林下种养对油茶林地土壤磷素形态及含量的影响

为了探究不同种养模式对油茶林地土壤磷素含量的影响,对油茶林下养鸡、林下种草、间种花生和间种大豆4种林下种养模式下林地土壤磷素形态变化和含量进行研究。结果表明:不同模式下油茶林地根际土壤中有效磷含量显著高于非根际土壤,显著提高0~20 cm土层中有效磷含量,其中间种大豆的效果最显著;林下养鸡和林下种草显著提高油茶林地根际土壤和非根际土壤中全磷含量,间种花生和间种大豆对其影响不显著;不同模式下Al-P和Fe-P的含量均显著高于O-P和Ca-P,其中林下种草能显著提高根际Ca-P含量。     

林下养鸡对林地土壤特性的影响

林下养鸡为创新农作模式之一,可产生巨大的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。为了探讨林下养鸡的可持续性,在荔枝、芒果及速生桉林下设置养鸡区和未养鸡区,研究了林下养鸡对林地土壤物理性质、土壤养分含量以及土壤微生物多样性等3个方面的影响。结果表明：林下养鸡模式使林地土壤容重降低,总孔隙度变大,非毛细管孔隙度与毛细管孔隙度的比例变大;土壤养分含量提高,而pH值降低;微生物数量明显增加。在土壤总孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、细菌及真菌数量上,3种树种的养鸡区与未养鸡区的差异均达到显著水平,这表明林下养鸡对林地产生了良性影响,不仅改善了林地土壤性质,而且还提高了土壤肥力,对林木的生长非常有利。     

辽西低山丘陵区农林复合经营模式对土壤物理性质的影响

该文通过对辽宁西部低山丘陵区纯农业（ck）、榛-农,核桃-农、枣-农4种不同经营模式的土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤总孔隙度等土壤物理性状的比较可知：枣一农复合经营模式的土壤含水量、土壤容重及土壤总孔隙度均较大,能够较好改良土壤的物理性质,在辽西干旱丘陵区适于大面积推广。     

安徽丘陵地区主要经果林复合经营模式研究——以枞阳县大山村为例

对大山村经果林复合经营模式的种间生态关系、复合结构、时空序列、经济效益进行了调查研究。研究发现,林农的4种复合经营模式(柿—山芋;柿—油菜—花生;梨—玉米—小麦—辣椒;李—马铃薯—绿豆;柑桔—茶叶),均能较充分地利用光能,和有效改善林地生态环境,提高土壤养分含量。它们的复合层次明显,互相配合生长,季节安排合理,土地盈利率较高。     

碳化硅冶炼集聚区对周边葡萄建园地重金属含量和果实品质产量的影响

研究了碳化硅工业集聚区对周边不同距离葡萄建园地重金属含量和果实品质产量的影响。结果表明:离集聚区中心沿主风向不同距离的葡萄园土壤和果实重金属含量由近及远逐渐降低,土壤pH值、果实品质和产量由近及远逐渐提高。离集聚区中心沿主风向5km的葡萄园土壤砷(As)和镉(Cd)含量超过无公害葡萄产地土壤重金属含量的限定值,果实砷(As)含量超过无公害葡萄果实重金属含量的限定值。离集聚区中心沿主风向5、10、15、20km的葡萄园土壤铅(Pb)含量均超过绿色葡萄产地土壤重金属含量的限定值,果实镉(Cd)、含量均超过绿色葡萄果实重金属含量的限定值。建议在离碳化硅工业集聚区中心沿主风向5km外规划和建设葡萄无公害种植园,20km范围内不宜规划和建设葡萄绿色种植园。     

幼龄苹果园间作杭白菊模式研究

对太行山区幼龄苹果(Malus pumila)园杭白菊(Chrysanthemun morifolium Ramat.)间作系统的栽培技术、经济效应、生态效应及对苹果树体生长的影响进行了研究,结果表明:幼龄果园行间栽培杭白菊可有效提高林地的生态经济效益,是太行山区适宜发展的林药复合经营模式。对比清耕果园,间作杭白菊并不影响苹果树体的生长发育,且果园的空间得到了充分利用,果园温度降低,土壤含水量增加,经济效益显著提高。     

冀南地区林下养鸡生态模式的研究

为了寻找发展林下经济的途径,笔者对河北临漳县的林下散养鸡进行了研究。试验结果表明,林下散养鸡林地的土壤容重降低,孔隙度、水分增加,氮磷钾有机质等营养成分增加;散养鸡试验林地林木的树高、胸径明显大于对照林地;林下养鸡的经济效益较好,优于传统家庭笼养;林下散养鸡生产系统的环境负载率和可持续发展能力方面均优于笼养鸡。林下散养鸡模式具有良好的经济效益和生态效益,是我国退耕还林后,林地充分利用的良好模式,值得推广。     

金衢地区林业土壤开发利用效益分析

金衢二地（市）的林业土壤开发利用现状调查显示，主要的经营模式可分二类，一类是经营较粗放的林农结构的生态模式，另一类是种养结合的复合生态模式。而后一种模式，强化了生态系统功能，大幅度提高了经济、生态和社会效益。建议政府有关部门增加科技、资金的投入，并建立有效的配套服务体系，促进开发，达到经济、生态和社会同步发展的轨道。     

桉—草、桉—药复合经营模式的经济效益分析与示范推广

营建了桉—山毛豆(Tephrosia candida)、桉—鸡骨草(Abrus cantoniensis)复合经营模式,分析其经济效益,为桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工林可持续发展做示范推广。桉树人工林采用复合经营技术能有效地解决桉树人工林经营过程中出现的生态问题。推广应用桉树复合经营模式对提高林地综合生产能力、促进林农增收、改善林地生态环境有重要的现实意义。     

水网地区生态林业建模初报

经过周密调查,科学规划,精心设计,严格实施,初步建成333公顷生态林业系统6种模式,即速生丰产林系统(实行一农、林一经结合)、农田林网系统、林—藕—鱼系统、林—鱼—禽系统、路林—渠果系统、林—苗系统,坚持种养结合,立体开发,利用光、热、水、土、肥进行复合经营,实现生物能的良性循环,使生态效益、社会效益、经济效益同步提高.     

植物篱笆与金属护栏网在果园防护中的应用效果

经济林童期相对较长,前期经济收益较低,因此提高综合收益,降低前期管护成本是目前生产中急需解决的主要问题之一。为了降低经济林前期投入成本,提高经济收益,文中对枳和花椒两种植物篱笆与设施工程中常用的金属护栏网这3种防护措施的造价、维护费用、防护效果和经济收益进行了调查和比较分析。结果表明:植物篱笆中,花椒篱笆的经济收入最高,达到7.88元/m,而枳篱笆的防护效果较好,其经济收益较高,可达到7.00元/m;但是,植物篱笆的前期防护效果较差。而金属护栏网的造价和维护费用均最高,可达6.67元/m,但建置后即可起到防护作用,前期防护效果较好。文中综合分析认为,植物篱笆适合童期较长的经济林树种,而金属护栏网则适用于城镇近郊农业观光园、果树采摘园和经济价值不高的育苗基地,若将植物篱笆和金属护栏网结合起来使用,则可兼顾长短期效益,值得在生产中推广应用。     

Effects of no-tillage and alley cropping on soil properties and crop yields in a Typic Kandiudult of southern Cameroon

The effects of no-tillage and alley cropping withCassia spectabilis hedgerows on soil properties and crop yields in a Typic Kandiudult of the humid forest zone of Central Africa were studied over the period 1990–1992 in southern Cameroon. The experimental treatments were no-tillage and hand tillage, both of which were either alley cropped withC. spectabilis hedgerows at interhedgerow spacings of 6 m or not alley cropped (control). A maize + cassava intercrop was planted in all plots at the commencement of each growing season.No-tillage had no significant effects on soil physical properties except to decrease soil temperature. In comparison to hand tillage, no-tillage increased soil organic C and total N in both years and pH in 1991. Mean organic C and total N with no-tillage were 1.77% and 0.174%, respectively, whereas with hand tillage were 1.35% and 0.145%, respectively. Notillage also resulted in a greater proportion ofC. spectabilis roots occurring in the topsoil. Alley cropping caused significant reductions in dry season soil temperature, surface seal formation and cassava root growth, and increases in exchangeable Ca, effective CEC and water infiltration compared with non-alley cropped controls. Infiltration rate at 2 h after commencing measurements were greater by 75% with alley cropping. Lowest maize cob and cassava tuber yeilds were observed when no-tillage was combined with alley cropping whereas highest yields occurred with no-tillage alone.     

保护性耕作对玉米农田碳储量的影响

研究了传统耕作和保护性耕作2种方式对玉米农田生态系统各碳库的影响规律,结果表明:与传统耕作方式相比,保护性耕作能有效提高玉米各器官生物量,整株生物量平均提高了2.15倍,各器官有机碳含量平均提高了11.4%,单株碳储量提高了2.56倍;保护性耕作能有效提高0～30 cm各土层有机碳储量,对0～10 cm土层范围内土壤有机碳含量影响程度明显,其碳含量较传统耕作提高近1倍;实施保护性耕作后,玉米农田生态系统各碳库碳储量呈现明显的增加趋势,玉米农田生态系统地上碳库、根系碳库、土壤碳库和总碳库碳储量分别达到了1 431.62 kg/hm2、364.79 kg/hm2、27 667 kg/hm2、29 463.66 kg/hm2,比传统耕作分别提高了263.6%、228.6%、62.7%、68.3%。     

Management of chestnut plantations for a multifunctional land use under Mediterranean conditions: effects on productivity and sustainability

Chestnut plantations for fruit production in Northern Portugal have been subjected to intensive management system, including soil tillage, mineral fertilization and pruning. Some of these practices have no positive effect on productivity and soil–plant–water relations. Other systems (e.g., no tillage with maintenance of grass cover) have been adopted, aiming a multifunctional land use, exploiting nuts, pasture and edible mushrooms. Thus, an experimental trial was installed to assess the effects of such systems on productivity, sustainability and annual net income, as compared with the conventional system, over a six-year period. The treatments were: conventional soil tillage (CT); no tillage with permanent spontaneous herbaceous vegetation cover (NV); no tillage with permanent rainfed seeded pasture cover (NP); and as NP but with irrigation (NIP). Production of nuts, forage and edible mushrooms were measured and sustainability was assessed by production and diversity of fungal sporocarps. Annual net income was estimated by the difference between the annual gross outputs (market values for nuts, forage and edible commercial mushrooms) and the annual input costs. The greatest nut and edible mushroom production and sporocarp biodiversity were achieved in the NIP and NV and the smallest in the CT treatment. The highest annual gross output was estimated for the NV and NIP treatments, whereas the highest annual net income was obtained for the NV. No tillage with maintenance of spontaneous grass cover showed to be the most favourable management system, as it has increased productivity and biodiversity.     

辽西半干旱山地刺槐人工林生长调查

通过对北宁市山地刺槐人工林立地条件、生长规律及生态效益等调查，结果表明，在类似北宁生态条件的半干旱地区的山地，适宜于培养小径级刺槐人工林；造林地要选择在阳坡、半阳坡、山中下腹土层较厚的地块；造林前需要整地；这些地区营造刺槐人工林，有助于保持水土，改良土壤，促进造林地植被变化，恢复和改善生态环境，减少病虫危害。     

猕猴桃园套种蕺菜对土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响

为了提高猕猴桃果实产量与品质,在猕猴桃园以套种蕺菜、清耕和对照作为试验处理,测定不同时期猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量、酶活性和果实产量及品质,分析其相关性。结果表明:套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别比对照处理提高13.95%、7.92%和3.94%,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别提高19.01%、28.89%和16.32%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性分别提高17.02%、12.63%、17.57%和7.98%,单果质量和单位面积产量分别提高7.14%和7.68%,维生素C、干物质、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖和可滴定酸含量分别提高7.97%、18.29%、2.09%、12.37%和14.18%。相关性分析结果表明,套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤速效钾含量与土壤中细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶活性显著正相关,与磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤真菌数量与蔗糖酶活性极显著正相关。土壤放线菌数量与蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性显著正相关。土壤速效磷含量与维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量极显著负相关,与干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性总糖含量极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量、放线菌数量与维生素C含量极显著负相关。土壤真菌数量与维生素C含量显著负相关。土壤脲酶活性与干物质含量显著正相关,与可滴定酸含量显著负相关。维生素C含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性极显著负相关,与土壤磷酸酶活性显著负相关。套种蕺菜有利于提高猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性,增加猕猴桃果实产量,改善猕猴桃果实品质。     

臭氧防治病虫害装置及其控制系统设计

土壤消毒处理是被广泛采用的积极有效的防治温室病虫害的方法。目前普遍采用的甲基溴等化学试剂熏蒸方法对人类健康和自然生态环境造成深远持久的危害。为解决这一问题,对臭氧水消毒土壤以及臭氧气体熏蒸消毒温室进行探索。在温度、湿度、臭氧浓度控制系统的基础上,结合臭氧水发生装置和温室大棚微灌技术,构成臭氧防治温室病虫害装置及其控制系统。在条件相同的两个温室中分别采用臭氧防治病虫害装置和传统方法种植蔬菜并进行对比研究。结果表明,采用臭氧防治病虫害装置的温室蔬菜长势茁壮,病株率很低。种植前采用臭氧消毒土壤和空气可以有效预防和控制土传和空气传播病害的发生,得到真正的绿色蔬菜,是取代甲基溴等土壤消毒方法的较好方法。     

林业少耕法栽培杉木营林模式的初步研究

建立少耕法栽培杉木的营林模式 ,改变传统林业的营林措施 ,采取生态林业结合化学除草等营林技术 ,减少了对林地的人为干扰 ,维持了物种多样性。与传统营林措施比较 ,杉木幼树的生长无显著差异 ,营林成本可以降低 5 2 5 %。     

Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management

The assessment on key ecological factors affecting runoff and soil erosion and the usefulness of plot-level monitoring of soil erosion was conducted by collecting runoff and soil loss records from 14 runoff plots. The runoff plots were set up in two catchments in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, where conventional logging and Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) took place. Runoff plots were set up in forest areas with different levels of logging disturbances, i.e. harvesting areas (four plots), skid trails (six plots), and undisturbed/control areas (four plots). The magnitude of runoff and soil loss from skid trail plots were found to be the highest, followed by control plots and harvest plots. Canopy cover, sapling density, litter depth and woody debris appeared to be important ecological factors that determine the magnitude of soil loss. Tree canopy determines the size and erosive power of the raindrops. Sapling, litter layer, and woody debris protected soil surface, thus preventing soil detachment, and provided surface roughness that minimised soil particle movement down the slope. The roles of these ecological factors were less significant compared to rainfall in determining the magnitude of runoff.

Canopy cover, sapling density, litter depth and woody debris can be measured quantitatively or qualitatively without complicated equipment and methods. Furthermore, they are sensitive to logging disturbance which make them suitable verifiers of soil erosion. Forest managers need to limit disturbance to these factors in order to minimise soil erosion in their logging operation areas. Monitoring of soil loss using runoff plots was cost-effective and provided valuable information about soil erosion risks caused by logging operations. Runoff plots clearly demonstrated site disturbances where the plots are located. Monitoring allowed more direct linkages to be made between management practices and their impacts on runoff and soil erosion, thereby enabling forest managers to identify problems and take appropriate preventive measures to improve their management practices.     

吉林省西部不同土壤种类文冠果栽培试验初报

以内蒙古翁牛特旗种源的文冠果为材料,在吉林省西部前郭县和长岭县的不同土壤条件下进行引种栽培试验.初步研究结果表明:风沙土、栗钙土是最适宜栽培和发展文冠果的土壤种类,含盐量小于0.2%的轻度盐碱地亦可以栽植;含盐量大于0.2%的土壤应谨慎选用,中、重度盐碱土不能栽种文冠果.