树品种6 a造林试验表明:NL-895、NL-80351、NL-95、NL-80303、中涡1号等杨树品种造林成活率高、生长量较大、病虫危害较轻,可以在皖东圩区大力推广;中林2001、中林46、天演速生杨、91007等几个品种病虫危害较重,年均胸径生长不足2 cm,皖东圩区不宜发展;欧美杨107造林成活率、保存率高,生长中等,该区属适生范围。     

6个杨树无性系系列对比试验研究

对引进的6个杨树优良无性系系列进行了造林和育苗对比试验。育苗结果表明,6个杨树无性系系列苗木胸径、高度差异极显著,中汉系列苗期表现最优,生长速度顺序为中汉系列、中潜系列、南林95、南林895、351杨、南抗系列。造林结果表明,6年生杨树无性系之间的生长量差异显著,中汉系列、中潜系列、南林95、南林895材积生长表现优异,可在江西省推广应用。     

杨树无性系木材制浆性能的综合评价

以6年生杨树无性系鲁林1号(PopulusבLulin-1’)、I-107(P.×euramericana cv.‘74/76’)和L35 (P.×euramericana cv.‘L35’)为试验材料,对其木材的纤维形态、化学组分、浆料性能和纸张质量进行了研究。结果表明:不同无性系木材的纤维长度、纤维宽度和长宽比存在一定差异,其中鲁林1号的纤维长度和长宽比为1.153 mm和49.5,分别为I-107的98.8%和106.0%,分别为L35的99.74%和99.74%;鲁林1号木材的化学组分中综纤维素和纤维素含量较高,木素和戊聚糖等含量较低,浆料白度及强度性能各项指标优良。此外,鲁林1号的纸张具有较好的抗张指数与耐破指数,总体纸张质量介于I-107与L35之间。综合分析认为,杨树无性系鲁林1号适合配抄各种中高档文化用纸。     

5个南方型杨树无性系苗木耐盐性盆栽试验

[目的]研究盐胁迫对杨树生长及生理指标的影响,开展不同杨树无性系耐盐性比较及评价。[方法]以895杨(Populus×euramericana‘Nanlin 895’)、1388杨(P.×euramericana‘Nanlin 1388’)、3804杨(P.deltoides‘Nanlin 3804’)、110杨(P.deltoides×P.cathayana cl.‘110’)和328杨(P.×euramericana cl.‘328’)5个杨树无性系为材料,采用室内盆栽方法,以无盐处理为对照,对其在不同盐(NaCl)浓度处理(1‰、2‰、3‰、4‰、5‰)土壤下的成活率、生长量、叶片细胞质膜透性、丙二醛含量、光合速率等13项指标进行测定和分析,采用隶属函数法对其耐盐性进行了综合评价。[结果]在土壤盐胁迫下5个杨树无性系的苗高、地径和生物量生长均受到了抑制;苗木成活率、叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量均随盐处理浓度的提高而降低;叶片细胞质膜透性和丙二醛含量随着盐处理浓度的提高而提高。[结论]5个杨树无性系耐盐性存在差异,其顺序为:110杨328杨3804杨895杨1388杨。110杨能耐受3‰左右的土壤含盐量,其它无性系只能耐受2‰左右。     

3个美洲黑杨无性系引种区域化试验初报

从南京林业大学引进895杨、95杨、797杨3个美洲黑杨杂种无性系,在甘肃天水渭河谷地苗期试验的基础上,于当地不同地区建立试验林,进行区域化对比试验。3a试验结果表明:3个无性系生长表现较好,其中以895杨和797杨优势明显,与对照加拿大杨差异极显著,其单株材积平均生长量均超过对照20%~60%,而95杨与对照加拿大杨无显著差异。初步认为,3个无性系可在甘肃省天水地区各杨树栽培区推广应用。     

荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种对杨树氮代谢和矿质元素含量的影响

【目的】探究荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种条件下NL-895杨植株氮代谢及矿质元素含量的响应,在养分代谢水平上揭示溶磷细菌与外生菌根菌互作对杨树生长的影响,为杨树复合菌剂的开发与应用提供理论依据。【方法】对2年生NL-895盆栽菌共接种荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1和红绒盖牛肝菌(Xc),测定氮代谢指标可溶性蛋白质含量、硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性以及植株矿质元素含量。【结果】无论JW-JS1或Xc单接种,还是JW-JS1与Xc共接种均能显著提高NL-895杨树叶片可溶性蛋白、硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性以及植株的矿质元素含量,且共接种处理优于各单接种处理。共接种30天后NL-895杨的可溶性蛋白质含量、硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性分别比CK增长20.19%、79.99%和33.08%,共接种90天后增长76.76%、106.62%和34.86%,共接种150天后增长137.99%、50.70%和59.89%,植株内P、Mg、K、Ca、Mn和Zn含量分别比CK增长71.66%、23.67%、49.71%、22.90%、84.57%和151.56%。相关性分析发现,共接种30天后NL-895杨苗高和茎粗与硝态氮含量显著正相关(P0.05);共接种90天后NL-895杨苗茎粗与可溶性蛋白含量显著正相关(P0.05);共接种150天后NL-895杨苗高与硝酸还原酶活性、Mg含量、K含量显著正相关(P0.05),NL-895杨茎粗与P含量显著正相关(P0.05)、K含量极显著正相关(P0.01)。【结论】荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种显著改善NL-895杨的氮代谢功能和矿质元素的吸收从而促进NL-895杨的生长。     

宿迁市引种南方型杨树品种的现状及对策

1972年,泗阳县从意大利引进南方型杨树69、72等种杨;1975年泗阳县又引进南方型速生杨树69杨、72杨、63杨、214杨并试验成功;上世纪80年代末、90年代初,宿迁地区引种南京林业大学"69×63"杂交选育的351杨、35杨栽培成功,直至现在的南林95杨、南林895杨在全市范围的广泛种植,南方型杨树远渡重洋来到中国已经     

不同杨树品种对美国白蛾生长发育和存活的影响

选择青岛地区常见的12个杨树品种,研究不同杨树品种对美国白蛾生长发育和存活的影响。结果表明,美国白蛾幼虫的体重、发育历期、存活率以及成虫产卵量和卵孵化率与所取食的杨树品种有明显的相关性。在供试范围内,107杨、欧美杨卡帕茨、美洲黑杨T66、欧美杨L102、美洲黑杨323为美国白蛾易感寄主,欧美杨w141、美洲黑杨中荷1号、美洲黑杨L35为中抗寄主,南林895杨、南林95杨、美洲黑杨T26、美洲黑杨L324为高抗寄主。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.