草莓中氯吡脲的残留动态研究及安全性评价

为研究利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)快速准确测定草莓中氯吡脲残留的方法,以及氯吡脲在草莓中的消解动态、最终残留情况并进行安全性评价。采用正离子多反应监测模式,外标法定量。氯吡脲在0.2~5μg/L线性关系良好,检出限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.3μg/kg,在不同添加水平下,氯吡脲的平均回收率范围为88.3%~96.6%,相对标准偏差范围为3.6%~6.9%。田间试验结果表明氯吡脲在草莓中的消解半衰期为4.6 d,属易降解性农药。最终残留试验结果表明,在草莓采收时均有微量氯吡脲检出,建议草莓的采收安全间隔期至少为7 d。     

果蔬中氯吡脲残留的膳食摄入风险评估

【目的】明确中国居民氯吡脲的膳食摄入风险和现有的氯吡脲最大残留限量（MRL）标准对消费者健康的保护水平。【方法】基于规范残留试验和市场残留监测的农药残留国家估计每日摄入量和国家估计短期摄入量评估方法;基于现有MRL标准的理论最大每日摄入量和理论最大短期摄入量评估方法。【结果】采用规范残留试验数据的评估结果表明,中国各类人群氯吡脲的国家估计每日摄入量在0.117-0.318 μg•kg-1 bw•d-1,只占每日允许摄入量（ADI）的0.17%-0.45%;国家估计短期摄入量在0.06-1.33 μg•kg-1 bw•d-1,只占急性参考剂量（ARfD）的0.01%-0.13%。采用市场监测数据的评估结果表明,各类人群国家估计每日摄入量在0.022-0.061 μg•kg-1 bw•d-1,仅占ADI的0.03%-0.09%;国家估计短期摄入量在0.20-0.83μg•kg-1 bw•d-1,只占ARfD的0.02%-0.08%。各类人群的氯吡脲理论最大每日摄入量为0.51-1.38μg•kg-1 bw•d-1,理论最大短期摄入量为0.64-23.25 μg•kg-1 bw•d-1。现有的氯吡脲MRL标准对消费者慢性膳食风险的保护水平为51-138倍,急性膳食风险的保护水平为43-1 564倍。【结论】中国各类人群氯吡脲残留的膳食摄入风险非常低,现有的氯吡脲MRL标准对消费者具有较高的保护水平。     

氯吡脲在土壤和黄瓜中的残留分析

建立了氯吡脲在土壤和黄瓜中残留的HPLC分析方法,氯吡脲的添加回收率大于80%,变异系数小于12%,最小检出浓度为3.75×10-3 mg/kg,检测限为3.0×10-10g.对黄瓜消解动态的研究表明,氯吡脲在黄瓜中消解较快,半衰期为5.50～7.61d;黄瓜收获时(施药后40 d),样品中未检出氯吡脲残留.土壤消解动态研究表明:氯吡脲在土壤样品中的半衰期为6.54～8.39 d;黄瓜收获时(施药后40d),土壤中均未检出氯吡脲残留.     

氯吡脲在猕猴桃和土中的消解动态与残留测定

采用高效液相色谱法定量分析氯吡脲在猕猴桃和土中的消解动态与最终残留。氯毗脲在猕猴桃和土中的添加回收率分别为82．9％-91．3％和85．2％～94．5％,相对标准偏差分别为1．2％-2．2％和0．9％-2．7％。氯吡脲的最低检出量为2×10^30g,在猕猴桃和土中的最低检测浓度为0．01mg／kg。氯吡脲在猕猴桃和土中的消解动态与最终残留显示,氯吡脲在猕猴桃中的半衰期为4．8—8．4d,在土中的半衰期为8．8～12．7d,0．1％氯吡脲可溶性液剂以有效成分20-30mg／kg蘸猕猴桃幼果1次,药后30d猕猴桃中氯吡脲残留量未超过0．04mc／kg（MRL值）,是安全的。     

The Effects of Different Tillages on Crop Residue Sequestration, Soil Available Nutrients and Some Biochemical Properties in the Chinese Black Soil Region

Three-year field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage operations after harvest on crop residues sequestration and their subsequent effects on soil available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), some soil biochemicalproperties, and three enzymatic activities during the following growing seasons in a soybean (Glycine max)-soybeancorn (Zea mays) rotation farming system in Northeast China. Two different managements were implemented after crop harvest every year, which were tillage (T) and no tillage (NT). Results showed that crop residue m asses on soil surface and in the 0-20 em layer after soybean harvest were about 1 450 and 340 kg ha-1, respectively, in October 2006 and 2007.While, soybean residue mass in the 0-20 cm soil layer was about 340 kg ha-1 in NT and about 1 550 kg ha-1 in T before sowing in May 2007 and 2008. The adverse results were found after corn crop plantation, that corn residue mass was about 270 and 860 kg ha-1 on soil surface and in the 0-20 cm soil layer, respectively, after harvest in October 2008, while residue mass in the 0-20 cm soil layer was only 466 kg ha-1 in T but 863 kg ha-1 in NT before planting in May 2009. So T had effectively sequestered soybean residue into soil but not corn. Results also showed that T after harvest helped to improve soil available N, P, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and nitrogen (MBN) contents and soil enzymes activities (urease, acid phosphatase, and protease) during the 2007 and 2008 seasons, but the positive effects decreased during the 2009 season. T practice had significant positive effects on available N, P, MBC, and MBN contents, protease and urease activities, however, no obvious effects on acid phosphatase activity. In this study, T practice after soybean harvest was proved to be preferable to improve soil microbial and enzyme activities during the following seasons due to an efficient sequestration of soybean residues. However, NT could be considered preferential after corn crop harvest.     

甜菜耐氯嘧磺隆生化机理的研究

 【目的】对甜菜耐氯嘧磺隆生化机理进行研究,为甜菜耐氯嘧磺隆基因型的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】以耐性甜菜为试验材料,采用田间框栽和水培试验相结合的方法,对甜菜在氯嘧磺隆胁迫下的生化机理进行研究。【结果】土壤中氯嘧磺隆0.5～1.5ga.i.ha-1剂量下,耐性甜菜品系叶片中GST活性明显增加,根中GSH含量较对照增加50.0～490.1 μg?g-1。敏感甜菜在氯嘧磺隆用量为0.5ga.i.ha-1时,叶片中GST活性略有增加,但较耐性甜菜低122.6U?(min?mgprotein)-1,根中GSH含量与对照相比仅增加7.4 μg?g-1。氯嘧磺隆0.5 ga.i.hm-2施用剂量下,耐性甜菜苗期和叶丛形成期ALS活力与对照相比分别增加62.5％和70.6％,而此时敏感甜菜品系ALS活力与对照相比则分别降低36.8%和64.8％。【结论】耐性甜菜GST、GSH活性及氯嘧磺隆作用靶酶ALS活力在氯嘧磺隆施用后短时间内快速升高是甜菜对氯嘧磺隆耐性增强的重要原因。     

不同施肥方式下氯吡脲对藤稔葡萄生长和品质的影响

为探究不同施肥方式下氯吡脲对葡萄生长和品质的影响,以藤稔葡萄为材料,采用二因素(施肥方式、氯吡脲剂量)随机区组设计,评价不同处理对葡萄生长、产量、品质和残留等的影响。结果表明,施肥和使用氯吡脲均能使葡萄果实显著膨大,增加百粒重和穗质量,高浓度氯吡脲(50mg·kg^-1)对藤稔葡萄的增产作用有限。施肥可显著影响葡萄大小粒指数。氯吡脲用量显著影响穗梗直径和穗梗木栓化程度,肥料充足处理下的穗梗木栓化程度轻于无肥料处理。葡萄品质同时受施肥方式和氯吡脲用量的影响,高浓度氯吡脲处理下,肥料供给充足时,糖酸比在所有处理中最低;在无肥料供给时,可溶性固形物和总黄酮含量最低。所有处理采收期均未检出氯吡脲残留。雷达图综合分析结果表明,氯吡脲用量为10 mg·kg^-1和20 mg·kg^-1,配合充足的肥料,藤稔葡萄生长、产量和品质等较好,且各指标的均衡性最佳。说明藤稔葡萄生产上可以使用氯吡脲膨果,但宜在肥料充足的条件下使用,且不可随意加大用量。     

Fate of Fluazinam in Pepper and Soil After Application

To discover the fate of fluazinam after its application in pepper field, an efficient residual analytical method for determining fluazinam in pepper and soil was developed. The samples were extracted by acetone, cleaned up by solid-phase extraction （SPE） florisil cartridge, and determined by gas chromatography with electronic capture detector （ECD）. The recoveries ranged from 80 to 94.6%, with repeatability relative standard deviation ≤9.3% at spiking levels of 0.1-1 mg kg^-1. The residue dynamics of fluazinam in pepper and soil were studied in a field plot. The experiment data showed that the halflives of fluazinam in peppers and soils were 2.5-3.7 days and 1.2-4.2 days, respectively. When the pepper was treated by fluazinam 50% suspension concentrate （SC） at 495 g ha^-1 4 times at 7-day intervals, the fluazinam in pepper on the 7th day after the last application was all below 0.06 mg kg^-1, which was below the maximum residue limit （MRL） fixed in Korea （0.3 mg kg^-1）. It is implied that fluazinam in pepper is nonpersistent. The results suggested that fluazinam 50% SC should be used in a pepper field at most for 4 times, and the pre-harvest interval should be 7 days.     

唑虫酰胺在西兰苔中的残留消解动态与膳食风险评估

通过田间试验研究露地栽培条件下唑虫酰胺在西兰苔上的消解动态和最终残留情况,明确使用该药剂防治害虫可能产生的食用安全风险。结果表明,15%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂按2倍最高推荐剂量(有效成分225 g·hm^-2)施药1次,在西兰苔上的消解半衰期为3.35 d。最终残留量试验结果表明,该药剂的残留超标风险与田间用药量、用药次数正相关。经膳食风险评估,以225 g·hm^-2的剂量施药1次,药后1 h～17 d风险商值RQ均小于1,施药2～3次则药后1～7 d均存在较大膳食风险;以112.5 g·hm^-2的剂量施药2次,药后3 d起膳食风险处于可接受水平。建议生产中采用15%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂以有效成分112.5 g·hm^-2的剂量用药,每季最多使用2次,在露地栽培西兰苔上安全间隔期为5 d。     

Effect of Chlorimuron-Ethyl on Biochemical Mechanism in Tolerant Sugar Beet

Effect of chlorimuron-ethyl on biochemical mechanism in tolerant sugar beet was investigated to provide basic data on using the tolerant genotype properly. Tolerant sugar beet was used to analyze its biochemical mechanism under chlorimuron- ethyl stress with frame culture in field and water culture. Glutathione S-transferase （GST） activity of leaves in tolerant sugar beet was remarkably increased as chlorimuron-ethyl was preemergence applicated at 0.5 and 1.5 g a.i. hw1, at the same time glutathione （GSH） content increased 50.0-490.1 p.g g-~. GST activity of sensitive sugar beet decreased 122.6 U mg-~ min-1 compared with tolerant sugar beet and GSH content only increased to 7.4 p.g g-~ at chlorimuron-ethyl 0.5 g a.i. ha-~ in sensitive sugar beet. The higher GST activity and GSH content conjugated chlorimuron-ethyl absorbed in tolerant sugar beet and made it lost activity. Acetolactate synthases （ALS） activity of the tolerant sugar beet increased to 62.5 and 70.6%, respectively in seedling and leaf growth period, at the same time ALS activity of the sensitive variety was decreased to 36.8 and 64.8%, respectively. The rapidly increased GST activity, GSH content, and ALS, the target enzyme activity were the important pathways for enduring chlorimuron-ethyl in tolerant sugar beet.     

Measurement of Ammonia Emission Following Surface Application of Urea Fertilizer from Irrigated Paddy Rice Fields

Ammonia emission is one of the most important pathways of nitrogen loss from agricultural cultivated field. In this paper, we report the measurement of ammonia emission from paddy rice field obtained by surface application of urea fertilizer with water management. The main objective of the present study were to assess the amount of NH3 emission and the loss of nitrogen from paddy field as affected by various N doses, i.e., 0 (control), 90 (N1), 180 (N2), 270 (N3) and 360 (N4) kg ha-1, following field surface application of urea fertilizer with water management. Ammonia emissions were measured by continuous airflow enclosure method from plots fertilized with the application of surface urea. Increase in urea-N dosage increased NH3 emission thatwas measured from paddy rice field. Ammonia emission started immediately and was almost complete within 12 days after top dressing of urea application to the soils. Ammonia emissions were nearly constant in all treatments from 12 days after fertilizer application. Highest ammonia emission rate was 28 g/day and total amount of ammonia emission was 56.21 kg ha-1 for 360 kg N ha-1 dose. No remarkable observation was found about temperature for ammonia emission. Due to proper water management practices less emission was observed throughout the experiment period. The results also show that N loss through NH3 emission accounted for 11 to 16% during the ricegrowing season. These magnitudes of loss of N appear to be most important for environmental point of view.     

西玛津在茶叶及土壤中的残留与安全性评价

为茶叶上安全使用西玛津及制定其最大残留限量(MRL)国家标准提供科学依据,通过田间试验和室内检测,研究西玛津在茶园土壤中的残留消解动态及在茶叶和土壤中的残留特性与安全风险。结果表明:西玛津在土壤中的半衰期为8.7~9.7d,药后30d消解89%以上。地面喷雾50%西玛津可湿性粉剂1 875g a.i./hm~2和2 812.5g a.i./hm~2,施药7d后收获的茶叶中西玛津残留量均低于0.05 mg/kg(MRL)。西玛津在茶叶上的安全间隔期为7d。     

烟嘧磺隆在玉米和土壤中的残留及消解动态研究

通过液相色谱-质谱联用仪定量定性分析,研究了75%烟嘧磺隆水分散粒剂在玉米籽粒、玉米植株和土壤中的残留及消解动态。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆在玉米植株中的空白添加平均回收率为78.32%～86.02%,相对标准偏差为2.28%～5.98%;在籽粒中的空白添加平均回收率为82.95%～88.37%,相对标准偏差为2.22%～5.21%;在土壤中的空白添加平均回收率为92.96%～98.84%,相对标准偏差为1.73%～2.91%。其最小检出量为0.005ng,在玉米植株、籽粒及土壤中的最低检测限量为0.002 5mg/kg。2009、2010年在河南省和黑龙江省两地的田间残留试验结果表明:烟嘧磺隆在玉米植株中的消解半衰期为0.58～1.45d,在土壤中的消解半衰期为9.63～13.59d;烟嘧磺隆在玉米籽粒、玉米植株及土壤中的最终残留量均为未检出,说明该药为低残留、易消解农药。建议将75%烟嘧磺隆水分散粒剂用于防治玉米田杂草时,施药的有效成分不得高于90g/hm2,于玉米苗后三至五叶期施药1次。     

Yield Production and Energy Budget of Traditional Agricultural Crops in Garhwal Himalaya

The yield production and energy budget of agroecosystem was carded out at three different climatic regions,i.e.,tropical,sub-tropical,and temperate in Garhwal Himalaya,India.The total human population was the highest(1 140)in tropical region,followed by 464 in temperate region,and 374 in sub-tropical region.Livestock population had also a similar trend with human population in each climatic region,which was 870,290,and 1 88 in the tropical,temperate,and sub-tropical regions,respectively.In winter season,the crop production was the highest(2 332 kg ha-1 yr-1)for Triticum aestivum in tropical region followed by 1 716 kg ha-1 yr-1 in sub-tropical region,and 1 473 kg ha-i yr-1 in temperate region.The associated crops were Hordeum vulgare,Brassica campestris,and Pisum sativa.However,in summer season,the most contributing crop was Oryza sativa,which had also the highest production in tropical region followed by sub-tropical region,and temperate region,i.e.,1 160,1 096,and 1 076 kg ha-1 yr-1,respectively.Other growing crops were Elusine coracana.Vigna mugo,Glycine soja,and Echnochlola frumentaceae.Brassica rugosa was the only crop grown in tropical region between the period of winter and summer season.The total root production of crops in each climatic region was the highest in tropical region(1 846.2 kg ha-1 yr-1),followed by temperate region(1 841.5 kg ha-1 yr-1)and sub-tropical region(1 442.5 kg ha-1 yr-1).However,shoot components of crops were 20 241.5,17 847.0,and 1 188.3 kg ha-1 yr-1,which recorded parallel to root in each climatic region.The root and shoot components of weed decreased with increasing altitudes,which were 105.39and 1 150.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 in tropical region,94.55 and 1 147.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 in sub-tropical region,and 73.33 and 871.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 in temperate region for root and shoot,respectively.In the energy inputs,the most contribution was of compost in each climatic region.Among the region,the highest input of compost was in temperate region followed by sub-tropical,and the lowest in temperate region.The fertilizer input was only recorded from tropical region because of its close connection with market and easy accessibility to the farmer compared to sub-tropical and temperate regions.The energy input ranged from 0.39×105 to 0.44×105 MJ ha-1(human labour),0.84×105 to 1.09×105 MJ ha-1(bullock labour).0.36×105 to 0.45×105 MJ ha-1(seed),16.65×105 to 32.65×105 MJ ha-1(compost),while output ranged from 8.44×105 to 11.01×105 MJ ha-1(agronomic yield),and 14.22×105 to 19.35×105 MJ ha-1(crop-residue).The total input was the highest in temperate region,followed by subtropical and tropical region,and the highest output was in tropical region and the lowest in sub-tropical region.     

氯吡脲对葛根产量和品质的影响

[目的]探讨氯吡脲对葛根产量和品质的影响,为葛根高产优质栽培和药用资源开发利用提供参考.[方法]以广西主栽品种桂葛1号为材料,在块根膨大中期分别喷施1、5、25和50 mg/L的氯吡脲溶液,以清水为对照(CK),喷施后30和60 d测定叶片叶绿素含量,喷施后6个月测定块根的生长指标、品质指标和主要药效成分含量,评价不同氯吡脲浓度对葛根产量和品质的影响.[结果]与CK相比,各氯吡脲处理均可提高葛根叶片的叶绿素含量,促进块根根长和根粗的生长,提高干物质含量;但对块根单株鲜重、淀粉和可溶性糖及药用成分含量的影响存在差异.1 mg/L浓度处理的葛根块根根粗、平均单株鲜重、干物质含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量最高,均显著高于CK(P<0.05,下同);5mg/L浓度处理的葛根总黄酮和葛根素含量最高,显著高于CK,块根根粗、干重、可溶性糖和纤维素含量也相对较高;25~50 mg/L浓度处理除块根纤维素含量显著高于CK外,其他品质和药效成分指标大多低于CK或与CK差异不显著(P>0.05).[结论]块根膨大期叶面喷施氯吡脲对桂葛1号的生长、产量、品质及药效成分等会产生不同程度的影响,其中以喷施1~5 mg/L氯吡脲对提高葛根产量和品质的综合效果最佳.     

Modeling the Impacts of Soil Organic Carbon Content of Croplands on Crop Yields in China

This study quantified the impacts of soil organic carbon （SOC） content on the grain yield of crops using a biogeochemical model （DNDC, denitrification-decomposition）. Data on climate, soil properties, and farming management regimes of cropping systems were collected from six typical agricultural zones （northeast, north, northwest, mid-south, east and southwest regions of China, respectively） and integrated into a GIS database to support the model runs. According to the model, if the initial SOC content in the cropland was increased by 1 g C kg^-1, the crop yield may be increased by 176 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northeast region, 454 kg ha^-1 for a maize-wheat rotation in the north region, 328 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northwest region, 185 kg ha^-1 for single-rice in the mid-south region, 266 kg ha^-1 for double-rice in east region, and 229 kg ha^-1 for rice and wheat rotation in southwest region. There is a great potential for enhancing the crop yield by improving the SOC content in each region of China.     

Effect of Nitrogen Applied Before Transplanting on NUE in Rice

Nitrogen （N） application before transplanting, where N fertilizers are applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings, is a novel method proposed in this article aiming for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency （NUE） in rice. The effect of this method on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil was investigated in a field experiment with a japonica variety, Ningjing 2, in seasons of 2004 and 2005. There were four levels of N applied 16 h before transplanting： zero N （NO）, 207 kg ha^-1 （NL）, 310.5 kg ha^-1 （NM）, and 414 kg ha^-1 （NH）. The result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect of increasing mineral N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice. Generally, N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice tended to increase with the amount of N fertilizer before transplanting, with the NH treatment having the largest effect. Additionally, N fertilizer before transplanting had significant influence on rice NUE and grain yield. Compared with other treatments, the NM treatment showed the largest influence, with basal-tillering NUE, total NUE, and grain yield being 15%, 12%, and 529.5 kg ha^-1 higher than those of NO treatment. This result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil of rice, thus improving NUE and grain yield.     

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-Duck and Rice-Fish Complex Ecosystems and the Evaluation of Their Economic Significance

Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.     

超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。     

Regional Evaluation of Winter Rapeseed Response to K Fertilization, K Use Efficiency, and Critical Level of Soil K in the Yangtze River Valley

The investigation was carried out to study the response of winter rapeseed to potassium (K) feritlization and the critical soil available K level for current winter rapeseed production in the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) of China. A total of 132 field experiments were conducted in fields of farmers in the major winter rapeseed growing areas in YRV in 2000/2001 and 2004/ 2005 to 2006/2007 during growing season. Results of these field experiments showed that the average rapeseed yield increment resulting from 100 kg K ha-1 application was 358 kg ha-1, an increase over the control CK (no K) of 18.0% in 2005/ 2006 and 2006/2007. The average internal use efficiency (IE) of K was higher in the CK treatment (21.9 kg grain, kg-1 K uptake) than in the +K (100 kg K ha-1) treatment (17.7 kg grain, kg-1 K uptake). Winter rapeseed required 68.1 kg of K to produce 1 000 kg seed. The recovery efficiency of K fertilizer in rapeseed production averaged 39.3%. The K balance was negative, with an average net removal of 117.6 kg K ha-1 in the CK treatment annually, and 56.8 kg K ha-1 in the +K treatment. The results indicated that there was a significant negative relationship between yield increments by K application and soil available K content. Based on the relative yield of CK/+K at 90% level, the critical level of soil available K (NH4OAc-extractable K)was 135 mg kg-1.