7种热带阔叶树种的苗木施肥试验

对南酸枣、西南桦、团花、高阿丁枫、红木荷、山桂花和云南拟单性木兰7个树种进行了苗木施肥试验，结果表明：复合肥能明显提高各树种苗木的苗高、地径和生物量，其中以施用1％复合肥的效果最佳(但生产中还应因树种而定)，一般以0．5％-1．0％为宜；尿素对这些树种苗木的生长也有促进作用，尤其是对南酸枣、西南桦、红木荷等树种的增长效果更为显著，生产中用量以0．3％—0．5％为宜；钙镁磷肥在这些树种的育苗生产中不宜采用。合理施肥能缩短苗木出圃时间，一般可提前1—2个月出圃。     

适于金沙江干热河谷造林用的6个树种的育苗施肥试验

对适于金沙江干热河谷造林用的川楝、墨西哥柏、圆柏、新银合欢、苏门答腊金合欢、山合欢等6个树种进行了育苗施肥试验。结果表明:复合肥能明显提高各树种苗木的株高、地径和生物量,其中以施用1%复合肥的效果最佳,一般以施用0.5%~1.0%为宜;尿素对这些树种苗木的生长也有促进作用,尤其是对川楝、新银合欢、苏门答腊金合欢苗木的增长效果更为显著,生产中用量以0.3%~0.5%为宜;过磷酸钙在这些树种的育苗生产中以1%的用量更为适合。试验结果还表明,育苗期间采用1%的过磷酸钙 1%的复合肥 0.5%的尿素,是此6个树种苗期施肥的最佳组合。合理施肥能缩短苗木出圃的时间,墨西哥柏、圆柏2个树种一般可提前1~2个月出圃,而对于川楝、新银合欢、苏门答腊金合欢3个树种可培育出优质苗木。     

云南热区7个乡土阔叶树种的种子采集与处理技术研究

对云南热区的团花、山桂花、云南拟单性木兰、红木荷、西南桦、高阿丁枫、南酸枣7个乡土阔叶树种的种子采集与处理技术进行了研究.结果表明,西南桦、红木荷、南酸枣为生态广布种,各分布地种子成熟期差异较大,采种时间和方法可根据其种子的成熟特征和种实特性而定;7个阔叶树种种子的调制方法以阴干或晾干为主,团花、西南桦的种子极细小,在种子调制过程中,应尽可能除去废种子和夹杂物,以提高种子的净度、室内发芽率和场圃发芽率;种子出种率与7个阔叶树种的种实特性和结构相关,其木质聚合果树种或蒴果以及肉质球状聚合果树种的出种率较低;7个阔叶树种的种子一般不耐贮藏,宜随采随播.     

热区几种阔叶树种的育苗基质和容器规格研究

热区南酸枣、西南桦、团花、高阿丁枫、红木荷等阔叶树种的育苗基质和容器规格的第一阶段育苗试验结果表明 :不同的树种对育苗基质的要求不同。南酸枣和团花的苗木因生长快 ,对N、P、K、Ca、Mg等常量元素的需求大于其他树种 ,南酸枣对微量元素的需求也大于其他树种 ;热区阔叶树种对Fe、Mn、Cu等微量元素有较大的需求 ,而对Mo元素的需求相对较小。在 15cm× 17cm、 11cm× 15cm、 8cm× 15cm 3种规格的容器间 ,各树种苗高、地径生长无太大差别 ,因小容器所盛基质的总重量只是大容器的 1/ 3,中容器所盛基质的总重量是大容器的 1/ 2 ,因此 ,育苗生产中应选择中、小容器。第二阶段的试验结果表明 :西南桦工厂化育苗应选择 7cm× 8cm规格的容器 ,山桂花和红木荷可选择 4cm× 5cm规格的小孔容器。     

思茅松与4种阔叶树混交林的生长及抗松梢螟效果的研究

思茅松与红木荷、西南桦、冬樱花、喜树4树种不同比例的混交林营造试验结果(2.5年生)表明:在其混交林中思茅松的生长量一般优于纯林。但需控制好思茅松与阔叶树种的比例,否则达不到增产效果。思茅松与西南桦、红木荷等阔叶树种混交(比例适当)有利于减少松梢螟对思茅松的危害,其中思茅松与4树种同时混交,针阔比为2?1时,抗松梢螟效果最佳;与西南桦混交,针阔比采用1?1较好。     

思茅松阔叶混交林的生长及其土壤理化性状研究

为探讨思茅松与不同阔叶树种混交林对生长量以及土壤肥力的影响。2000年7月在景谷县选择红木荷、西南桦、冬樱花、喜树四个树种与思茅松进行不同比例的混交造林。结果表明思茅松与红木荷混交时,较好的混交比例是针阔比5∶1;与西南桦混交时为2∶1或者1∶1。     

西南桦轻基质网袋容器育苗技术

采用优树种子和轻基质网袋培育西南桦容器苗,8～9月播种,以黄心土和沙(3:1)为基质.待芽苗具4～6片真叶,移入网袋,基质以松皮粉35% 沤制锯末50% 碳化锯末15%(或松皮粉40% 沤制锯末50% 碳化锯末10%)为宜.翌年2～3月份(6个月左右)大部分苗木地径大于0.25 cm,苗高大于0.20 m即可出圃造林.实践证明轻基质网袋容器育苗技术可应用于西南桦大规模工厂化育苗.     

不同施肥措施对西南桦幼林生长的影响

以林地采取施用基肥与追肥相结合的方式,连续2次施用不同肥料(CK、N、P、K、NP、NK、KP、NPK)对西南桦幼林期林木生长的影响进行了试验,其试验结果表明:施用不同肥料对西南桦幼林(3年生)径、高、材积生长有显著影响。经对不同施肥处理的效果作比较,施NP肥的效果最好,其西南桦幼林材积比其他施肥处理高17.8%~138.9%;其次是施NPK处理,其幼林材积比施NP处理低15.1%,比其他施肥处理高10.4%~102.8%;再次是施NK处理,其生长量比施NP和施NPK处理低14.2%~23.1%,比其余5种施肥处理高1.7%~83.7%,施N与施NK处理的生长差异小,两者差异仅1.7%;生长最差是施KP处理,其生长量比不施肥的CK处理低7.2%,CK比施P处理低11.1%,施P处理又比施K处理低14.7%。由此得出,西南桦幼林林地以施用NP复合肥为好,两者采取1?1的比例比较恰当;用常用的NPK复合肥和N肥也能起到较好的结果。但忌K肥与P肥结合使用。     

长效复合肥在松树容器育苗上的应用研究

马尾松和火炬松的容器育苗试验结果表明,施用长效复合肥能明显促进苗木生长。与普通复合肥相比,苗木生物量分别增加255％和165％;长效复合肥的用量以每株0．8～1．2g为宜。     

桂西地区西南桦中龄林生长对间伐和施肥的响应

间伐和施肥是促进林分生长、缩短培育周期的重要森林经营措施。以广西百色10年生西南桦林分为研究对象,设置3种间伐强度(0、15%、40%)、2种施肥水平(施1 kg N、P、K复合肥与不施肥)开展间伐施肥试验,探讨间伐和施肥处理对西南桦中龄林生长的影响,为西南桦大径材高效培育提供科学依据和技术支撑。结果表明:间伐约2.5 a后,间伐对西南桦中龄林胸径、枝下高、冠幅和单株材积增量影响显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),间伐与施肥的交互作用对胸径生长影响极显著;随着间伐强度的增加,西南桦平均胸径、冠幅、单株材积的增量逐渐增大,枝下高增量逐渐减小,树高和林分蓄积量无显著变化(P≥0.05);虽然施肥处理的西南桦胸径、冠幅和单株材积增量高于未施肥处理,但是两者间仅冠幅差异显著。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.