桉树伐桩的萌芽控制试验研究

对巨尾桉砍伐后7~14d的伐桩进行萌芽条控制试验,结果表明:在没有进行炼山处理的桉树林地,盖灌能对柴油20倍涂抹伐桩切面对桉树伐桩催腐效果能达到95.56%的防效,盖灌能对水20倍的防效仅有75.34%,41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对水3倍的防效仅有47.92%。涂沫法处理与喷雾法处理的伐桩处理效果基本一致,喷雾法处理的效率要高于涂抹法。盖灌能对柴油在桉树低产林分改造及品种的更新换代过程中进行伐桩催腐具有效果好、催腐彻底、控萌芽时间长达180d以上、操作方便等优点,值得在林业营林生产工作中大力推广应用。     

伐桩高度对尾巨桉萌芽更新的影响

通过对尾巨桉3个不同高度水平伐桩的萌芽率和萌芽力的调查分析,阐明伐桩高度对尾巨桉萌芽更新的影响。结果表明：尾巨桉的萌芽更新能力极强,且高度在5～10 cm的伐桩在3个处理中具有最高的萌芽率和萌芽力,其中,萌芽率高达97.3%,显著高于15～20 cm的伐桩;萌芽力高达16条/桩以上,且与10～15 cm和15～20 cm的伐桩存在极显著差异;不同处理对萌芽林胸径和树高的生长没有显著性影响。     

套袋抑制桉树伐根萌芽应用技术研究

随着桉树速丰产的迅速发展,低产林和多代林更新成为桉树栽培的新问题。通过对尾巨桉伐桩进行套袋处理,可以抑制早期萌发的零星枝梢,人工控制枝梢的生长,从而达到根除桉树萌芽条的目的。这与传统的人工砍除萌芽条相比较,成本低,效益高;同除草剂喷施等化学除萌相比较,更有利于促进环境保护,实现森林的持续发展。     

热带薪材树种萌芽更新的研究

对15个热带薪材树种进行萌芽更新研究的结果表明,刚果12号桉、雷林1号桉、斑皮桉、细叶桉、伞房花桉、柠檬桉、托里桉、马占相思和大叶相思萌芽更新效果好。伐桩萌芽率达95—100%,伐后3年存活率在75%以上;萌条生长迅速,年平均径、高生长分别为1.43—2.10厘米和2.04—3.10米;萌芽林生物产量高,地上部分(不含伐桩)年均鲜重12.17—107.24吨/公顷。适于以矮林作业方式经营其薪材林。     

巨尾桉二代萌芽更新林地清理方式的研究

巨尾桉二代萌芽更新林地清理方式试验研究结果表明 ,巨尾桉二代萌芽更新的林地清理方式以不炼山且伐桩不覆盖处理为最好 ,与炼山的处理方式相比 ,该模式不但有利于伐桩早萌芽且萌芽率高 ,而且林分径高比例较为协调 ,抗风能力强 ;不炼山的林地采伐剩余物多 ,白蚁食物丰富 ,伐桩及萌芽条基本不受白蚁危害 ,更新效果较为理想 ,2 6 5个月林分有效株数、萌芽率、平均树高和胸径分别达 3 2 1 7条·hm- 2 、81 0 4%、7 3 0m和 6 2 0cm ;实行不炼山 ,采伐剩余物的腐烂分解将使腐殖质增多 ,利于地力的维持。不论从经济还是生态角度出发 ,巨尾桉二代萌芽更新应采用不炼山伐桩不覆盖处理方式。     

整地施肥对尾叶桉萌芽林生长影响的研究

通过开展整地施肥对尾叶桉萌芽林生长影响的研究，结果表明，全垦、带垦和穴垦3种整地方式对尾叶桉伐桩萌芽率、直立/优势萌芽余数及萌芽林树高和胸径生长有一定影响，但不明显；整地加施肥(全垦 施肥、带垦 施肥和穴垦 施肥)比单整地不施肥处理(全垦、带垦和穴垦)萌芽率提高5％左右；直立／优势萌芽余数整地加施肥处理在4．6—5．2条/桩之间，比单整地不施肥处理的平均多2条/桩左右；27个月生时，整地加施肥比单整地不施肥处理萌芽林的树高分别提高67．2％，60．7％和85．3％，胸径提高28．3％，25．7％和10．7％。     

尾叶桉U6无性系萌芽性能研究

尾叶桉U6是南方分布最广的桉树无性系之一.研究表明,3个月生的U6的萌芽点、萌芽条数和萌芽高度均服从Weibull分布,峰度均大于3,比正态分布的峰值高;偏度大于0,呈不对称分布,数据均值右侧的离散性比左侧的强.萌芽点数按伐桩高度和伐桩直径分布均呈随机性,表明萌芽点数与伐桩高度和伐桩直径无关,仅与其生物学特性有关.萌芽条数受伐桩直径和高度的影响,伐桩直径越大,萌芽条数越多,呈线性关系;当伐桩高度低于16 cm时,萌芽条数随伐桩高度的增加而增加,超过16 cm高度后随之减少,呈三次抛物型.萌芽条高度与伐桩高度有关,当伐桩高度低于12 cm时,萌芽高度随伐桩高度的增加而增加,到12 cm以后随之减少;萌芽条高度与伐桩直径呈负相关.     

辽东栎伐桩萌苗的发育规律

通过对黄土高原黄龙山林区辽东栎林固定样地连续6年的调查,研究间伐强度分别为13.4％(弱度间伐)和30.0％(强度间伐)的辽东栎伐桩萌苗的存活与生长规律.结果表明:1)间伐第1年,辽东栎伐桩均有萌生枝发生,每桩萌生枝数量和萌生枝高度在不同强度间无显著差异;2)萌生枝数量受伐桩高度和直径的影响,当伐桩高度较低时,萌生枝数量随伐桩高度的增加而增加,超过20cm后随之减少,呈三次抛物线关系;伐桩萌生枝数量随着伐桩直径增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,直径30～50cm的伐桩萌生枝数量最多;3)伐桩萌生枝数量与最长萌生枝高度呈显著线性负相关,存在“萌生枝数量——高度权衡”现象;4)间伐第6年,伐桩的存活率为97.01％,强度间伐区萌生枝高度显著高于弱度间伐区;5)调查期间,辽东栎伐桩萌生枝数量逐年下降,伐桩产生的萌生枝数量越多,后期萌生枝死亡的数量也越多,表明伐桩能够自我稀疏,存在“萌代主”现象.在黄土高原地区,辽东栎伐桩萌芽潜力很大,应合理利用;间伐时伐桩高度应尽量低于20cm;伐桩直径在30～50cm更有利于其无性更新;间伐后伐桩应及时除蘖定株,促进萌生枝生长;间伐强度30.0％(强度间伐)更有利于辽东栎伐桩萌生枝的生长.     

桉树伐桩萌芽的控制试验及应用

对桉树伐桩进行萌芽控制试验,结果表明：采用41％草甘膦除草剂10ml/L液喷30～60cm高的伐桩萌芽条,萌芽条和伐桩死亡率达95％以上;伐桩萌芽前采用厚度2C以上的黑色塑料袋覆盖,可以控制伐桩萌芽,伐桩死亡率达到82．7％以上。以上两种方法控制桉树伐桩萌芽效果好,操作方便,费用低,可以在桉树林抚育间伐、低产林分改造和采伐更新换代造林中推广使用。     

林龄、采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新的影响

在海南省琼海县进行了不同林龄、不同采伐方式对大叶相思萌芽更新影响的研究，同时比较了保留不同萌条数量的萌芽林生长表现，结果表明：（１）林龄对伐桩萌芽率没有显著影响，但对伐桩存活率及萌条的径、高生长影响显著或极显著。林龄越大，萌芽更新效果越差；（２）皆伐和隔行采伐对大叶相思伐桩的萌芽率、萌条数量和存活率均无显著影响，但对萌条的径、高生长影响极显著。试验证明对大叶相思林分施以隔行采伐通过萌芽更新建立复层林分是可行的；（３）保留不同数量萌条对萌芽林早期（１．５年生）的径、高生长有极显著影响，但对后期（４．５年生）的生长影响不显著。每棵植株伐桩保留４根萌条的萌芽林生物产量最高，更新效果最好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.