转Bt基因抗虫玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态

【目的】研究转cry1Ab杀虫蛋白基因玉米收获后玉米根茬及其根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解动态,比较两种Bt玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解速度。【方法】以两种表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt抗虫玉米MON810和Bt11为材料,采用ELISA方法测定玉米收获后根茬残体和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态。【结果】转Bt基因玉米根茬残体和根际土壤中杀虫蛋白是逐渐降解的,Bt玉米MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较高,降解的速度也较慢,收获后8个月时还不能完全降解;Bt玉米Bt11根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较低,降解速度比MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解速度快,到7个月时已检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。Bt玉米MON810根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解较Bt11的慢,MON810和Bt11根际土壤分别在8个月和7个月时检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。【结论】种植过Bt11和MON810抗虫玉米的田块,在第二年春播农作物已经出土时,其根茬和根际土壤中残留的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白尚不能完全降解,还有少量残留。     

No detrimental effect of Bt maize pollen containing Cry1Ab/2Aj or Cry1Ac on adult green lacewings Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder

Adult Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder is a common pollen feeder in maize fields. They are thus directly exposed to insecticidal proteins by consumption of genetically engineered maize pollen containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Here we assessed the potential effects of Cry1Ab/2Aj- or Cry1Ac-containing Bt maize pollen on the fitness of adult C. sinica via a dietary-exposure assay under laboratory conditions. Survival, pre-oviposition, fecundity and adult dry weight did not differ between adult C. sinica consuming Bt or the corresponding non-Bt maize pollen. The stability of the Cry protein in the food sources and uptake of the Cry protein by adult C. sinica during the feeding experiment were confirmed by ELISA. These results demonstrate that adult C. sinica are not affected by the consumption of Cry1Ab/2Aj- or Cry1Ac-containing maize pollen, suggesting that production of Bt maize expressing cry1Ab/2Aj or cry1Ac genes will pose a negligible risk to adult C. sinica.     

Selection,effective dominance,and completeness of Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 dual-protein resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

In the U.S., Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) is a major pest targeted by both transgenic maize and cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Resistance of insect to Bt maize and cotton containing cry1A and cry2A genes has widely occurred in the U.S. In this study, two trials were performed to investigate larval survival and development of a Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 dual-protein resistant (VT2P-RR), a susceptible, and an F₁ heterozygous (VT2P-RS) populations of H. zea on ears of nine Bt and three non-Bt maize hybrids. The Bt maize hybrids evaluated represent five common pyramided traits expressing two or three of the Cry1A.105, Cry1Ab, Cry1F, Cry2Ab2, and Vip3Aa20 proteins. In the laboratory, neonates of the three H. zea populations were inoculated on silks of ears collected from maize at R1–R2 plant stages; and larval survivorship was checked 10 d after neonate release. All three insect populations survived normally on non-Bt maize ears. Varied numbers of VT2P-RR and VT2P-RS survived on ears of Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 maize, while all larvae of the three populations died or could not develop on ears of Vip3Aa20-expressing maize. The results demonstrated that the dual-protein resistant H. zea was not cross-resistant to Vip3Aa20-expressing maize, and thus traits with vip3Aa20 gene should be effective to manage Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2-resistant H. zea. The resistance in VT2P-RR was determined to be incomplete on Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 maize. The effective dominance levels varied greatly, from recessive to incompletely dominant, depending on maize hybrids and trials, suggesting that proper selection of maize hybrids could be important for mitigating the Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2 resistance. The data generated should aid in modeling multiple-protein Bt resistance in H. zea.     

转Bt基因玉米幼苗残体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白田间降解动态

【目的】研究间苗后留在田间地表的转Bt基因玉米幼苗残体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解规律,比较两种Bt玉米幼苗残体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解速度。【方法】以两种表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的转Bt基因抗虫玉米MON810和Bt11为材料,采用ELISA方法测定各取样时期中幼苗残体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白残留量。【结果】转Bt基因玉米幼苗残体中杀虫蛋白降解是逐渐的,且降解速度较快,到50 d时幼苗残体已经完全腐烂,Bt11幼苗残体中的杀虫蛋白已经完全降解,在MON810中还能检测到微量的杀虫蛋白。两种转基因玉米幼苗残体中的Bt杀虫蛋白的初始含量差异不显著,但在同一时间段的Bt杀虫蛋白降解速度存在差异均显著,在30 d前MON810幼苗残体中Bt杀虫蛋白降解速度比Bt11降解的快,30d后,则降解趋势相反,到50 d取样结束时MON810和Bt11分别降解了初始含量的99.81%和100%。【结论】两种转Bt基因玉米间苗后留在田间的幼苗残体中的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解速度不同,在50 d完全腐烂时,其中的杀虫蛋白完全降解或仅有微量残留。     

转Bt(Cry1Ab)基因对水稻光合特性及光合产物积累的影响

 【目的】明确外源Bt基因插入对水稻倒1叶光合速率及光合作用相关生理特性的影响。【方法】以转Bt基因水稻及亲本水稻为试材,研究盆栽及田间条件下转Bt基因及亲本水稻苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期倒1叶光合特性及其相关光合酶活性、光合产物积累的动态变化。【结果】转Bt基因及亲本水稻生理活动峰值均出现在拔节期。与亲本水稻相比,转Bt基因水稻苗期叶片净光合速率显著低于亲本;而拔节期和抽穗期,转Bt基因水稻倒1叶净光合速率、叶绿素含量和乙醇酸氧化酶活性显著高于亲本水稻（P＜0.05）,且拔节期转Bt水稻倒1叶气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度也显著高于亲本水稻（P＜0.05）;成熟期,转Bt基因与亲本水稻倒1叶光合特性无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。【结论】与亲本水稻相比,外源Bt基因的插入对水稻叶片光合特性产生短暂影响,但这种影响不具有持续性。     

两种转Bt基因棉杀虫蛋白Cry1Ac表达量的检测

用EnvirologixCry1Ab/Cry1Ac平板试剂盒检测了两种转Cry1Ac基因的棉花品系 (NUCOTN33B、NUCOTN99B) 以及常规对照品系 (苏棉 12) 不同生育期主茎嫩叶、侧枝嫩叶、蕾及蕾的苞叶中杀虫蛋白Cry1Ac的含量。结果表明, 两种转Bt基因棉主茎嫩叶杀虫蛋白Cry1Ac的含量随生育期的推移呈明显下降趋势, 花铃期 (NUCOTN33B和NUCOTN99B分别为 4 43和 2 93μg·g-1 ) 和吐絮期 (3 87和 2 86μg·g-1 ) 的含量分别降至苗期第 6叶 (7 64和 8 38μg·g-1 )的 58%、35%和 51%、34%; 相同时期的主茎嫩叶和侧枝嫩叶中Cry1Ac的含量均显著高于蕾及蕾的苞叶, 前两者均为后两者的两倍以上。     

转Bt-cry1Ac基因棉花叶片中杀虫蛋白在环境中的降解动态

 采用ELISA方法研究了Bt棉花叶片中Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白在不同环境条件空气介质中和土壤介质中的降解规律。结果表明，不同环境下Bt杀虫蛋白降解趋势有明显差异。不同温湿度及光照条件的空气介质中，Bt杀虫蛋白的降解速度一般在初期较快，经过短暂的缓慢降解阶段后进入相对稳定状态（含量50 ng·g-1左右）。高温低湿条件下，Bt杀虫蛋白降解较快，达到稳定水平的时间短。Bt杀虫蛋白在光照和非光照环境下的的降解动态没有显著性差异。自然条件下Cry1Ac蛋白在土壤介质中初始阶段降解迅速，30 d后降解了85%左右。随着冬季的到来, 杀虫蛋白降解趋于缓慢。次年春天后，杀虫蛋白的降解加快，至 4月下旬检测不到Bt杀虫蛋白。     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of Cry1Ab Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry1Ab were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The degradation rate of Cry1Ab was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of Cry1Ab, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general,Cry 1 Ab degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.     

影响Bt稻离体叶中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解的环境因子研究

 【目的】研究转Bt基因水稻表达的外源Bt杀虫蛋白在土壤中的环境去向，以便进行转BT基因水稻的生态风险性评价。【方法】室内采用ELISA法，研究了转Bt基因水稻克螟稻2号（KMD2）粉碎叶片中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在3种水稻土，即青紫泥田、黄筋泥田和黄松田土中不同土壤含水量、土壤pH值和温度条件下的降解动态。【结果】供试叶片粉中Cry1Ab蛋白在3种水稻土中的降解动态均可用一级化学反应动力学指数方程来拟合，降解半消减期t0.5为1.8～4.0 d。【结论】土壤含水量、pH和温度对Cry1Ab蛋白降解速率均有一定影响，但pH和温度的影响更为明显。通常pH较低的酸性土壤和低温不利于土壤中Cry1Ab蛋白的降解,特别是在酸性黄松田中降解最慢。     

Expression profiles of Cry1Ab protein and its insecticidal efficacy against the invasive fall armyworm for Chinese domestic GM maize DBN9936

The fall armyworm(FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, which originated in the Americas, is advancing across China and threatening the nation's maize crops. Currently, one widely used tool for its control is genetically modified(GM) Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) maize. Sufficient content of Bt protein in appropriate plant parts is crucial for enhancing resistance against insect pests. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation of Cry1 Ab levels in Chinese domestic GM maize DBN9936, which has recently obtained a biosafety certificate, and evaluated its efficacy against FAW. Quantification of expression levels of Cry1 Ab, via ELISA, indicated a spatio-temporal dynamic, with significant variation of mean Cry1 Ab, ranging from 0.76 to 8.48 μg g–1 FW with the Cry1 Ab protein level ranked as: V6–V8 leafR1 leafR4 leafR1 silkVT tasselR4 kernel. Among the nine locations, the Cry1 Ab levels in DBN9936 of the Xinxiang, Langfang, and Harbin fields were significantly lower than those from Wuhan and Shenyang, and were slightly, but not significantly lower than those from the other four fields. Furthermore, the artificial diet–Cry1 Ab mixture and plant tissue feeding bioassays revealed that DBN9936 has high efficacy against FAW. The insecticidal efficacy of different tissues against FAW larvae reached 34–100% with a descending order of lethality as follows: VT leafR4 leafR1 huskR1 silkVT tasselR4 kernel. Taken together, our results showed that Bt-Cry1 Ab maize DBN9936 has potential as a promising strategy to manage FAW.     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of CrylAb Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of CrylAb protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry lAb were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The degradation rate of CrylAb was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of CrylAb, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general, CrylAb degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.     

转Bt基因水稻的碳代谢特性

【目的】评价外源Bt基因导入对水稻碳代谢特性的影响。【方法】以转Bt基因水稻克螟稻1号及其非转基因亲本秀水11,以及克螟稻1号与3个杂交水稻恢复系明恢63、R3027和99亚162杂交和连续回交而育成的农艺性状和抗虫性稳定品系的3对近等基因系为材料,对叶绿素与可溶性糖含量、RuBP 羧化酶、蔗糖合成酶及蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、干物质及有机碳积累量等碳代谢指标进行了测定。【结果】分蘖盛期克螟稻1号的叶绿素a含量、可溶性糖含量、干物质和有机碳含量均极显著低于秀水11（P＜0.01）,叶绿素b含量、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性显著低于秀水11（P＜0.05）,但其它3对Bt水稻与非Bt水稻间所有生理指标均无显著差异;齐穗期克螟稻1号蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性显著高于秀水11,而干物质和有机碳积累量则显著低于秀水11;BtR3027蔗糖合成酶活性显著低于R3027,而Bt99亚162可溶性糖含量和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性则显著高于99亚162;成熟期所有Bt水稻与各自非Bt水稻间干物质重和有机碳积累量差异均不显著。【结论】克螟稻1号大多数碳代谢指标的显著变化主要是由无性系变异引起的;3对近等基因系中Bt基因对个别碳代谢指标的影响是短暂的,且与Bt基因所处的遗传背景有关。     

Thrips-mediated impacts from transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab on ecological fitness of non-target predator Orius tantilus(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)

Various rice lines have been genetically modified with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) to continuously produce Bt insecticidal proteins against lepidopteran larvae. The Bt insecticidal protein constantly expresses in the plants to create an opportunity for non-target herbivores to acquire and convey the protein to their predators or parasitoids across trophic levels. This paper evaluates the effects of Bt rice(namely, Kemindao 1(KMD1) and Kemindao 2(KMD2)) expressing Cry1 Ab as compared to its non-Bt control line, Xiushui 11 on non-target predator Orius tantilus(a generalist predatory anthocorid of thrips) under laboratory and field conditions. To measure several biological parameters such as total nymphal duration and fecundity of this bug, it was reared on thrips and pollens of KMD1 and KMD2 as compared to their control under laboratory conditions. By comparison with the control, Bt rice did not significantly affect main life-history characteristics(total nymphal duration, female adult longevity, oviposition period and fecundity) of this anthocorid preying on Bt rice-fed thrips along with Bt rice pollens, except that the fecundity of this predator for KMD1 was distinctly lower as compared with KMD2 or the control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) results showed that no Cry1 Ab protein was detected in this predator fed on thrips or rice pollen from Bt rice but was in Bt rice pollens. With the beat plate, plastic bag and color trap sampling methods, two-year field monitoring of O. tantilus abundance demonstrated that Bt rice had no significant detrimental effects on the population dynamics and seasonal average densities of this predatory anthocorid as compared with the control. Thus, it is suggested that growing our tested Bt rice(KMD1 and KMD2) producing Cry1 Ab will pose a negligible risk to the anthocorid, O. tantilus.     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.     

用人工合成多肽作为半抗原制备Bt Cry1Ac的单克隆抗体

为了制备Bt Cry1Ac特异性单克隆抗体(MAB),本试验从NCBI获得了Bt Cry1Ac蛋白的氨基酸序列,根据抗原性、亲水性和表位性分析选定Bt Cry1Ac特异性肽段进行人工合成,并将其偶联于匙孔血蓝蛋白（KLH）免疫动物,应用细胞融合技术制备了抗该肽段的杂交瘤细胞34株。通过ELISA和免疫印迹试验从中筛选出与Bt Cry1Ac天然蛋白产生特异性反应的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株一株（6G9）。ELISA和免疫印迹试验结果显示,该克隆株所分泌的MAB能对合成肽和Bt Cry1Ac产生特异性反应,而与同源的Bt Cry1Aa、Bt Cry1Ab天然蛋白均无交叉反应。通过对转基因棉花的ELISA 检测结果表明,本试验所制备的Bt Cry1Ac单克隆抗体能够有效的区分常规棉和抗虫棉,并且能对其中的Bt Cry1Ac蛋白进行特异性的识别。     

Cry1Ab rice does not impact biological characters and functional response of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis preying on Nilaparvata lugens eggs

One concern about the use of transgenic plants is their potential risk to natural enemies. In this study, using the eggs of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, as a food source, we investigated the effects of Cry1 Ab rice on the biological characteristics and functional response of an important predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. The results showed that the survival ability(adult emergence rate and egg hatching rate), development(egg duration, nymphal developmental duration), adult fresh weight, adult longevity and fecundity of C. lividipennis on Bt rice plants were not significantly different compared to those on non-Bt rice plants. Furthermore, two important parameters of functional response(instantaneous search rate and handling time) were not significantly affected by Bt rice. In conclusion, the tested Cry1 Ab rice does not adversely impact the biological character and functional response of C. lividipennis.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白对棉铃虫活性分析

利用已克隆的5种Bt Cry基因Cry2Ab4、Cry1Ia8、Cry1Ie1、Cry1Ca7、Cry1Cb2和1种野生菌株HD-73(Cry1Ac)表达的6种Bt Cry杀虫晶体蛋白,对棉铃虫进行生物活性分析,并将Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白分别与其它5种Cry蛋白按1:1的比例组合,对棉铃虫进行生物活性测定。结果表明,单独使用Cry1Ac时对棉铃虫活性最高,LC50为3.16μg·mL-1,其次为Cry2Ab4。Cry1Ac与Cry2Ab4组合对棉铃虫也有较高的活性,LC50为48.70μg·mL-1,该组合对棉铃虫的共毒系数为1.21,有相加作用。Cry1Ac与这5种蛋白的组合对棉铃虫都有较高的毒力。     

转cry1Ab基因抗虫水稻的培育

采用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法,将cry1Ab基因导入优良三系恢复系明恢63,共获得了92个独立转化株,其中13株为单拷贝。通过发芽试验,获得了11个单拷贝转基因纯合系。ELISA检测结果表明:不同株系其Bt蛋白含量不一样,但杂种的Bt蛋白含量与其亲本一致。室内人工接虫试验及田间抗虫性试验初步表明:5个纯合株系表现高度抗性,且农艺性状与原品种没有显著差异。由此说明,所获得的这些单拷贝转基因株系可作为育种材料,用于抗虫水稻的培育。     

转双价双Bt基因(Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab)抗虫棉栽培地生存竞争能力研究

为建立国家转双价双Bt抗虫基因棉环境安全评价技术,对转双价双Bt基因(Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab)抗虫棉栽培地生存竞争能力进行研究,结果表明,转双价双Bt基因棉花与对照赣棉11相比,各生育期株高生长具有显著竞争优势,优势值3.48～4.75 cm;吐絮期棉覆盖度竞争优势超对照46.77个百分点,达显著水平;产量竞争力优势籽棉超对照1 013.85 kg/hm2,皮棉超对照433.20 kg/hm2,均未达到显著水平;发芽率竞争优势极显著,超过对照2.75个百分点。与非转基因常规棉相比,转双价双Bt抗虫基因棉生存竞争能力优势显著。     

Field Evaluation of the Asian Corn Borer Control in Hybrid of Transgenic Maize Event MON 810

In this study,a transgenic Bt maize hybrid(event MON 810 from Monsanto Company)expressing Cry1Ab protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)and its negative isoline hybrid were evaluatrial. Maize plants were artificially infested with neonate larvae of Asian corn borer at the mid-whorl(firstgeneration),pre-tassel(first-and/or second-generation),and silk(second-generation)growth stages.The transgenic Bt maize hybrid sustained significantly less leaf feeding damage(rating 1.0±0.0)than its negative isoline control(rating 7.3±0.1).With the Bt maize,1.3-6.8%of plants were damaged by corn borer tunneling with＜0.5 cm tunneling per stalk under different levels of infestation,compared with 100%of plants damaged with 9.3-25.0 cm tunneling per stalk for the negative isoline control. On average,transgenic Bt maize hybrids had only 0.01-0.05 tunnels per stalk and no stems were broken.In contrast,the negative isoline control had 3.11-8.36 tunnels per stalk and 31.2-73.9% of stems broken.Yields were significantly higher in trahsgenic Bt maize than in the control. These results demonstrate that transgenic Bt maize can significantly minimize yield losses caused by the Asian corn borer through resistance to the first-and second-generation larvae.