青玉米秸秆堆制发酵及用作栽培基质的研究

将青玉米秸秆切碎后,采用好氧堆肥方式进行适合农户家用的2种小型堆体体积的发酵堆制效果试验,测定发酵过程中堆料的温度、pH值、EC值、全氮、全磷、全钾含量等指标变化动态。结果表明:在堆制发酵过程中,青玉米秸秆氮、磷、钾的含量都呈不断上升趋势,发酵完成后物料的pH值、EC值在作物适宜生长范围内。将发酵好的物料作为栽培基质在生菜上进行试验研究,结果表明青玉米秸秆堆肥后适合作为蔬菜栽培基质。     

微生物菌剂对小麦秸秆还田效果试验

试验研究了玉米秸秆还田并配施EM微生物菌剂后对土壤氮、磷、钾及酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,施入玉米秸秆经微生物菌剂发酵后,协调了土壤酸碱度和土壤氮、磷、钾养分的供应,土壤全磷及速效磷略有增加,有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾含量及脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性均有明显提高,小麦产量亦显著提高。     

秸秆和猪粪施用对樱桃萝卜的效果比较及对土壤性状的影响

以石灰性潮土为供试土壤,进行盆栽试验,种植,研究小麦秸秆和猪粪施用对两茬樱桃萝卜植株生长、氮磷钾养分吸收的影响及对土壤肥力性状的当季效应与后效.结果表明,秸秆施用显著提高了两茬土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量,对提高了植株中钾含量效果明显,但降低了第一茬植株地上部生物量及植株含氮量.猪粪施用后,两茬植株地上部钾含量显著提高,土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量明显增加.土壤中有效磷含量还维持较高水平,累积后效明显.高量猪粪使用明显促进了第一茬植株生长,提高植株中氮磷钾含量.两茬植株收获后,施用猪粪的土壤pH下降.中高量秸秆和3种用量猪粪处理的土壤EC值(可溶性盐含量)明显上升.结论认为:猪粪和秸秆施用提高土壤肥力效果明显,并能维持后效,但秸秆有机碳和钾含量较高,施用时注意配施氮磷肥,调节好C/N比.猪粪施用明显增加土壤有效磷含量.     

芋头秸秆与牛粪高温堆肥的试验研究

通过堆肥培养试验研究了芋头秸秆和牛粪堆肥过程中温度、pH值和营养元素的变化,并与玉米秸秆和牛粪堆肥进行比较,确定芋头秸秆和牛粪堆肥的可行性。结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,芋头秸秆堆肥与玉米秸秆堆肥处理的堆体温度维持在50～60℃以上高温期均超过5～7 d,达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准》(GB7959—1987)的要求;pH值分别达到8.21、8.27,符合腐熟堆肥pH值在8.0～9.0的标准;速效氮含量降低,速效磷和速效钾含量增加,芋头秸秆处理的速效钾含量显著高于玉米秸秆的处理;种子发芽指数随着堆制时间延长而增加,堆制28 d后超过70%。采用芋头秸秆的堆肥处理与采用玉米秸秆的堆肥处理间没有显著差异,芋头秸是一种较好的填充料,可以应用于高温堆肥。     

国内外草花育苗基质性状比较

[目的]研究进口基质、传统国产草炭配比基质的差异,对改善国产基质配方具有重要意义。[方法]对进口基质和国产草炭基质理化性状(容重、孔隙度、保水性、pH值、EC值和有效氮、磷、钾及有机质含量)进行比较。[结果]进口基质保水性明显优于国产草炭基质,国产草炭基质透气性好,但保水性较差;进口基质中有机质和速效磷、钾含量明显高于国产草炭基质。[结论]提高国产草炭基质育苗效果的措施为:添加一定量的保水性物质,加入适量有机质和速效磷、钾肥。     

小麦施用生态肥和生物肥效果试验

1 试验材料与方法 试验于2002年在黑龙江省农垦总局九三分局科研所7号试验区进行，试验区土壤为黑土，有机质含量5.46％，全氮0.20％，碱解氮154mg/kg，全磷0.21％，速效磷120mg/kg，速效钾335mg/kg，pH值6.7。供试小麦品种为龙96-6239。试验用生态肥……     

新型矿基土壤调理剂对滨海盐土理化性状和水稻产量的影响

以自主研发的矿基土壤调理剂为试验材料,采用盆栽方法研究了土壤调理剂不同施用量(0、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5 g·kg^-1)对滨海盐土理化性状[pH值、土壤电导率(EC),及有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量]、水稻养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,施用土壤调理剂后,土壤pH值、EC值和速效钾含量与不施土壤调理剂的对照相比显著(P<0.05)降低,而土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量,水稻秸秆、籽粒中的全氮、全磷和全钾含量,以及水稻株高、生物量和产量显著(P<0.05)增加。水稻的有效穗数、每穗粒数、株高、千粒重、生物量和产量与土壤pH值和EC值呈极显著(P<0.01)负相关,与土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量呈显著(P<0.05)正相关,与速效钾含量无显著相关性。各施用量下,以10 g·kg^-1处理的效果最优。研究结果可为合理应用土壤调理剂改良滨海盐土、提高水稻产量提供理论依据。     

两种香料植物秸秆发酵复配后育苗基质效果评价

【目的】研究薰衣草和薄荷的废弃秸秆作为蔬菜育苗基质的可行性。【方法】对2种香料植物废弃秸秆进行粉碎和发酵，发酵完成后，分别对发酵后2种植物秸秆进行复配，以番茄为试验作物进行育苗试验。【结果】2种秸秆的发酵45℃以上高温均持续36 d以上，含有丰富的易降解有机物；发酵结束的薰衣草和薄荷秸秆的有机质和营养元素含量较高，其中有机质含量分别达到709.8和688.4 g/kg,全氮、全磷、全钾总含量分别达到3.60%和5.33%,速效磷的含量分别提高了15.57%和19.72%,速效钾的含量分别提高了55.10%和123.50%。与珍珠岩、蛭石复配后的2种秸秆基质的理化性状均在适宜的无土栽培基质的范围内，复配后的2种秸秆基质和复配后的草炭基质对番茄的出苗率、生长指标和幼苗质量等无显著差异，复配后的2种秸秆基质，薄荷秸秆基质在番茄育苗效果表现更优。【结论】2种香料植物秸秆作为蔬菜育苗基质的有机原料可以在生产上应用。     

秸秆还田对不同类型土壤理化性状及作物产量的影响

为研究秸秆还田对不同类型土壤理化性状的影响,2017-2020年在潮土、砂姜黑土、棕壤3种土壤类型下分别开展秸秆还田试验研究,定位监测土壤养分变化趋势和作物产量状况。结果表明,与对照处理相比较,3种不同土壤类型秸秆还田处理土壤容重均显著降低,土壤有机质、土壤速效磷、土壤速效钾含量显著升高,土壤pH和土壤碱解氮含量变化不明显;与对照处理相比,3种不同土壤类型秸秆还田处理小麦、玉米产量均显著提高,但不同土壤类型之间存在一定差异,其中棕壤试验点的增产幅度最高,砂姜黑土次之,潮土最低。     

耕作及残茬管理对作物产量及土壤性状的影响

在河北低平原的壤质潮土上进行了保护耕作长期定位裂区试验，研究了深浅轮耕、浅耕、少耕、免耕以及残茬管理对作物产量及土壤性状的影响。结果表明，连续少耕和免耕处理的前3年对作物产量没有影响，之后小麦产量显著降低(最大降幅达到31．83％)；连续免耕对玉米产量并没有明显影响；深耕并不增加作物产量；秸秆覆盖有时影响小麦生长；免耕处理的土壤有机质和全氮含量增加，但速效氮含量降低。     

Effects of long-term full straw return on yield and potassium response in wheat-maize rotation

The effect of long-term straw return on crop yield, soil potassium(K) content, soil organic matter, and crop response to K from both straw and chemical K fertilizer(K_2SO_4) were investigated in a fixed site field experiment for winter wheat-summer maize rotation in 6 years for 12 seasons. The field experiment was located in northern part of North China Plain with a sandy soil in relatively low yield potential. Two factors, straw return and chemical K fertilizer, were studied with two levels in each factor. Field split design was employed, with two straw treatments, full straw return of previous crop(St) and no straw return, in main plots, and two chemical K fertilizer treatments, 0 and 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1), as sub-plots. The results showed that straw return significantly increased yields of winter wheat and summer maize by 16.5 and 13.2% in average, respectively, and the positive effect of straw return to crop yield showed more effective in lower yield season. Straw return significantly increased K absorption by the crops, with significant increase in straw part. In treatment with straw return, the K content in crop straw increased by 15.9 and 21.8% in wheat and maize, respectively, compared with no straw return treatment. But, straw return had little effect on K content in grain of the crops. Straw return had significant influences on total K uptake by wheat and maize plants, with an increase of 32.7 and 30.9%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between crop yield and K uptake by the plant. To produce 100 kg grain, the wheat and maize plants absorbed 3.26 and 2.24 kg K2 O, respectively. The contents of soil available K and soil organic matter were significantly affected by the straw return with an increase of 6.07 and 23.0%, respectively, compared to no straw return treatment. K_2SO_4 application in rate of 60 kg K2 O ha~(–1) showed no significant effect on wheat and maize yield, K content in crop straw, total K uptake by the crops, soil available K content, and soil organic matter. The apparent K utilization rate(percentage of applied K absorbed by the crop in the season) showed difference for wheat and maize with different K sources. In wheat season, the K utilization rate from K_2SO_4 was higher than that from straw, while in maize season, the K utilization rate from straw was higher than that from chemical fertilizer. In the whole wheat-maize rotation system, the K absorption efficiency by the two crops from straw was higher than that from K_2SO_4.     

农业废弃有机物基质配方对番茄生长及产量的影响

【目的】筛选以农业有机废弃物为原料的番茄栽培有机基质配方,为番茄有机基质栽培提供技术支撑。【方法】将稻壳、玉米秸秆、玉米芯、麦糠、菇渣分别腐熟后,按不同体积比组成A～E 5种复合有机栽培基质:A(V(玉米秸秆)∶V(麦糠)∶V(菇渣)=2∶5∶3)、B(V(稻壳)∶V(玉米芯)∶V(菇渣)=5∶2∶3)、C(V(稻壳)∶V(玉米秸秆)∶V(菇渣)=5∶2∶3)、D(V(稻壳)∶V(玉米芯)∶V(菇渣)=3∶2∶5)、E(V(玉米芯)∶V(麦糠)∶V(菇渣)=2∶3∶5),以常规有机生态型栽培基质(V(草炭)∶V(珍珠岩)=2∶1)为对照(CK),以"金棚一号"番茄品种为试材,分析不同配方基质的理化性状及对番茄生长和产量的影响。【结果】各配方有机基质的速效氮含量显著低于CK,速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于CK,体积质量、EC值和pH值基本都在番茄栽培适宜的范围内,总孔隙度偏低。各处理番茄株高、茎粗、地上部及根的鲜质量和干质量、单果质量、单株果数、单株产量、小区产量均以基质B最大,与CK无显著性差异;其次是基质C,基质E总体表现较差。【结论】基质B的理化性状适宜番茄生长,用其栽培的番茄株高、茎粗、生物量及产量等均与CK无显著性差异,可以替代以草炭为主要组分的有机生态型栽培基质。     

稻草覆盖对马铃薯土壤养分释放及养分平衡的影响

【目的】探索马铃薯种植过程中稻草覆盖还田模式下稻草N、P、K释放和土壤N、P、K养分平衡的特征。【方法】采用盆栽试验的方法,对稻草覆盖还田后的腐解速率及养分释放状况进行研究。【结果】稻草覆盖还田82 d后,其C、P含量变化较小,K含量降低93.96%,而N含量却提高了49.22%;覆盖稻草可为土壤提供大量养分且以K居多,每覆盖还田100 kg稻草可为马铃薯生长提供N 0.42 kg、P 0.14 kg(P_2O_5)和K 1.70 kg(K_2O);稻草腐解率为70.87%;各养分累积释放率表现为:KCPN,C、N和P累积释放率分别为71.89%、56.85%和68.75%,K累积释放率最高,为98.22%。覆盖稻草和施用钾肥对土壤K平衡影响较大,不施钾肥和稻草土壤的K亏缺达163.80 kg/hm~2,覆盖稻草或施用钾肥均可有效降低土壤钾素亏缺量,稻草与钾肥配合施用可使土壤K收支平衡,甚至盈余。【结论】在稻草覆盖还田情况下,可适当减少钾肥用量,以降低生产成本,缓解我国钾肥资源匮乏的困境。     

秸秆连续全量还田对土壤性状及水稻产量的影响特征

为明确稻麦轮作条件下连续秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟菌剂对土壤性质及水稻产量的影响,采用大田定位实验的方法,以长江下游典型地区扬州市宝应县为研究区域,分析了稻麦秸秆连续5年全量还田以及还田配施快腐菌剂对耕地理化性状及水稻产量的影响特征。结果表明：1)秸秆长期全量还田有利于提升水稻产量,降低土壤容重和孔隙度,增加土壤有机质和速效钾含量增加;2)秸秆还田同时配施秸秆快腐菌剂能够进一步提升秸秆还田增加水稻产量、改善土壤理化性质的作用;3)水稻与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与土壤孔隙度、有机质、有效磷和有效钾呈显著正相关。总之,秸秆还田有利于提高水稻产量、改善土壤性质,配施秸秆快腐菌剂能够进一步提升秸秆还田的有益作用。     

小麦-玉米轮作体系中秸秆还田方式对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响

【目的】探讨小麦-玉米轮作体系下不同秸秆还田方式对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响,旨在为促进小麦-玉米连续轮作区的农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】在陕西关中地区,于2008-2010年采用2年4季的田间定位试验,以玉米秸秆不还田-小麦秸秆不还田为对照（CK）,比较玉米秸秆覆盖还田-小麦秸秆高留茬还田（T₁）、玉米秸秆直接还田-小麦秸秆高留茬还田（T₂）、玉米秸秆直接还田-小麦秸秆直接还田（T₃）3种秸秆还田方式对土壤碳储量、养分含量及作物周年产量的影响。【结果】与CK相比,3种秸秆还田方式下耕层（0～20 cm）土壤总有机碳储量（C_T）、土壤活性有机碳储量（C_L）、土壤碳库管理指数（CMI）及土壤全磷、硝态氮、速效钾含量和作物周年产量均增加。3种秸秆还田方式对C_T、C_L及CMI的影响表现为T₃>T₂>T₁;对作物周年产量的影响则表现为T₂>T₃>T₁;对土壤养分的影响无明显规律性,但是对速效钾含量的影响表现为T₂>T₃>T₁。【结论】综合考虑,在陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作体系中,玉米秸秆直接还田-小麦秸秆高留茬还田模式（T₂）是较优的耕作方式。     

玉米秸秆覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响

以玉米秸秆腐解物为覆盖材料,研究了不同厚度覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响,结果表明:覆盖可以显著降低表层的土壤容重,具有保水作用,如玉米秸秆覆盖120 d时,覆盖3 cm的效果最佳;覆盖180 d后,均可显著增加土壤养分含量,减少化肥和农药的使用量;覆盖6 cm处理的杂草抑制率达100%;覆盖还能减缓土壤温度变化的幅度。因此,玉米秸秆园林覆盖可省水、省肥、省工,符合资源节约、环境友好型园林的要求,值得推广应用。     

基因工程菌发酵秸秆水解液产生物柴油

目前生物柴油的价格是石化柴油的15倍,寻求新的廉价易得的原料降低生物柴油的成本是必然趋势。作物秸秆是一种低廉普遍的废弃物,秸秆中含有纤维素,半纤维素等成分,水解成单糖后可以作为合成生物柴油所需的糖类来源。利用前期研究构建的基因工程菌Escherichia coli pET28a(+) PAW发酵秸秆(玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆)水解液得到乙醇,并在胞内将乙醇与外源添加的脂肪酸进行同步转化合成生物柴油的主要成分脂肪酸乙酯。HPLC分析表明玉米水解液中葡萄糖含量(1040 g·L-1)较高,小麦水解液中木糖含量(4056 g·L-1)较高。E. coli pET28a(+) PAW能够有效地以小麦和玉米两种秸秆水解液作为糖类替代物发酵生产生物柴油,小麦水解液培养基中的生物柴油含量(030 g·L-1)高于玉米水解液培养基中的含量(025 g·L-1),同时也高于现有报道。结果表明,以秸秆水解液作为原料,利用基因工程菌合成生物柴油是可行的,有助于降低生物柴油的原料成本。     

Nitrogen release and re-adsorption dynamics on crop straw residue during straw decomposition in an Alfisol

Returning crop straw to the field not only improves the nitrogen(N) supplying capacity and N retention of soil but also decreases the amount of rural organic waste and prevents air pollution. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the N release and re-adsorption dynamics on crop straw residue during straw decomposition in agricultural soil is important, and this understanding can help us strengthen N fertilizer management during the crop growth period. An on-farm incubation experiment was conducted in the Jianghan Plain in Central China under flooded conditions using the nylon mesh bag method. Results showed that the decomposition rate of crop straw was much faster at the beginning of the incubation stage, whereas it was steady during the later stage with no observed differences among the three types of crop straw. After 120 d of incubation, the cumulative decomposition proportion of rice straw, wheat straw and rape straw was 72.9, 56.2, and 66.9%, respectively. The proportion of N that released from the three crop straws was 52.0, 54.4 and 54.9%, respectively. The zeta potentials and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller(BET) surface area of the rice, wheat and rape straw residues increased gradually as the decomposition period progressed. The water adsorption capacity of the rice straw was significantly affected during the decomposition period. The saturated water adsorption capacity of rice straw was the highest at 30 d of decomposition(4.17 g g~(–1)) and then decreased slightly. The saturated water adsorption of wheat and rape straws reached the lowest value at 30 d and then gradually increased and became stable. All the results demonstrated that crop straw and straw residue can re-adsorb NH_4~+ ions from the surrounding solution. The re-adsorption was affected by the decomposition period and concentration of exogenous NH_4~+ and was independent of the crop species via the combined efforts of physical and chemical adsorption, ion exchange and water retention on residue surfaces. Future studies will focus on straw returning and N fertilizer application at different levels of moisture content of the soil reduce potential negative effects such as water-logging and excess N caused by the straw substrate.     

Apparent variations in nitrogen runoff and its uptake in paddy rice under straw incorporation

Straw incorporation is a widespread practice to promote agricultural sustainability. However, the potential effects of straw incorporation with the prolonged time on nitrogen (N) runoff loss from paddy fields are not well studied. The current study addresses the knowledge gap by assessing the effects of straw incorporation on the processes influencing N runoff patterns and its impacts on crop yield, N uptake, total N (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM). We conducted field experiments with rice (Oryzasativa L.)–wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) rotation, rice–tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) rotation, and double-rice cropping in subtropical China from 2008 to 2012. Each rotation had three N treatments: zero N fertilization (CK), chemical N fertilization (CF), and chemical N fertilization combined with straw incorporation (CFS). The treatment effects were assessed on TN runoff loss, crop yield, N uptake, soil TN stock, and SOM. Results showed that TN runoff was reduced by substituting part of the chemical N fertilizer with straw N in the double rice rotation, while crop N uptake was significantly (P<0.05) decreased due to the lower bioavailability of straw N. In contrast, in both rice–wheat and rice–tobacco rotations, TN runoff in CFS was increased by 0.9–20.2% in the short term when straw N was applied in addition to chemical N, compared to CF. However, TN runoff was reduced by 2.3–19.3% after three years of straw incorporation, suggesting the long-term benefits of straw incorporation on TN loss reduction. Meanwhile, crop N uptake was increased by 0.8–37.3% in the CFS of both rotations. This study demonstrates the challenges in reducing N runoff loss while improving soil fertility by straw incorporation over the short term but highlights the potential of long-term straw incorporation to reduce N loss and improve soil productivity.     

不同秸秆生物炭复配基质对波斯菊生理性质的影响

为研究秸秆生物炭复配基质对波斯菊（Cosmos bipinnatus）生长的影响,以泥炭、蛭石、珍珠岩和土壤比例4∶1∶1∶4（体积比）作为对照配置基质,将大豆、小麦、水稻、玉米及老化玉米秸秆生物炭按照不同比例替换对照配方中的泥炭作复配基质,直至将其完全代替,每种秸秆生物炭设4个不同比例处理,以期得出适合培养波斯菊的复配基质种类及配比。结果表明：与对照相比,秸秆生物炭复配基质可以促进波斯菊生长,秸秆生物炭复配基质的种类及用量对波斯菊发芽率、生物量、丙二醛含量、过氧化氢酶活性、叶绿体色素浓度、根系活力均具有显著影响。当使用水稻秸秆生物炭（水稻秸秆生物炭20%、泥炭20%、珍珠岩10%、蛭石10%、土壤40%）复配基质培育波斯菊时,波斯菊的发芽率最高,其生物量、过氧化氢酶活性及根系活力与对照相比均显著提高,叶绿体色素浓度、丙二醛含量与对照并无显著差异。