海南东寨港几种国外红树植物引种初报

为我国华南沿海防浪护岸林体系工程建设试验性引进优质红树植物资源,旨在提高防护林体系的建设工程质量和增强生物工程体系的抗灾、减灾能力.从生物生态学特性、生长适应性、树高、地径的生长量以及开花结实情况,初步分析了海南岛东寨港从澳大利亚和墨西哥引进的几种红树植物的生长表现.结果表明:拉关木、直立柱果木和阿吉木在该地区可开花结果,其中拉关木生长表现最优,为一种耐高盐度的速生树种;根据寒害调查情况,拉关木和澳洲白骨壤有较耐寒的生长特性,具北移栽培的潜力.     

珠海淇澳岛拉关木群落结构及其种苗扩散研究

引种于珠海淇澳岛的外来红树植物拉关木（Laguncularia racemosa）,在当地能否繁殖更新或 造成种苗大量扩散成灾？为此,针对珠海淇澳岛红树林湿地引种园内引种10 年后的群落结构特征及种 苗扩散情况进行调查。结果表明：（1）拉关木群落的结构组成简单、空间层次分布明显、林下植被主要 为老鼠簕（Acanthus ilicifolius）,占群落总数的86.40%;（ 2）群落中有秋茄（Kandelia obovata）、桐花树 （Aegiceras corniculatum）、银叶树（Heritiera littoralis）、老鼠簕、卤蕨（Acrostichum aureum）等乡土红树 植物的自然更新现象,表明拉关木人工林可以促进乡土红树植物的更新;（3）在拉关木引种林内、林缘、 沟渠、互花米草内均未发现拉关木小苗,表明拉关木在珠海淇澳岛极难自然更新成林。     

新引种速生红树植物对某些重金属净化能力初步研究

红树植物拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa)是近年我国新引种的速生海岸防护林树种。通过对拉关木的根、茎、叶、果实及土壤中的Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd和Pb等重金属含量进行的分析,研究了福建漳州龙海浮宫镇拉关木对某些重金属的净化能力。结果表明:红树林拉关木不同部位对不同重金属富集吸收的能力大小均不同,其中拉关木的根对Cu与Zn的富集吸收效果最为明显。     

粤东海桑、无瓣海桑、拉关木冻害调查报告

海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris (L.)Engl.)、无瓣海桑(S.apetala Buch-Ham)、拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn.f.)是粤东近几年成功引种的3个优良红树林树种。文章报告了粤东海桑、无瓣海桑和拉关木的苗木和林木的冻害情况,并就海桑、无瓣海桑和拉关木的抗寒性及其在粤东育苗和防寒的技术措施进行了讨论。     

吴茱萸的栽培

吴茱萸，为芸香科吴茱萸属植物，落叶小乔木，树高3～9米。其果是一种常用中药材。是茱萸载植2～3年后开花结果，4～5年后进入盛产期。经济效益好。株洲县于2002年开始成片引种栽植吴茱萸4．8公顷，经过精心培育，2004年已挂果，收入3万余元。2003年栽植9公顷，长势良好，其栽培技术如下：     

广西红树林主要外来植物现状及防控对策研究

通过查阅文献资料、访问调查、实地踏查及座谈的方式,对广西红树林主要三种外来植物互花米草、无瓣海桑、拉关木引种历史、资源现状、防控措施进行调查,并分析其生态安全性和社会影响。互花米草是确定的入侵种;无瓣海桑、拉关木能够在非种植区域实现自然扩散,能够快速占领宜林地甚至进入本土红树植物群落内部,表现出了一定的入侵性。针对外来植物监测、防控过程中存在的诸多制约因素,提出相应的对策。     

深圳福田3种红树植物引种的初步研究

红树植物海莲和红海榄从海南东寨港 ( 1 9°56′N ,1 1 0°34′E)引种到广东深圳湾 ( 2 2°32′ ,1 1 4°0 3′)红树林区 ,生长发育良好 ,4年生植株已全部开花结果 ;苗期抗寒性在中等以上 ,幼树抗寒性较强。 7年生的海莲和红海榄平均高分别为 2 .82 ,2 .91m ,平均地径分别为 1 0 .0 1 ,3.32cm ,存活率分别为 85% ,83%。澳洲白骨壤从澳大利亚北部引种到广东深圳湾后 ,苗期受到寒害及蟹类、鸟类和昆虫的影响 ,死亡率较高 ,2年生以后存活率稳定 ,抗寒性增强 ;4年生的澳洲白骨壤平均高 2 .6 9m ,平均地径为 3.6 1cm ,存活率为 6 8.4 %。澳洲白骨壤的高生长快于海莲和红海榄 ,是优良速生红树林树种     

粤东沙质滩涂6种红树林树种造林试验研究

选择无瓣海桑、秋茄、白骨壤、木榄、桐花和拉关木6个红树林树种,在粤东沿海沙质滩涂地带进行造林试验。结果表明:(1)涨退潮风浪大的流动沙质滩涂不适宜种植红树林,避风、涨退潮海浪较小、沙土流动较缓慢的沙质滩涂可以成功造林;(2)种植后14个月,6个红树林树种造林存活率排序为白骨壤(31%)拉关木(28%)无瓣海桑(25%)秋茄(22%)桐花(18%)木榄(14%),平均保存率为23%;(3)在风浪较小、沙土流动较缓慢的沙质滩涂营造红树林,可选择无瓣海桑、白骨壤和拉关木3个树种。     

珠海淇澳岛红树林引进树种的适应性评价

以珠海市淇澳岛红树林引种园23个主要红树林引进树种(2年生)为研究对象,建立涵盖生长适应性、抗逆性、景观价值等多因子的综合评价指标体系,选用层次分析法(AHP)对引进树种进行适应性评价。根据综合评价将红树林引进树种分成4类,表现良好的有拉关木、黄槿、杨叶肖槿和木榄等7种,表现较好的有尖叶卤蕨、海漆等4种,表现一般的有尖瓣海莲、海莲和木果楝等6种,最差的有角果木、正红树和白骨壤等6种。研究认为,拉关木适宜作为低潮滩的先锋造林树种,木榄为中高潮滩的造林树种,而黄槿、杨叶肖槿和海漆可作为高潮滩及堤岸的造林树种,海滨猫尾木、银叶树、海芒果和玉蕊则在滨海城市绿化中更具推广应用价值。     

几种红树林植物在深圳湾的引种驯化试验

为丰富我国大陆沿海的红树木林种类 ,提高滩涂红树防护林生态功能及其社会、经济效益 ,近几年来我们先后把一些优良红树林种类 :海桑 (Sonneratiacaseolaris)、无瓣海桑 (S .apetala)、海莲 (Bruguierasexangula)、正红树 (Rhizophoraapiculata)、水椰 (Nypafruticans)、红海榄 (R .stylosa)、澳洲海榄雌 (Avicenniamarinavar .aus tralasica)和小花木榄 (Bruguieraparviflora)引种至深圳湾作试验。目前 ,这些引种树种大都已开花结果。1　引种地及种子采集地点概况种子采集地点海南岛文昌市清澜港、琼山市东寨港 ,广东省廉江市高桥镇 ,…     

Hydraulic conductivity and embolism in the mangrove tree Laguncularia racemosa

We measured xylem pressure potentials, soil osmotic potentials, hydraulic conductivity and percent loss of conductivity (PLC) due to embolism, and made microscopic observations of perfused dye in the white mangrove tree, Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f., (1) to determine its vulnerability to air embolism compared with published results for the highly salt-tolerant red mangrove tree, Rhizophora mangle L., and (2) to identify possible relationships between air embolism, permanent blockage of vessels and stem diameter. Laguncularia racemosa was more vulnerable to embolism than reported for R. mangle, with 50 PLC at -3.4 MPa. Narrow stems (5-mm diameter) had higher PLC than larger stems (8.4- or 14-mm diameter) of the same plants. Basic fuchsin dye indicated that up to 89% of the vessels, especially in the narrow stems, had permanent blockage that could not be reversed by high pressure perfusion. Air embolism could lead to permanent vessel blockage and eventual stem mortality. Such vulnerability to embolism may restrict the growth of L. racemosa and limit its distribution to less salty areas of mangrove communities.     

海南岛清澜港和东寨港红树林及其生境的调查研究

本文根据调查材料,阐述海南省清澜港和东寨港红树林植物种类、群落类型及其分布。调查结果表明,河口港湾地区的红树林植物种类的分布应描述为以顺流水方向为纵向和横截流向为横向的二维空间状况,这才能确切地反映其天然分布。通过分析气候差异和引种情况,阐明了北热带滩涂能引种嗜热窄布性红树林植物种类。此外,还总结了一些红树林植物的适宜造林地,并指出在红树林中围堤养殖或垦植是有害的。     

广东省沿海红树林现状和发展

广东沿海红树林是沿海防护林体系的重要组成部分，它的管理和造林是生态环境建设的一个内容。对沿海红树林的调查表明：广东沿海红树林现存面积14670hm^2，其中湛江市红树林占总面积的84．8％；全省主要红树林植物有26科40种（其中真红树10种，半红树11种，伴生植物19种）。红树林主要树种有：秋茄、红海榄、木榄、桐花树、无瓣海桑、白骨壤、海漆、榄李、角果木、老鼠勒等。文中对广东红树林推广造林和恢复发展作了评价，为推进红树林建设提供科学依据。     

Mangroves of China: a brief review

The distribution, ecology, conservation and management of Chinese mangroves are reviewed. Mangroves naturally occur along the southeast Chinese coast and traverse the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan, intermittently extending from 18°N. Thirty-seven mangrove tree species, representing 20 families and 25 genera, have been documented, with thermophilic eurytopic species being the dominant components. A remarkable decrease of species richness is evident from Hainan (18–20°N) to Fujian (23.5–27°N) (35 vs. 9 species). The existing mangrove area is ≈ 17 800 ha, accounting for slightly more than 0.1% of the world's total. Nearly two-thirds of China's mangroves have been lost during the past 40 years, largely due to conversion for rice-farming, embankment for aquaculture ponds and, recently, rapid urban development. A total of 201 papers on Chinese mangroves was published between 1950 and 1995, 178 of which are in Chinese; thus, they are not easily accessible to the international scientific community. Most of the work was conducted after 1985 (91% of the papers published) and research emphasized floristics with little attention to managementrelated issues. The net primary production of the Chinese mangroves shows a latitudinal trend, also significant deviations from predictions on models generated using non-Chinese data. Although 28 Chinese institutions have dealt with mangrove research, only five maintain long-term projects. The bulk of research has been carried out in six mangrove reserves: Qinglan, Dongzhai (Hainan), Mai Po (Hong Kong), Futian (Guangdong), Shankou (Guangxi) and Jiulongjiang (Fujian). Twelve mangrove reserves have been established so far in mainland China, one in Hong Kong (Mai Po) and one in Taiwan (Tanshui). These reserves cover an area of over 19000 ha, of which 8445 ha are mangroves (47% of existing mangrove area). Six measures that can facilitate mangrove conservation and management are recommended: (a) declare more mangrove areas as nature reserves; (b) set up a national mangrove committee and mangrove research centre to foster research and management; (c) develop concrete management guidelines; (d) enact protective legislation and ensure its strict enforcement; (e) launch education programmes in the major mangrove reserves; and (f) stop further nonsustainable exploitation of mangroves and their habitats.     

Leaf gas exchange characteristics of three neotropical mangrove species in response to varying hydroperiod

We determined how different hydroperiods affected leaf gas exchange characteristics of greenhouse-grown seedlings (2002) and saplings (2003) of the mangrove species Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn., Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f., and Rhizophora mangle L. Hydroperiod treatments included no flooding (unflooded), intermittent flooding (intermittent), and permanent flooding (flooded). Plants in the intermittent treatment were measured under both flooded and drained states and compared separately. In the greenhouse study, plants of all species maintained different leaf areas in the contrasting hydroperiods during both years. Assimilation-light response curves indicated that the different hydroperiods had little effect on leaf gas exchange characteristics in either seedlings or saplings. However, short-term intermittent flooding for between 6 and 22 days caused a 20% reduction in maximum leaf-level carbon assimilation rate, a 51% lower light requirement to attain 50% of maximum assimilation, and a 38% higher demand from dark respiration. Although interspecific differences were evident for nearly all measured parameters in both years, there was little consistency in ranking of the interspecific responses. Species by hydroperiod interactions were significant only for sapling leaf area. In a field study, R. mangle saplings along the Shark River in the Everglades National Park either demonstrated no significant effect or slight enhancement of carbon assimilation and water-use efficiency while flooded. We obtained little evidence that contrasting hydroperiods affect leaf gas exchange characteristics of mangrove seedlings or saplings over long time intervals; however, intermittent flooding may cause short-term depressions in leaf gas exchange. The resilience of mangrove systems to flooding, as demonstrated in the permanently flooded treatments, will likely promote photosynthetic and morphological adjustment to slight hydroperiod shifts in many settings.     

Sap flow characteristics of neotropical mangroves in flooded and drained soils

Effects of flooding on water transport in mangroves have previously been investigated in a few studies, most of which were conducted on seedlings in controlled settings. In this study, we used heat-dissipation sap probes to determine if sap flow (J(s)) attenuates with radial depth into the xylem of mature trees of three south Florida mangrove species growing in Rookery Bay. This was accomplished by inserting sap probes at multiple depths and monitoring diurnal flow. For most species and diameter size class combinations tested, J(s) decreased dramatically beyond a radial depth of 2 or 4 cm, with little sap flow beyond a depth of 6 cm. Mean J(s) was reduced on average by 20% in Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. and Rhizophora mangle L. trees when soils were flooded. Species differences were highly significant, with L. racemosa having the greatest midday J(s) of about 26 g H(2)O m(-2) s(-1) at a radial depth of 2 cm compared with a mean for the other two species of about 15 g H(2)O m(-2) s(-1). Sap flow at a depth of 2 cm in mangroves was commensurate with rates reported for other forested wetland tree species. We conclude that: (1) early spring flooding of basin mangrove forests causes reductions in sap flow in mature mangrove trees; (2) the sharp attenuations in J(s) along the radial profile have implications for understanding whole-tree water use strategies by mangrove forests; and (3) regardless of flood state, individual mangrove tree water use follows leaf-level mechanisms in being conservative.