银杏叶萜内酯资源和生长规律初探

介绍我国银杏的资源分布和品种。用ＨＰＬＣ－ＲＩ对各地银杏叶的萜内酯含量进行初步调查，结果表明３－５年幼苗的叶萜内酯含量明显高于老树叶。同时对幼苗叶中萜内酯的生物生长规律进行研究，表明在９月底１０月初萜内酯富集达到最高。     

干旱胁迫对银杏叶萜内酯年动态变化的影响

以2年生盆栽实生苗为研究材料,通过人工模拟干旱胁迫环境,探索4水平干旱胁迫(土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的75％ ～ 80％、55％ ～ 60％、40％ ～45％和30％～35％)对银杏叶萜内酯类物质季节变化的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫下,生长季节不同,银杏叶内白果内酯BB、银杏内酯GC、GA、GB及总萜内酯含量变化具有显著差异,随着生长季节的变化银杏叶萜内酯类物质含量变化呈“先升高后降低”的趋势.适度干旱条件下可以促进银杏萜内酯类物质的合成,尤其轻度和中度干旱条件下,萜内酯含量比适宜水分条件下明显增多.考虑到叶产量、叶萜内酯美物质含量以及采叶与采时的关系等,在实际生产中可以考虑在植物生长初期,给予银杏苗正常的水分供应以获得最大的生物产量,在6-10月份叶片发育完全后适当进行轻度干旱处理(土壤水分含量为田间持水量的55％ ～60％)收获叶片,可获得最大的萜内酯单株有效经济产量.     

银杏叶萜内酯资源和生长规律初探

介绍我国银杏的资源分布和品种。用ＨＰＬＣ－ＲＩ对各地银杏叶的萜内酯含量进行初步调查，结果表明３～５年幼苗的叶萜内酯含量明显高于老树叶。同时对幼苗叶中萜内酯的生物生长规律进行研究，表明在９月底１０月初，萜内酯生长富集达到最高。     

银杏不同类型枝条叶片萜内酯含量年周期变化规律

为了了解不同时期银杏不同枝型叶片萜内酯的含量,采用气相色谱法对银杏雄叶丛枝、雌叶丛枝、雄长枝、雌长枝和雌短枝银杏叶萜内酯含量的年周期变化进行了测定。结果表明:不同枝型按照银杏叶的总萜内酯含量由大到小排列依次为:雄叶丛枝、雌长枝、雌叶丛枝、雄长枝、雌短枝,除雌短枝外,其它枝型总萜内酯含量均在9月初达到1年中的最大值;GA是所测4种萜内酯中含量最丰富的,不同枝型按照GA含量由大到小排列依次为:雄叶丛枝、雄长枝、雌叶丛枝、雌长枝、雌短枝,除雌短枝GA含量在10月初到达含量的高峰外,其它均在9月初达到高峰;GB、GC和BB含量低,变化规律较一致,落叶前含量基本稳定。     

银杏叶用园建园材料选择的研究

对来自浙江、河南、山东、江苏等银杏产地的１３个优良单株３年生银杏嫁接苗的叶产量、黄酮含量、黄酮的组成成份、内酯含量、内酯的组成成份及黄酮、内酯的年变化规律等进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同银杏优良单株间的叶产量、黄酮含量、内酸含量等存在显著差异;黄酮和内酯在叶中的含量以９￣１０月最高,银杏植株各器官中黄酮的含量以叶最高,茎最低;在总黄酮中,槲皮素所占比例最大,其次为山奈酚,最后为异鼠李素;内酯的组成成分中则以银杏内酯Ａ为最大,其次为白果内酯,最后为银杏内酯Ｂ、银枵内酯Ｃ;根据叶产量、黄酮产量、内酯产量等指标,将１３个银杏叶用优良单株分成３类：优－Ｅ４,中等－Ｅ１、Ｅ２、Ｅ５、Ｅ６,差－Ｅ３、Ｅ７、Ｅ８、Ｅ１０、Ｗ２、Ｗ３、Ｗ４、Ｗ５,即优良单株Ｅ４是采叶园最后的建园材料,Ｅ１、Ｅ２、Ｅ５、Ｅ６等次之。     

不同银杏无性系叶片萜内酯含量的差异性研究

叶片萜内酯含量是药用银杏Ginkgo biloba的关键品质属性及重要指标。于2016年9月,对陕西宝鸡银杏种质资源圃引进和筛选的20个银杏优良无性系叶片进行了萜内酯含量的差异性研究。结果表明,银杏叶质量、叶面积、叶长、株叶数、树高和叶含水率是影响其叶片萜内酯含量的主要因子;筛选出生长性状、叶萜内酯总量具有优势的3个优系:C94-16,C95-09和C94-56。     

高含量银杏萜内酯富集方法研究

彩用稀醇提取、树脂吸附和溶剂萃取的组合新工艺,将萜内酯含量从仅千分之几的银杏叶中富集到纯度７０％以上,萜内酯回收率达６８％。     

银杏树龄,性别,繁殖,采叶期对叶片中黄酮,内酯含量的影响

为了解银杏叶片中黄酮及内酯含量以及其变化规律对叶用园的建立、管理、对EBG提取，我们对贵州部分地区银杏树龄、性别、繁殖方式及采叶期对银杏叶片黄酮、内酯含量的影响进行了研究，为银杏叶的合理利用提供依据。1材料与方法供试的银杏叶片，于1995～1996年分别采自贵州农学院银杏种质资源圃、贵州市尖山村、惠水县摆金村、遵义县兴林银杏研究所、正安县、务川县、道真县及遵义地区农科所银杏园。银杏叶于9月上旬采收后烘干或凉干。供不同采叶期黄酮、内酯分析的叶片干6～11月，每月中旬采样。银杏黄酮：叶样粉碎后，用酸水解，进LG—3…     

修剪对叶用银杏黄酮和内酯类物质含量的影响

对不同修剪方式的银杏进行了叶片内黄酮和内酯类物质含量测定,结果发现,修剪对银杏黄酮和内酯类物质的含量具有显著的影响,经修剪的银杏其叶片内的银杏黄酮和内酯含量均显著增加,两类物质含量的变化具有相同的规律,其中矮化修剪对银杏黄酮和内酯类物质含量影响最大,分别比没有修剪的银杏高28．2％和20．1％;整形修剪对银杏黄酮和内酯类物质含量影响最小,分别比没有修剪的银杏高3．8％和1．96％。     

银杏内酯的成分,结构与药效

银杏内酯的成分、结构与药效齐之尧，李家玉（天津农学院，天津，３００３８１）银杏叶含类黄酮（黄酮、双黄酮、黄酮甙）、银杏内酯、白果内酯、多聚异戊二烯醇等重要药物成分，多聚异戊二烯醇具有抗癌作用，银杏内酯的作用也极为重要。银杏内酯（Ｇｉｎｋｇｏｌｉｄｅｓ...     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.