黄淮海北部农田犁底层现状及其特征

【目的】研究黄淮海北部地区犁底层分布现状及特征。【方法】采用布点取样方法,根据黄淮海北部区土壤质地分布图结合第二次土壤普查点位选取山东陵县、河北吴桥县共108个点位,于2014年冬小麦拔节期进行剖面取样调查,测定0-45 cm不同层次土壤水分含量、土壤容重及穿透阻力。【结果】（1）黄淮海北部地区耕层平均厚度在14.74 cm,约有76%的被调研点存在明显的犁底层,犁底层主要分布在15-30 cm;（2）黄淮海北部区农田剖面各层次土壤容重及穿透阻力存在显著差异,犁底层容重最大,平均容重在1.54 g·cm^-3左右,显著大于耕层和心土层,在冬小麦拔节期犁底层穿透阻力为1 371.00-4 256.00 kPa,显著大于耕层及心土层穿透阻力;（3）冬小麦整个生育期犁底层穿透阻力均大于2 000 kPa,阻碍了小麦根系的深扎,造成小麦根系分布浅层化,这在冬小麦生长缺水的地区,易造成作物水分胁迫,同时不利于根系吸收深层养分;（4）土壤穿透阻力土壤与含水量及容重之间有着极显著相关关系,土壤穿透阻力有随着容重的增加而增加的趋势,二者之间回归方程为：y= 3 854.09x+3 891.99（y为穿透阻力,x为土壤容重,r =0.84）;当容重低于1.4 g·cm^-3时,土壤穿透阻力均低于 2 000 kPa,穿透阻力不会对作物根系生长产生障碍,而当土壤容重在1.4 g·cm^-3以上时,穿透阻力对作物的影响同时取决于土壤含水量,穿透阻力随着土壤水分的增加而降低,对应线性回归方程为：y = -75.93 x + 3 153.83（y为穿透阻力,x为土壤质量含水量,r=0.82）。 【结论】在现行以旋耕为主的传统耕作模式下,黄淮海北部地区农田犁底层是普遍存在的,不利于作物根系生长及作物对土壤养分的充分利用,需要适度打破犁底层,构建合理耕层结构。     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土作物产量及土壤物理性质的影响

【目的】保持和提高土壤肥力,提升土壤生产力,是农业持续发展的重要内容。研究无机肥与牛粪、猪粪和小麦秸秆长期配合施用对砂姜黑土作物产量及土物理性质的影响,为培肥改良砂姜黑土、提升砂姜黑土生产力提供理论依据。【方法】利用1982年建立在安徽省蒙城县砂姜黑土上的长期定位试验,分析牛粪、猪粪、秸秆等不同有机物料与无机肥料配施对作物产量、土壤容重和土壤田间持水量的影响,评价有机物料与无机肥配施对砂姜黑土的培肥效果。【结果】长期不施肥处理的小麦、大豆产量持续下降,平均年降低分别为39.0和70.9 kg·hm^-2,25年后产量在极低水平波动。单施无机肥或无机肥与有机物料配施,小麦产量均呈逐年增高的趋势。无机肥和有机物料配施的处理与单施无机肥（NPK）处理相比均表现出增产效果,年均增产率在5%以上。不同有机物料处理间的增产效果是牛粪处理（NPK+CM）优于猪粪处理（NPK+PM）,而猪粪处理优于秸秆处理（NPK+S）。小麦、大豆产量年际间波动幅度较大,长期不施肥处理小麦产量变异系数（CV）最高,增施肥料可以降低CV,有机物料和无机肥配施的处理CV低于单施无机肥处理,牛粪处理CV最小。牛粪、猪粪、秸秆与无机肥料长期配合施用能降低砂姜黑土土壤容重,显著提高土壤田间持水量,小麦、大豆产量与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与土壤田间持水量呈显著正相关,有机物料与无机肥配施可以改善砂姜黑土不良的物理性状。【结论】长期均衡施用无机肥料或有机物料与无机肥配施均能提高土壤肥力水平,小麦产量呈逐年增高的趋势。有机物料与无机肥配施能提高作物产量,降低产量变异,增强产量稳定性,作物高产稳产;能改善砂姜黑土不良的物理性状,提高土壤肥力。有机物料与无机肥配施是安徽省砂姜黑土地区较为适宜的施肥模式。     

根系伸展范围对小麦、油菜耐缺锰能力的影响

在水旱轮作的缺锰土壤上,采用耐缺锰能力具有明显差异的两个小麦品种和两个油菜品系,通过限制植株根系下扎的田间网袋试验方法研究了根系伸展范围与小麦、油菜耐缺锰能力的关系。试验结果表明,将植株根系限制在耕作层导致小麦出现典型的缺锰症,分蘖减少,减产严重。同小麦相比,油菜所受的影响较小,两个品系油菜全生育期均未出现缺锰症,减产幅度也比小麦轻得多。这一结果说明,小麦的耐缺锰能力在很大程度上取决于对中下部土层淀积锰的吸收利用能力,即与根系伸展范围有非常密切的关系;而限制根系下扎对油菜的锰营养状况影响相对较小,即根系伸展范围的差异并不是油菜耐缺锰能力明显高于小麦的主要原因。     

Measurements of Mouldboard Plow Draft: I. Spectrum Analysis and Filtering

Measurements of mouldboard plow draft can potentially provide a useful tool for continuously mapping, as a surrogate variable, crop limiting soil properties such as soil strength/compaction. Numerous researchers have shown that loading on tillage tools can be periodic. One source of higher frequency periodic loading has been related to failure modes in the soil. Lower frequency periodic loading on tillage tools, assuming tillage depth is relatively constant, more often reflects local spatial variability in soil physical properties such as soil moisture, soil texture, organic matter, and/or soil strength/compaction. This study presents a spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis of mouldboard draft recorded during normal fall plowing operations along adjacent transects. One objective of this study was to determine the dominant periodic components in order to elucidate meaningful frequencies which might be better related to variation in soil physical properties. Spectral densities were generally dominated by signals with a few cycles per 300-m transect. The cross-amplitude and squared coherency between draft recorded on adjacent transects provided further indication of the frequencies which characterized the signals because they provide an indication of correlation as a function of frequency. Spatial dependence in the data was quantified using spatial autocorrelation and cross-correlation. An additional objective was to use the spectral information to help design more physically meaningful filters for the raw draft data. Taking the Fast Fourier Transform of the raw draft data and filtering in the frequency domain using an optimal filter informed via the spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis, provided a convenient method for isolating a more physically meaningful signal.     

耕作方式对西北旱作农田土壤特性及冬小麦产量的影响

以9 a田间定位试验作为基础,分析深松耕(CPT)、免耕(ZT)和翻耕(PT)下冬小麦全生育期土壤理化指标、细菌丰度及冬小麦产量的变化特征,探索不同耕作方式对西北旱作麦田土壤特性及冬小麦产量的长期影响。结果表明:深松耕和免耕处理下土壤水分显著提高了6.5%和9.7%,有机碳质量分数提高了40.5%和31.9%,全氮质量分数提高了34.9%和34.3%,脲酶活性提高了14.1%和12.8%。pH降低3.4%和2.2%,深松耕和免耕下细菌丰度也显著降低。相较于翻耕,深松耕和免耕处理下冬小麦产量效应并不一致,深松耕处理下冬小麦产量提高了7.6%,而免耕处理下降低了7.6%。因此,深松耕可以有效减少土壤扰动,改善土壤蓄水保墒能力、提高土壤有机碳和全氮质量分数,提高作物产量,是西北旱区一种较为合理的耕作方式。     

东北北部冷凉区免耕土壤的特性及作物效应

【目的】研究东北冷凉区免耕对土壤性状、作物产量的影响及其水土保持作用。【方法】利用平地和坡地9年长期定位田间试验,设置免耕和旋耕处理,系统监测土壤性状和作物产量。【结果】与传统旋耕相比,免耕下耕层土壤含水量提高3—5个百分点,110 cm土层储水量增加;10 cm处土壤温度降低2.1℃;0—15 cm土层有机质含量增加11%;土壤动物多样性增加;地表径流和土壤流失量分别减少90%和98%以上;玉米减产20%以上,大豆却增产10%左右;免耕在坡地上的效果好于平地。【结论】免耕对退化黑土恢复和水土保持作用显著,但冷凉区作物对免耕反应不同：大豆增产,玉米减产。因此,免耕适宜于大豆和坡耕地。     

Long-Term Variable Rate Lime and Phosphorus Application for Piedmont No-Till Field Crops

Variable rate (VR) fertilizer application is a paradigm with potential to improve input efficiency and farm profitability. It is widely marketed by commercial applicators in the southeastern US. However, field studies comparing VR with traditional management have not demonstrated consistent, positive results. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the soil impact, crop response and economic potential of VR phosphorus (P) and lime application in a North Carolina Piedmont no-till field crop system using intensive soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production and (2) to economically evaluate alternatives to standard commercial grid soil sampling for directing VR P and lime. A 23-ha long-term no-till field in the SE Piedmont was divided into 0.4ha plots assigned to either VR or uniform P and lime application. Grid soil sampling and VR P and lime application were done prior to four crops over 3 years: full season soybean, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–double cropped soybean, and full season soybean. Soil test P, pH and crop yield response to VR P were inconsistent. Soil pH in areas with low pH initially did increase in response to VR lime, but it took two to three applications to bring all of these areas to the target pH. Once VR-liming raised initially low soil pH to levels close to target, yield of soybean, but not wheat, were up to 0.74Mgha^–1 higher than with uniform lime. Even with significantly higher soybean yields associated with VR lime, 3 years of grid sampling and VR application were not profitable compared to uniform application. The results indicated that VR lime could be profitable if the initial grid sampling data were used either for 2 consecutive years, or if it was used to restrict future grid sampling to specific areas requiring further VR lime.     

麦秸还田下翻耕和不同水肥管理措施对稻田理化性质及水稻产量的影响

稻麦轮作系统中，还田麦秸腐解产生的毒害物质会对水稻产生不利影响。为有效减缓秸秆还田带来的负面影响，筛选适宜的耕作和水肥管理措施，通过设置翻耕（FS+PT）、泡田换水（FS+WR，2 d泡田后换水施肥）、延长泡田时间（FS+IP，施肥后泡田7d）、延长泡田时间并推迟施肥（FS+IP+FP，泡田7 d后再施肥）处理的田间小区试验，同时设置不施秸秆和化肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、单施秸秆（S）以及施秸秆和化肥（FS）处理，比较在施用秸秆和化肥的基础上，翻耕和不同水肥管理措施对稻田理化性质及水稻产量的影响。结果表明：延长泡田时间的两个处理（FS+IP和FS+IP+FP）能有效降低稻田田面水酚酸含量；秸秆还田配合不同水肥管理措施处理稻田田面水氮磷含量明显低于F处理；合理的施用秸秆能有效促进水稻生长发育，特别是FS+PT处理，其水稻有效穗数比秸秆还田FS处理提高19.9%，其次为FS+WR处理，比FS处理提高15.2%。研究表明，翻耕、泡田换水、延长泡田时间等水肥管理措施均能有效减缓麦秸还田对水稻生长带来的负面效应，进而促进植物养分吸收及增加作物产量；考虑环境风险等综合效应，在麦秸还田时采用翻耕和延长泡田时间是较好的稻田田间管理措施。     

苣卖菜芽根在土壤耕层中分布的研究

对苣卖菜芽根在土壤耕层中的分布以及土壤耕作对其的影响进行了调查分析，发现首荬莱芽根在小麦田和玉米田９０％以上分布于０～１０ｃｍ耕层内，而大豆田苣荬莱芽根分布相对较深，８０％左右分布于０～１０ｃｍ耕层．土壤耕作次数增多，芽根变短，但对根量分布的影响小麦田和大豆田表现不同，小麦田只翻地处理，０～１０ｃｍ土层内根量显著减少，进一步耙地虽有回升，但也不及原茬，而大豆田翻地之后０～１０ｃｍ耕层根量超过原茬，而进一步把地后又降低至原茬之下．     

深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响,筛选砂姜黑土区适宜的土壤耕作制度,为构建砂姜黑土合理耕层提供依据。【方法】试验设置5个冬小麦-夏玉米周年耕作处理,分别为秋季旋耕+夏季免耕（ART+SNT,对照）、秋季深松+夏季免耕（ASS+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季免耕（ADMP+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季下位深松（ADMP+SSSS）和秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松（ADMP+SSSL）。研究深松（耕）方式对冬小麦-夏玉米土壤物理特性、根系形态、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】深松（耕）显著降低了土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值,促进了冬小麦和夏玉米根系生长,提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,且深耕的效应大于深松,在冬小麦季深松（耕）的影响大于夏玉米季。与秋季旋耕+夏季免耕相比,秋季深松（耕）土壤紧实度降低20.9%,土壤三相比R值降低12.9%,作物根系干重密度增加29.8%,冬小麦、夏玉米及周年总产分别增加22.0%、8.8%和15.2%,冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率分别增加18.2%、7.9%和14.0%,经济效益增加19.8%。秋季深耕+夏季深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果优于单一秋季深松（耕）,其作物根系生长、产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。与单一秋季深松（耕）相比,秋季深耕+夏季深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值降低5.6%和15.0%,作物增产4.4%,水分利用效率和经济效益增加4.0%和3.3%。5个处理中,以秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果最好,作物根系生长量、产量和水分利用效率最高。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别降低28.4%和26.6%,夏玉米根长、根系表面积、根系体积和根系干重密度分别增加67.0%、45.3%、23.1%和49.5%。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松冬小麦、夏玉米和周年作物产量比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加5.5%、3.4%和4.4%,比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加27.8%、11.6%和19.4%;冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加3.7%、3.5%和4.1%,比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加20.9%、10.7%和18.1%;经济效益比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕增加24.4%。【结论】秋季深耕+夏季深松的作物产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。在5个不同的深松（耕）方式处理中,秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松的产量和水分利用效率最高,是砂姜黑土区适宜的深松（耕）方式。     

Severity,Extent and Persistence of Spatial Yield Variation in Production Fields in the SE US Coastal Plain

In the US SE Coastal Plain, adoption of site-specific farming has lagged behind that in the upper Midwest. While reasons for this may be both social and economic, it appears that the importance of the problem represented by yield variation on production fields needs to be quantified before adoption would be considered by many farm operators. Our objective was to document the severity, extent and persistence of yield variation for corn, wheat and soybean during normal production in this region. Farmer combines were fitted with commercial yield monitors to produce yield maps. Corn, wheat and soybean yields were mapped for three years on more than 4900 ha (12,000 acres). For each cooperator, crop and year, summary statistics and cumulative yield distribution functions were also developed. Yield maps showed that substantial areas had yields either well below or above the mean for the cooperator-crop-year. For instance, 25% of Cooperator A’s area had corn yields more than 30% below the mean yield of 5.06 Mg/ha and another 25% had yields more than 31% above that mean, which indicate the severity of yield variation. Variation from county to county had no consistent difference indicating that the extent of the variation is widespread. Variation was also persistent from year to year, with more than 50% of the area in 15 of 17 fields having stable yields relative to the field mean. These data show the potential importance of variable-rate management in the region and also hint at the potential environmental implications.     

不同土壤类型冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施肥效应

【目的】研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作在不同类型土壤上的养分吸收特点及施肥增产效应,为因土施肥和资源高效利用提供依据。【方法】采用池栽试验,选用4种土壤(中壤潮土、砂壤潮土、砂姜黑土、黄褐土),设置3个施肥水平(不施肥、中量施肥、高量施肥),研究不同土壤的养分供应特点和施肥增产效应及肥料利用效率。【结果】在不施肥条件下,冬小麦、夏玉米的植株氮素、磷素、钾素积累量和产量在4种土壤上均表现为:中壤潮土砂姜黑土黄褐土砂壤潮土,表明不同土壤的养分供应能力和基础生产力差别较大。施肥显著增加了冬小麦、夏玉米植株的养分积累量和产量,周年植株氮素积累量增加37.7%—98.7%,磷素积累量增加23.6%—75.3%,钾素积累量增加29.3%—76.1%,周年作物增产26.5%—64.4%。冬小麦、夏玉米植株氮素、磷素、钾素积累的增加量和增产效果均表现为:砂壤潮土黄褐土砂姜黑土中壤潮土,整体表现出基础生产力较高的土壤,养分供应能力较强,施肥增产效应较小。冬小麦、夏玉米的肥料农学效率均表现为:砂壤潮土黄褐土砂姜黑土中壤潮土,即基础生产力较低的土壤,肥料的利用效率更高。高量施肥使砂壤潮土和黄褐土上冬小麦、夏玉米的植株养分积累量及产量显著增加,中壤潮土和砂姜黑土增加不显著。【结论】不同类型土壤的基础生产力不同,较高基础生产力的土壤养分供应能力较强,施肥增产效应较小,肥料利用效率较低;较低基础生产力土壤表达趋势相反。肥力较高的中壤潮土和砂姜黑土,应提高土壤养分的利用,降低肥料的施用量;肥力较低的砂壤潮土和黄褐土,应注意培肥地力,不断提高土壤的生产力。     

连续秸秆覆盖对土壤无机氮供应特征和作物产量的影响

【目的】采用田间定位试验研究方法,于2008-2010年研究了水旱轮作制下连续秸秆覆盖对土壤无机氮供应特征和作物产量的影响。【结果】连续秸秆覆盖还田可以显著提高0-5 cm、5-15 cm和15-25 cm土层土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量,并且随着秸秆覆盖还田年限的延长和用量的提高,3个土层土壤的NH4+-N、NO3--N含量的增幅也随之增加。第5季水稻收获后,秸秆覆盖处理NH4＋-N、NO3--N含量的增幅分别达到了18.83%-36.70%和12.04%-37.70%。秸秆覆盖还田使水稻生育前期土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量降低,有利于减少NO3--N的淋失。而后期氮素得到释放满足作物生殖生长的需要,则有利于作物产量的提高。秸秆覆盖还田后,可以提高作物产量。其中旱季作物（小麦、油菜）的增产效应要高于水稻,并且作物的增产幅度随着秸秆还田年限和用量的增加而提高。起主要作用的产量构成因素是小麦、水稻的有效穗数以及油菜单株角果数和每角粒数。【结论】连续秸秆覆盖还田促进了土壤无机氮的供应,从而提高了作物产量。     

Field methods for making productivity classes for site-specific management of wheat

Reducing the decision-making unit to classes within fields can improve yields, efficiency in the use of nutrients and profitability of crops. The objectives were to compare methods for class delimitation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops based on apparent productivity levels and establish similarities among them in terms of spatial overlapping, productive attributes and the use of nitrogen. In three wheat fields, high and low apparent productivity classes (APC) were defined based on eight methodologies: yield maps, soil maps, gramineae vegetation index, rotation crop index, interpretation of satellite images, management records, elevation and integrated soil and yield maps. In each APC, soil and crop yield components were determined under five nitrogen fertilization levels. Among delimitation methodologies, the degree of coincidence varied from 1.4 to 81.7%. The differences in soil properties, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yields were greater among fields than among APC within each field. In each field, the delimitation methodologies identified different single factors that discriminated among the potential management classes and were partially associated with the crop grain yields. The wheat crops at the low APC yielded 39% less and 12% less than at the high APC, respectively. The nitrogen fertilization, at the rate for maximum productivity for each ACP, reduced the yield differences between contrasting APC. Nitrogen fertilization also modified clustering of classes based on expected yields. Making management classes for wheat based on expected productivity is more accurate when based on previous crop production information under similar nitrogen fertilization conditions than the targeted crop.

     

四段式根茬心土混合犁改土技术对白浆土物理性状及大豆产量的影响

通过对白浆土土壤含水量、容重、硬度及对大豆产量的测定分析,研究四段犁改土技术对土壤物理性状、水分利用率及大豆产量的影响。结果表明:经过一个作物生育期后,四段式根茬心土混合犁深松与对照相比,土壤30~40 cm土层含水量增加25.78%、容重降低20.47%、硬度降低40.60%,0~50 cm土层含水量平均增加11.23%、容重降低6.90%。大豆产量提高33.38%,差异达到极显著水平。     

秸秆心土还田改良沼泽化土壤排涝效果的研究

由于地势低洼、土质粘重，沼泽化土壤自身排水不畅，土壤内涝严重。“九五”期间，我们开展了向心土中施入秸秆的改土排涝试验，试验表明，表土位置不变，在20－50cm心土内沟施或混施秸秆以后，第一年作物增产率为－5.6%－19.5%；第二年为1.4%－13.7％。室内饱和透水测定结果说明，向心土混入秸秆以后，土壤透水能力提高。机械模拟处理区水分渗透速度约是对照区的10倍。     

淮北砂姜黑土地力贡献与培肥技术研究

对杨柳点长期定位培肥试验和相关小麦施肥试验资料进行分析,结果表明:地力贡献与小麦施肥产量、地力贡献率之间呈线性正相关,高产田块地力贡献在小麦施肥产量中占主要地位。砂姜黑土地力贡献主要受土壤有机质和速效磷含量的影响,速效钾含量尚不是限制因子。长期连续施肥条件下．不同的土壤养分指标受有机无机配比的影响不同。有机质和氮素养分含量偏低的土壤,要通过增施有机肥加以培肥,磷素或钾素养分偏低的土壤可以通过增施有机肥或化肥来培肥。     

The profitability of variable rate lime in wheat

Grid sampling allows a variable rate of lime to be applied and has been marketed as a cost saver to producers. However, there is little research that shows if this precision application is profitable or not. Previous research on variable-rate lime has considered only a small number of fields. This paper uses soil sampling data from 111 fields provided by producers in Oklahoma and Kansas. The 5-year average net present values are compared between variable-rate and uniform-rate lime for grain-only wheat production, dual-purpose wheat grain and forage production, and a wheat–soybean rotation. Sensitivity analysis was done for varying grain prices as well as grain yield potential. When using historical average yields and recent prices for Oklahoma, variable rate was not profitable on average for these 111 fields for either a grain-only, dual-purpose, or wheat–soybean production. However, when yield or prices were above average, variable rate was profitable. Thus, variable rate liming can be profitable for these fields, but it requires either above average yields, a high value crop, or above average prices.

     

Suitability of the DNDC model to simulate yield production and nitrogen uptake for maize and soybean intercropping in the North China Plain

Intercropping is an important agronomic practice. However, assessment of intercropping systems using field experiments is often limited by time and cost. In this study, the suitability of using the DeNitrification DeComposition(DNDC) model to simulate intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) and its aftereffect on the succeeding wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) crop was tested in the North China Plain. First, the model was calibrated and corroborated to simulate crop yield and nitrogen(N) uptake based on a field experiment with a typical double cropping system. With a wheat crop in winter, the experiment included five treatments in summer: maize monoculture, soybean monoculture, intercropping of maize and soybean with no N topdressing to maize(N0), intercropping of maize and soybean with 75 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N75), and intercropping of maize and soybean with 180 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N180). All treatments had 45 kg N ha~(–1) as basal fertilizer. After calibration and corroboration, DNDC was used to simulate long-term(1955 to 2012) treatment effects on yield. Results showed that DNDC could stringently capture the yield and N uptake of the intercropping system under all N management scenarios, though it tended to underestimate wheat yield and N uptake under N0 and N75. Long-term simulation results showed that N75 led to the highest maize and soybean yields per unit planting area among all treatments, increasing maize yield by 59% and soybean yield by 24%, resulting in a land utilization rate 42% higher than monoculture. The results suggest a high potential to promote soybean production by intercropping soybean with maize in the North China Plain, which will help to meet the large national demand for soybean.     

玉米大豆间作降低小麦玉米轮作体系 土壤氮残留的效应与机制

【目的】阐明夏播玉米大豆间作对小麦玉米轮作体系产量、吸氮量、土壤含水量和硝态氮残留的影响,明确间作地上部和地下部因素对间作优势的相对贡献率,为优化资源配置、提高土地生产力提供科学依据。【方法】2011年6月至2012年10月,在河北省徐水县代表性农田设置玉米单作（T1）、大豆单作（T2）、玉米与大豆间作根部不分隔（T3）、玉米与大豆间作根部分隔（T4）4个处理,并对关键生育时期的作物生长、土壤水分和硝态氮含量进行实时观测。【结果】相对作物单作种植模式,间作产量优势明显,玉米大豆间作种植的土地当量比（LER）大于1,间作模式总吸氮量（256.1 kg·hm^-2）显著高于玉米单作种植（159.7 kg·hm^-2）。玉米大豆间作主要通过促进玉米生长和氮素吸收来提高间作系统生产能力,其中地上部因素对间作玉米生物量、产量和吸氮量提高的贡献率分别为81.6%、83.4%和75.7%,而地下部因素的贡献率仅为18.4%、16.6%和24.3%。间作玉米条带土壤含水量显著低于单作玉米,隔根间作玉米土壤含水量显著低于不隔根间作玉米,单作大豆与间作大豆土壤含水量无显著差异,隔根对间作大豆土壤含水量无显著影响。相对单作种植,间作系统降低了玉米收获后各层土壤硝态氮含量,而提高了大豆条带土壤硝态氮含量;相对不隔根处理,间作隔根对玉米土壤硝态氮含量影响不大,但降低了间作大豆土壤硝态氮含量。夏季无论是单作种植还是间作种植,其后茬小麦产量和吸氮量均无显著差异,但间作可以显著降低小麦收获后土壤硝态氮残留量（P＜0.05）,相对玉米单作,间作种植的后茬小麦收获后0-100 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低了87.2 kg·hm^-2,其中地上部因素贡献率为77.5%,地下部因素对此贡献仅为22.5%。【结论】夏播间作种植产量优势明显,间作模式整体吸氮量高于玉米单作,其中地上部因素对间作优势的贡献大于地下部因素,并且夏播间作种植对后茬小麦产量和吸氮量均无显著影响。相对单作种植,间作种植降低了玉米条带土壤含水量而对大豆条带无显著影响,间作玉米条带土壤硝态氮含量显著降低而大豆条带土壤硝态氮含量显著提高,但间作系统当季及后茬作物收获后的整体土壤硝态氮残留显著降低。