季铵化纳米SiO_2改性酚醛树脂的研究

利用纳米SiO_2表面羟基,γ-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷为偶联剂,与十二烷基二甲基叔胺进行反应制得了季铵化纳米SiO-2。用NMR对未改性的纳米SiO_2、中间产物及季铵化纳米SiO_2进行了表征。将季铵化纳米SiO_2用于改性酚醛树脂,改性前后树脂固化后的粉末进行DSC和TGA测试。研究结果表明:1)硅烷偶联剂和叔胺在反应中已先后键合到了纳米SiO_2表面。2)改性后酚醛树脂的玻璃化转变温度高于未改性的。3)酚醛树脂的失重分为4个阶段。在800℃时,改性酚醛树脂的残炭率高于未改性的。由此可见,改性后酚醛树脂的热稳定性高于未改性的样品。     

纳米涂层对竹材色度稳定性的影响

为了提高竹材的耐光老化性能和延长竹制品户外使用寿命,利用氙弧灯老化箱模拟室外环境,以寻找一种性能优越的耐光老化改性剂。采用正交试验法测试了4种纳米颗粒(TiO_2、ZnO、SiO_2和AW)和4种成膜物质(蒸馏水、丙烯酸树脂、三聚氰胺树脂和酚醛树脂),测量光老化时竹材表面色度变化;利用扫描电镜对涂层中纳米颗粒分散情况进行表征。结果表明:纳米颗粒分散效果较好,纳米涂层改性处理明显改善了竹材表面色度的光稳定性,其中涂刷三聚氰胺与质量分数为10%的TiO_2配制的改性剂的竹材光老化时色度稳定性能最佳。     

硅烷化纳米SiO_2改性酚醛泡沫的性能表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米SiO_2,并通过加入硅烷偶联剂1,1,3,3-四甲基二硅氧烷对纳米SiO_2进行硅烷化,用硅烷化后的纳米SiO_2制备改性酚醛树脂(PR1～PR6),将改性酚醛树脂制成相应的酚醛泡沫(PF1～PF6)。采用FT-IR、TGA/FT-IR和TGA等方法对酚醛树脂的性能进行表征和检测。测试结果表明:改性后的酚醛树脂成功引入硅烷化的纳米SiO_2,并与树脂发生了化学交联反应,形成Si—O—Si和Si—O;游离酚测试结果显示,随着纳米SiO_2含量的增加游离酚含量急剧下降,正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)含量相同而硅烷偶联剂含量不同时对游离酚含量影响不大,当硅脂为3.22 g,硅烷偶联剂为2 g时与PR4组成时其效果最好;羟甲基含量检测结果显示随着纳米SiO_2含量的增加,羟甲基含量迅速增加至高值;机械性能测试显示,当硅脂质量分数为0.5%(以酚醛树脂的质量计),硅烷偶联剂为0.3%时,PF4的弯曲强度和抗压强度较PF1分别提高了73.3%和83.4%,较好地提高了泡沫的机械性能。     

纳米SiO_2改性ACQ防腐处理材的制备及抗流失性研究

利用纳米SiO_2改性ACQ防腐剂,以提高ACQ处理材的抗流失性。利用单因素法考察纳米SiO_2在ACQ溶液中的最佳分散条件,并考察改性ACQ处理材的抗流失性及其化学结构变化。结果表明:纳米SiO_2改性理想的工艺条件为:ACQ浓度为1.0%,纳米SiO_2质量为0.01 g,六偏磷酸钠/纳米SiO_2比例为15:1,超声时间为30 min,超声温度为20℃。经纳米SiO_2改性的ACQ处理材,其流失率明显下降,且从FTIR谱图中可见,纳米SiO_2改性处理是提高ACQ处理材中有效成分铜抗流失性的最主要原因。     

异氰酸酯改性竹材表面及其抗蚀性能研究

以异氰酸酯对竹材表面进行接枝改性,大幅提升了天然竹材的抗蚀性能。研究中分别以热水预处理竹材(H-bam)和碱预处理竹材(A-bam)为原料,采用二环己甲烷4,4′-二异氰酸酯(HMDI)为改性剂,得到改性竹材样品H-HMDI-bam和A-HMDI-bam。抗蚀机制研究表明:改性后竹材表面的羟基数量明显减少,羰基、酰胺官能团增加,HMDI成功接枝到纤维表面并成絮状包裹状,A-HMDI-bam和H-HMDI-bam的负载量分别为6.342和4.080 mmol/cm^2。改性样品疏水性明显增强,其中H-HMDI-bam表现优异,吸水率由原料的68.7%下降到35.5%,孔径和孔体积大幅下降到33.48 nm和0.039 0 cm^3/g。SEM观察表明H-HMDI-bam样品无明显被腐蚀的痕迹,腐蚀等级为0～1级,与工业传统炭化抗腐处理工艺水平相当。     

基于玫瑰花瓣超疏水高/低黏附特性利用软印刷技术构筑超疏水高黏附性竹材表面的研究(英文)

基于天然遗态材料植物叶片表面特殊形态及功能特性的启发,如荷叶微纳米结构的超疏水自洁特性、玫瑰花瓣微纳米结构的超疏水粘附特性。研究采用软印刷技术,分别以新鲜和干燥的玫瑰花瓣作为模板,通过聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)成功地转印制备了类玫瑰状超疏水竹材表面。扫描电镜(SEM)表明,类玫瑰花瓣表面形貌在制备超疏水竹材中起着非常重要的作用。玫瑰花瓣的干燥或潮湿可能使玫瑰表面具有不同的微/纳米结构,具有不同的间距值,表现出不同的高粘附性或低粘附性。新鲜的玫瑰花瓣乳突结构具有超疏水和高粘附性表面;然而,干燥的玫瑰花瓣的乳突结构中具有超疏水和低粘性表面。类玫瑰状竹材的成功制备,可有效防止水分侵入竹材,延长竹子在不同领域的使用寿命。针对玫瑰花瓣的超疏水特性,可有效提高竹材的附加值,也将为竹/木材的疏水改性提供了一个新的研究方向。     

竹材阻燃处理及对其材性的影响

竹材阻燃处理除了利用阻燃剂处理外,还可以对其进行化学改性、纳米改性、炭化、机械添加、表面涂覆等处理。阻燃处理会对竹材物理力学性能、吸湿性及吸水性、胶合强度、涂饰性、阻燃剂成分的流失性等产生重要影响。文章综述了国内外竹材阻燃处理技术,分析了阻燃处理对竹材性能的影响,以期为推动竹质材料的安全、广泛应用提供参考及借鉴。     

竹材表面仿制类玫瑰花超疏水结构的研究

为克服竹材因吸水吸湿而引起的缺陷,在竹材表面利用软印刷技术仿制玫瑰花微纳褶皱结构表面,以玫瑰花瓣为模具、硅基聚合物为印章,经过2次转印处理使竹材具有超疏水表面。样品表面利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及接触角(WCA)进行测试,结果表明:仿生制备的类玫瑰花竹材样品具有与玫瑰花瓣相似的乳突状微米结构和凹槽状纳米结构的粗糙褶皱表面,其水接触角达到154.5°,接近玫瑰花瓣表面的接触角160.5°,表现出超疏水特性。类玫瑰花结构竹材样品的成功制备,为竹材的疏水改性探寻了一种新的途径。     

纳米TiO_2改性竹炭和竹炭抑菌性能比较研究

用纳米TiO2分别对颗粒状及粉末状竹炭进行改性得到纳米改性竹炭,并对纳米改性竹炭(颗粒、粉末)、4种炭化温度(500℃、600℃、700℃和800℃)的竹炭及纳米TiO2共7种材料,在无光照条件下对2种霉菌(黑曲霉菌、绿色木霉菌)进行抑菌试验。结果表明:纳米TiO2改性竹炭(颗粒、粉末)抑菌效果最好,其防治效力(E)分别为90%和100%。4种炭化温度竹炭的防治效力(E)分别为25%、25%、25%和0%,纳米TiO2材料没有抑菌能力,其防治效力(E)为0%。试验表明,纳米TiO2改性竹炭比普通竹炭的抑菌效果好,是一种抑菌能力强的新型竹炭材料。     

竹材的纳米TiO_2改性及防光变色性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,在低温条件下制备TiO2溶胶,并利用溶胶在竹材表面负载成膜,完成竹材的TiO2改性,同时利用场发射环境扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线能谱仪(EDAX)对改性竹材、TiO2进行形貌及结构表征,并重点研究温度、负载次数对TiO2晶型及防光变色性能的影响。结果表明:改性竹材表面负载了径级在40～90nm之间的TiO2颗粒薄膜,可提高竹材的抗光变色性能,其中热处理温度为105℃、经3次负载后的改性竹材,在经过120h加速老化后,其总色差约为空白试样的1/2左右。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.