铁炉港红榄李群落林分结构特征研究

对三亚铁炉港红榄李(Lumnitzera littorea)天然林进行群落调查,设置6个10m×10m调查样方。对样地内的红树植物进行测量,记录红树种类、胸径、株高等指标,并进行重要性、径级等级分析,探讨该红树林林分植被的演替变化。结果表明,在600m~2样方中共记录了6种红树林树种,隶属4科5属,这些树种均具有较强的热带性质。该红榄李群落呈密灌丛状,群落结构相对较为简单,其重要值从大到小依次为红榄李正红树海莲榄李木果楝海漆。径级等级分析结果显示,榄李的径级等级分布较为均匀,木果楝和正红树分布于第IV级和第V级,海漆、海莲和红榄李均分布在第V级。该红榄李群落为衰退型,正处于濒危状态,需要进一步加强保护。     

人工无瓣海桑林下灌层分布格局及多样性研究

以雷州附城镇无瓣海桑人工林为对象,采取目标树中心样圆法,运用Simpson指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及Poisson分布与T检验分析无瓣海桑对乡土红树植物的多样性和分布格局的影响。结果表明:引进无瓣海桑后,秋茄、桐花树、红海榄、木榄和白骨壤这几种乡土红树植物在无瓣海桑林下逐步适应生长,无瓣海桑林缘灌木层物种多样性指数比林内更高,各类圆形样方中物种的Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson指数均没有显著差异,而Margalef丰富度指数的差异达显著水平(P<0.05);同一物种在不同林龄的无瓣海桑林下的分布格局不同;白骨壤、红海榄、秋茄、桐花树和木榄在无瓣海桑林下呈集群分布,其强度为木榄>桐花树>秋茄>白骨壤>红海榄;引种无瓣海桑林下未发现无瓣海桑幼苗,表明在该研究地无瓣海桑难以天然更新成林,对乡土红树植物的天然更新成林和扩散未产生影响。     

深圳福田3种红树植物引种的初步研究

红树植物海莲和红海榄从海南东寨港 ( 1 9°56′N ,1 1 0°34′E)引种到广东深圳湾 ( 2 2°32′ ,1 1 4°0 3′)红树林区 ,生长发育良好 ,4年生植株已全部开花结果 ;苗期抗寒性在中等以上 ,幼树抗寒性较强。 7年生的海莲和红海榄平均高分别为 2 .82 ,2 .91m ,平均地径分别为 1 0 .0 1 ,3.32cm ,存活率分别为 85% ,83%。澳洲白骨壤从澳大利亚北部引种到广东深圳湾后 ,苗期受到寒害及蟹类、鸟类和昆虫的影响 ,死亡率较高 ,2年生以后存活率稳定 ,抗寒性增强 ;4年生的澳洲白骨壤平均高 2 .6 9m ,平均地径为 3.6 1cm ,存活率为 6 8.4 %。澳洲白骨壤的高生长快于海莲和红海榄 ,是优良速生红树林树种     

海南清澜港红树林优势群落冠层叶片生态化学计量特征分析

对比分析不同优势群落冠层叶片的化学计量特征,为深入认识海南省文昌清澜港红树林优势群落冠层叶片的C、N、P生态化学计量,对热带海岸生态脆弱区森林可持续性研究至关重要。该研究通过测定海莲（尖瓣海莲）、榄李（红榄李）和红树3种优势群落中冠层叶片的总碳、总氮、总磷含量,掌握清澜港红树林优势群落冠层叶片的生态化学计量特征。结果显示：（1）3种优势群落冠层叶片总碳、总氮含量均值分别介于362.08g·kg-1～379.50g·kg-1和14.05g·kg-1～15.21g·kg-1之间,均表现为红树>海莲（尖瓣海莲）>榄李（红榄李）;总磷含量均值排序为海莲（尖瓣海桑）（1.27g·kg-1）>榄李（红榄李）（1.17g·kg-1）>红树（1.16g·kg-1）。（2）3种优势群落冠层叶片的C/N均值介于25.65～27.75之间,表现为榄李（红榄李）>海莲（尖瓣海莲）>红树;C/P均值介于328.01～354.46之间,表现为榄李（红榄李）>红树>海莲（尖瓣海莲）;N/P均值介于12.13～13.73之间,表现为红树>榄李（红榄李）>海莲...     

广东省沿海红树林现状和发展

广东沿海红树林是沿海防护林体系的重要组成部分 ,它的管理和造林是生态环境建设的一个内容。对沿海红树林的调查表明 :广东沿海红树林现存面积 14670hm2 ,其中湛江市各县 (市、区 )红树林占总面积 84 .8% ;全省主要红树林植物有 2 6科 4 0种 (其中真红树 10种 ,半红树 11种 ,伴生植物 19种 )。红树林主要树种有 :秋茄、红海榄、木榄、桐花树、无瓣海桑、白骨壤、海漆、榄李、角果木、老鼠勒等。文中对红树林推广造林和恢复发展作了评价 ,为推进红树林建设提供科学依据。     

几种红树植物引种试验初报

我国海南岛高大、速生的红树植物乔木种类较多,如海桑属（Ｓｏｎｎｅｒａｔｉａ）、海莲（ＢｒｕｇｕｉｅｒａｓｅｘａｎｇｕｌａＰｏｉｒｅｔ）等。把这些种类北移引种到广东省沿海摊涂,丰富广东大陆的红树物种,提高沿海防护林生态功能和经济效益,已成为重要的研究课...     

蜡彩袋蛾取食不同红树植物后纤维素酶活力的测定

通过对蜡彩袋蛾喂饲7种红树植物叶片,观察取食情况,测定对不同红树植物叶片的取食量及取食后其体内纤维素酶活力变化,探讨蜡彩袋蛾(Chalia larminati Heylaerts)对不同红树植物叶片的消化吸收能力。结果表明,取食无瓣海桑、木榄、红海榄和秋茄的幼虫体内纤维素酶含量较高,而取食白骨壤和海漆之后纤维素酶含量较低,差异显著。根据林间调查结果显示,秋茄上的蜡彩袋蛾虫口密度最高,木榄最低,而在无瓣海桑、白骨壤和海漆没有发现蜡彩袋蛾危害。     

Investigation of Cold Damage and Renew of Several Dominant Mangrove Plants in Neilingding-futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong Province, China

2008年初,广东深圳福田红树植物遭受了近五十年来最为严重的低温寒害,引种红树及本地红树物种都受到了不同程度的影响,主要表现在叶片枯萎、树干折断,植物种群相对多度及密度改变.文章在2008年度冻害调查的基础上,2009、2010年对该片红树植物开展了恢复状况和生长现状调查,结果表明:(1)引种树种恢复的状况在不同物种之间有所差异,引种海桑、无瓣海桑在冻害后一度得到良好恢复;木榄生长良好,也有新枝萌发,受冻害影响较小;海莲大多数死亡,从原有的47株减少到目前的12株;澳洲白骨壤生长良好;(2)乡土树种恢复良好,秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤都可正常生长;(3)由于海桑、无瓣海桑受害严重,管理人员对其大树和幼苗进行了人工清理,目前保护区内海桑、无瓣海桑数目急剧减少.     

无瓣海桑引种育苗技术

无瓣海桑是目前我国东南沿海红树林建造中广为引种的红树林植物,本文介绍了无瓣海桑的引种育苗技术,包括苗圃地概况、种子采集与处理、种子贮藏、营养土配制、播种、苗木管理等技术措施,为无瓣海桑种苗的培育提供参考。     

4种红树树种在三亚河红树林自然保护区的生长和生理生化响应

为探讨不同种类的红树树种在三亚河红树林自然保护区的生长适应性及环境对其生长影响,为红树林生态修复和树种选择提供参考和依据。选择木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)和桐花(Aegiceras corniculatum)栽植于三亚河红树林自然保护区,比较分析其红树植物的生长和生理生化差异。结果表明,4个树种的成活率较高,以木榄最高;红海榄、秋茄和木榄的苗高和地径生长量稍高于桐花。生物量检测结果显示,红海榄、秋茄和木榄生物量也高于桐花;SOD酶、POD酶和MDA含量均以秋茄最高,桐花的酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量最低。主成分分析结果显示,4个树种对环境适应性能力从大到小依次为:秋茄、红海榄、木榄和桐花。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia

Dryland salinity is emerging as a major form of land and water degradation in southern Australia, particularly in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, and to a lesser extent in New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland.Tree planting, in combination with other vegetation treatments, is regarded as a leading solution to dryland salinity. Research has now shown that planting trees can significantly lower groundwater tables, and thereby reverse the causal process of salinisation. Substantial progress has been made towards answering the basic questions of which species to grow, how to plant, where to plant, at what density and configuration to plant, and how much area to plant. The economic potential for commercial tree planting has given impetus to partial reforestation in higher rainfall (> 600 mm yr^–1) areas. Even so, serious constraints are apparent, relating primarily to cost, uncertainty and attitude. The future should bring increasing community input and control, technical refinement and gradual adoption, provided all aspects of the issue are well researched, relevant information is well communicated and programmes are well administered. Some specific requirements for future research are identified in this review.     

Effect of Cuttings on the Scenic Beauty of a Tree Stand

The opinions of 207 respondents on the visual effects of seven different cutting types were asked using a nine-point verbal scale ranging from ''worsens very much'' to ''improves very much''. Other estimates were obtained by letting the same respondents evaluate photographs of stands which had been treated with different cuttings. The direct questions gave results quite similar to the evaluations of photographs for all but young respondents, indicating that most respondents were able to imagine the effect of the treatment correctly. The results based on the evaluation of photographs indicated that the effect of regenerative cuttings is negative while the impact of thinnings is positive. After a few years of cutting the stand is already regarded as clearly more pleasant than immediately after the cutting. Natural regeneration with seed trees seems to be a way to avoid the very negative immediate impact of clear-felling, especially in the case of Scots pine. Women, young, urban people and those who do not own forest or have work related to forests tended to experience thinnings less positively and saw regenerative cuttings as more harmful than the other test groups did.