Hyperspectral species mapping for automatic weed control in tomato under thermal environmental stress

This work studied the impacts of variations in environmental temperature on hyperspectral imaging features in the visible and near infrared regions for robust species identification for weed mapping in tomato production. Six major Californian processing tomato cultivars, black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were grown under a variety of diurnal temperature ranges simulating conditions common in the Californian springtime planting period and one additional treatment simulating greenhouse growing conditions. The principal change in canopy reflectance with varying temperature occurred in the 480-670 and 720-810 nm regions. The overall classification rate ranged from 62.5% to 91.6% when classifiers trained under single temperatures were applied to plants grown at different temperatures. Eliminating the 480-670 nm region from the classifier’s feature set mitigated the temperature effect by stabilizing the total crop vs. weed classification rate at 86.4% over the temperature ranges. A site-specific recalibration method was also successful in alleviating the bias created by calibrating the models on the extreme temperatures and increased the classification accuracy to 90.3%. A global calibration method, incorporating all four temperature conditions in the classifier feature space, provided the best average total classification accuracy of 92.2% out of the methods studied, and was fairly robust to the varying diurnal temperature conditions.     

油菜与杂草生物量和养分竞争对氮磷钾肥用量的响应

【目的】杂草是限制油菜丰产的重要因素之一,养分的合理管理对杂草防控起到关键作用。本研究在大田条件下,探究氮、磷、钾肥施用量对油菜与杂草生物量及养分竞争的影响,为生态控草和农业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,采用单因素试验设计,设置氮(0、90、180和270 kg N·hm^-2,分别用N0、N1、N2和N3表示)、磷(0、45、90和135 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,分别用P0、P1、P2和P3表示)、钾(0、60、120和180 kg K₂O·hm^-2,分别用K0、K1、K2和K3表示)各4个不同用量梯度田间试验。在油菜成熟期,测定油菜籽产量、油菜和杂草的生物量及相应的养分含量,计算养分积累量,分析油菜与杂草的养分竞争关系及其对肥料用量的响应。【结果】施肥显著提高油菜籽产量、地上部总生物量和相应的养分积累量,在氮、磷、钾3种养分中,油菜生长和养分吸收对缺磷最敏感。N0、P0和K0处理的油菜籽产量分别为560、227和1 490 k...     

合肥地区油菜田杂草种群分布及生态位特征的初步研究

运用七级目测法对合肥地区三县(肥东县、肥西县、长丰县)的油菜田样点进行了深入的调查,根据相对盖度、相对高度、相对多度等计测重要值、生态位宽度、生态相似系数,结果表明:合肥地区油菜田常见杂草有31种,隶属18个科,生态位宽度前10位的杂草分别是野老鹳草、日本看麦娘、粘毛卷耳、猪殃殃、一年蓬、看麦娘、酸膜叶蓼、罔草、大巢菜、抱茎苦苣菜.各样点间的相似系数较高,由于各杂草间普遍存在生态位的重叠,群落组成的稳定性是相对的.     

Evaluation of an autonomous GPS-based system for intra-row weed control by assessing the tilled area

An automatic tillage system for inter- and intra-row weed control based on real-time kinematic GPS navigation and control has been used to address the problem of mechanically removing weeds within rows of precision seeded crops. The system comprised a side-shifting frame with an attached tine-rotor (cycloid hoe) with eight sigmoid-shaped, vertically directed tines. The individual tines can be released for individual rotation in order to avoid collision with geo-referenced crop plants. The system navigated with reference to pre-defined waypoints for tillage parallel to crop rows and around individual crop plants. The system evaluation was based on quantification of treated areas for uprooting and burial and the corresponding prediction of weed control efficiencies. A single pass of an 80 mm wide row band provided tillage of 30–49% of the intra-row area, with highest coverage at a speed of 0.32 m s⁻¹ and at even plant spacing. A double pass, once on each side of the row in opposite directions, provided higher soil disturbance intensity and resulted in tillage of 31–58% of the intra-row area with highest coverage at a speed of 0.32 m s⁻¹. The intra-row weed control effect was predicted to be up to 20% for a single pass and up to 29% for a 2-way pass treatment both at the white thread to the two-leaf stage of weeds. The result of the prediction is of crucial importance for the considerations of tool designs at the current conceptual stage of the system.     

农作措施对油菜田杂草的生态控制作用

研究了稻草覆盖、增加作物种植密度及开沟深度等农作措施对油菜田杂草的控制作用。结果表明。稻草覆盖总体控草效果可达85％以以上，使油菜株间光照强度显著上升。增加油菜种植密度，可以增强植株整体竞争能力，对田间杂草的控制效果也逐步提高。油菜田开沟改变了田间的水湿条件，能显著降低田间恶性杂草牛繁缕、看麦娘及茼草的发生数量。农作措施在有效控制田间杂草危害的同时，使油菜产量显著提高。     

不同耕作模式对大豆田土壤杂草种子库的影响

[目的]明确不同耕作模式对大豆田土壤杂草种子库的影响。[方法]采用杂草种子萌发法,调查玉米大豆轮作区翻耕和免耕2种耕作模式下大豆田0~30 cm土层土壤杂草种子库组成及特征。[结果]2013—2015年调查统计结果表明,翻耕大豆田杂草共有16科28种,免耕大豆田杂草共有15科26种,有22种杂草在翻耕和免耕大豆田均有分布。翻耕田主要优势杂草为稗草、铁苋菜、龙葵、藜和委陵菜,免耕田主要优势杂草为龙葵、铁苋菜、稗草、藜和马唐,杂草类型以阔叶杂草为主,禾本科杂草较少。翻耕大豆田杂草种子库密度为3 248.2粒/m2,主要分布在0~5、15~20、20~25 cm土层,其中稗草的密度和相对优势度最高;免耕大豆田杂草种子库密度为3 181.5粒/m2,主要分布在0~5、20~25、25~30 cm土层,其中龙葵密度和相对优势度最高。不同耕作模式优势杂草在土层中的分布有一定差别,稗草在翻耕田主要分布于0~5、10~15、20~25 cm土层,而在免耕田主要分布于20~25 cm土层;龙葵在翻耕田主要分布于5~10、20~25 cm土层,而在免耕田主要分布于20~25 cm土层。[结论]免耕和翻耕对大豆田杂草种子库密度影响不大,不同耕作模式对杂草相对优势度和土壤中的垂直分布有一定影响。     

Plant sciences. Will GM rapeseed cut the mustard?

Genetic modification can render crops resistant to herbicides, providing them with a growth advantage so that they can outcompete weeds. However, there are concerns about the possibility that transgenes could flow from GM crops into wild plant populations. In his Perspective, Heritage discusses these important issues in terms of a new report (Wilkinson et al.) that provides a nationwide assessment in the UK of the ability of the conventional crop, oilseed rape (Brassica napus), to form hybrids with its wild relatives.     

假臭草对南方几种常见杂草化感作用的盆栽试验研究

以假臭草为化感物质供体,飞机草、巴西含羞草、稗草、三叶鬼针草和茼麻种子为受体做盆栽试验,测定杂草种子发芽率、株高、地上生物量和地下生物量,探讨假臭草作为绿肥时对几种常见大田草的抑草作用.研究结果表明,假臭草对杂草种子发芽具有很强的抑制作用,特别是稗草和飞机草,在较低(0.005:1、0.010:1,W绿肥:W土壤)施肥水平即可完全抑制其萌发;假臭草对杂草植株的抑制作用相对较小,甚至还会促进某些杂草的生长.因此,在利用假臭草的化感作用控制杂草时,应在杂草萌发前进行控制,而且控制对象应该是对化感作用敏感的杂草.     

Image Processing Performance Assessment Using Crop Weed Competition Models

Precision treatment of both crops and weeds requires the accurate identification of both types of plant. However both identification and treatment methods are subject to error and it is important to understand how misclassification errors affect crop yield. This paper describes the use of a conductance growth model to quantify the effect of misclassification errors caused by an image analysis system.Colour, morphology and knowledge about planting patterns have been combined, in an image analysis algorithm, to distinguish crop plants from weeds. As the crop growth stage advances, the algorithm is forced to trade improved crop recognition for reduced weed classification. Depending on the chosen method of weed removal, misclassification may result in inadvertent damage to the crop or even complete removal of crop plants and subsequent loss of yield. However incomplete removal of weeds might result in competition and subsequent yield reduction. The plant competition model allows prediction of final crop yield after weed or crop removal. The competition model also allows the investigation of the impact on yield of misclassification in the presence of both aggressive and benign weed types. The competition model and the image analysis algorithm have been linked successfully to investigate a range of misclassification scenarios in scenes containing cabbage plants.     

阴山北麓保护性耕作油菜田间杂草控制试验

据调查,阴山北麓保护性耕作油菜田初期杂草密度增加,田间杂草发生时间提前,上下茬农田杂草重叠发生,多年生杂草为害加重。采用化学除草、机械除草、人工除草、农业轮作等单因素和多因素除草技术进行研究。结果表明,采用综合除草"深松+高特克+胺苯磺隆+龙拳"和"中耕+高特克+胺苯磺隆+龙拳"除草效果好,杂草株防除率和鲜质量防除率均达90%以上。     

Population life tables for the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda fed on major oil crops planted in China

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a newly invasive, widespread agricultural pest in China. Understanding the suitability of the main field crops in Chinese agricultural system as host for this polyphagous herbivore is especially important for making control strategy. Here, after FAWs were fed three important oil-bearing crops(oilseed rape, soybean and sunflower) planted in China and resultant population parameters were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method, survival of larvae on soybean was significantly lower than that on oilseed rape and sunflower. Developmental duration of larvae on soybean was also the longest(23.3 days). The highest pupation rate was recorded on sunflower. The highest pupal mass(0.19 g) was attained on oilseed rape, significantly higher than on the other host plants; the lowest mass was on soybean(0.15 g). On soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower, respectively, the average generation period was 42.21, 39.10 and 40.44 d; the intrinsic rate of increase(r) was 0.0844, 0.1041 and 0.1134; the finite rate of increase(λ) was 1.0881, 1.1098 and 1.1202. While the most suitable host plant overall was sunflower, S. frugiperda completed development and increased its population on all three host plants. Thus, soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower were all suitable for FAW, and population monitoring and management of FAW in these crops should be increased.     

Assessment of forage mass from grassland swards by height measurement using an ultrasonic sensor

The non-destructive assessment of forage mass in legume-grass mixtures as a tool for yield mapping in precision farming applications has been investigated in two field experiments. An ultrasonic sensor was used to determine sward heights. Forage mass-height relationships were evaluated by carrying out static measurements on binary legume-grass mixtures of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) with perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) across a wide range of sward heights (5.0-104.2 cm) and forage mass (0.15-11.25 t ha⁻¹). Mobile measurements, hereafter referred to as “on-the-go” were conducted by mounting the ultrasonic sensor in combination with a high-precision Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) on a vehicle. Data were recorded along experimental plots consisting of perennial rye grass and grass-clover mixtures similar to the mixtures that were used for the static experiment. The static experiment revealed a relationship between ultrasonic sward height and forage mass explaining 74.8% of the variance with a standard error (SE) of 1.05 t ha⁻¹ in a common dataset. The type of legume species, weed proportion, and growth period had a significant impact on the above mentioned relationship. Legume-specific regression functions had higher R²-values of up to 0.855 (white clover mixture). Datasets including legume-specific mixtures and pure swards of both components reached comparable R² values between 0.799 and 0.818 but exhibited higher SE values. The abundance of weeds resulted in increased ultrasonic sward heights for the same levels of forage mass. On-the-go measurements across experimental field plots yielded a sward height range of 1.4-70.4 cm. Abrupt forage mass changes at the transition from treatment plots to cut interspaces resulted in a significant deviation from stubble height within a distance of 50 cm to plot borders. When legume-specific equations derived from static measurements were applied to sward heights, forage mass was overestimated by 21.4% on average. Mean residuals from predicted forage mass ranged between 0.893 (pure grass) and 1.672 (red clover mixture) and increased significantly if the point sampling distance along the track was increased to more than 0.82 m on average across all plots. The prediction accuracy of forage mass from ultrasonic height measurements is promising; however, further modifications to the technique are necessary. One such improvement can be the use of spectral reflectance signatures in combination with the ultrasonic sensor.     

除草剂油达防除油菜地杂草试验

测定了油达对油菜地杂草防除效果及油菜的安全性。试验结果表明,在油菜地喷施油达,可有效控制杂草的危害,且对油菜安全,适宜喷施量为50mL/667m2;施药后15d、30d,油达对油菜地杂草防效达71.05%～90.13%;药后45d防治小区杂草鲜重仅为对照的5.56%～20.27%。     

新疆荒漠绿洲区甜菜田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确新疆甜菜种植区域的杂草种类及群落特征,采用五点取样法对新疆7个主要甜菜种植区域的97块甜菜田杂草进行调查。调查结果显示,新疆甜菜田杂草共有36种,隶属于14科31属,其中菊科、禾本科、蓼科和豆科在杂草种类中所占比例最高。稗草和灰藜为新疆甜菜种植区域的优势杂草,区域性优势杂草为反枝苋,狗尾草、龙葵为常见杂草,其余为一般性杂草,有31种。从不同区域杂草群落结构来看,新源巩留的甜菜田杂草种类最多,物种丰富度指数达3.40;群落多样性最高的为昌吉,Shannon-Wiener指数为2.29,Simpson指数最低(0.13);奎屯的杂草种类最少,Shannon-Wiener和Pielou指数最低,Simpson指数最高(0.59)。群落聚类分析结果表明,新疆甜菜田杂草群落可划分为4组,昭苏特克斯与新源巩留划分为一组,额敏和奇台为一组,昌吉的杂草群落单独划为一组,奎屯和霍城察县的杂草群落为一组。     

精喹禾灵对夏大豆田间的控草效果和光照及养分的影响

采用田间试验和仪器测定分析的方法,观察了10.8%精喹禾灵乳油对夏大豆田禾本科杂草稗草、马唐、牛筋草的防除效果,以及杂草防除对田间光照、养分和大豆产量的影响.结果表明:10.8%精喹禾灵乳油能有效控制夏大豆田禾本科杂草的发生危害,对稗草、马唐、牛筋草的综合密度防效为94.00%～100.00%,综合鲜重防效为95.02%～100.00%;施用10.8%精喹禾灵乳油能显著提高大豆田间的透光率,降低杂草对田间养分的吸收,促进光合作用的进行,从而提高大豆产量.     

麦田土壤杂草种子库研究

调查分析了8个稻茬小麦田块及不同土层深度的杂草种子种类和数量,结果显示:稻茬翻耕麦田土壤种子库主要杂草种类有菵草、旱苗蓼、野老鹳草和日本看麦娘等,其中菵草所占比例最高,同时在0~20 cm土层内,随土壤深度的加深,杂草的种子数呈下降趋势。0~5 cm土层菵草种子数(x)与田间菵草出苗数(Y)之间符合Y=2.000 0E-0.700 0x2 0.001 1x 242.410 0回归模型,据此可以根据土壤中杂草种子数量预测田间出苗数。     

六安地区油菜病虫草害调查研究

根据近两年调查搜集的资料,综述了六安地区区油菜病虫草害发生危害与防治情况。油菜病虫害防治重点是茵核病和蚜虫;大田生产中,病虫草害防治整体效果较好,菌核病发生程度与油菜种植方式关联不大。     

基于时序PolSAR影像与决策树模型的油菜物候期识别

作物物候期识别是农情遥感监测的重要内容,及时准确识别作物物候期,对有效评估作物生长趋势、提高农情信息化管理水平有重要意义。提出了基于时间序列全极化合成孔径雷达(polarimetric synthetic aperture radar, PolSAR)数据结合决策树模型的油菜物候期识别方法。首先,采用3种极化分解方法提取PolSAR极化参数,并分析各极化参数对油菜物候期的动态响应规律;其次,基于各极化分解方法提取的参数建立决策树模型,并对油菜物候期进行分类识别;最后,采用基于混淆矩阵的方法对油菜物候期识别结果进行精度评价。采用5期Radarsat-2 PolSAR数据和地面物候观测数据进行实验验证。结果表明:提取的PolSAR参数中对物候期变化较为敏感的参数有H/A/alpha分解中的散射角(Alpha)、特征值(L2、L3)、伪熵(P2)、目标方位角(Beta1)参数,Freeman-Durden分解中的地面散射(Ground)和奇次散射(Odd)参数,Yamaguchi分解中的奇次散射(Odd_Y)和螺旋体散射(Helix)参数;决策树模型对油菜物候期识别结果较为准确,识别结果中组合3种极化分解方法提取参数建立的原始决策树模型分类总体精度最高,达94%。总体上,PolSAR极化分解参数对油菜物候期变化比较敏感,决策树模型能有效识别油菜物候期。     

甘蓝型油菜COI1的调控功能分析

【目的】研究甘蓝型油菜中茉莉素受体复合体核心成员CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1（COI1）蛋白的基因表达特性及生理调控功能。【方法】利用基因组数据分析甘蓝型油菜及其亲本种白菜和甘蓝基因组的COI1构成情况;使用定量和半定量RT-PCR扩增方法检测油菜COI1的组织特异性表达;克隆油菜COI1保守区片段,构建病毒诱导的基因沉默（virus-induced gene silenceing,VIGS）载体,以农杆菌侵染方法培育VIGS诱导COI1沉默的油菜植株,然后,用鉴定出的COI1沉默植株研究油菜COI1在育性调控及虫害抗性等方面的调控功能。【结果】基因组数据分析表明,甘蓝型油菜亲本种白菜和甘蓝共有7个高度同源的COI1,依序列同源性可分为4类：COI1a、COI1b.1、COI1b.2和COI1c;甘蓝型油菜有8个COI1,也由上述几类同源基因组成。半定量和定量RT-PCR扩增试验表明甘蓝型油菜COI1在茎中的表达水平最低。从培育的VIGS诱导COI1沉默油菜中,共鉴定出COI1表达水平被抑制超过70%的株系25个,其中抑制效果最明显的10个株系被用于育性调控及蚜虫抗性试验。育性分析结果证明,VIGS沉默COI1油菜的结实能力受到严重影响,其角果在授粉20 d以后的长度只达到对照油菜角果授粉5 d后的长度,且角果中无正常种子;沉默COI1油菜的雄蕊长度短于相同花期的对照油菜雄蕊,其花药开裂延迟;显微观察发现,沉默COI1油菜的花粉中有超过80%呈不正常形态。在相同处理条件下进行的蚜虫抗性比较试验中,沉默COI1油菜叶片上的蚜虫数量超过对照油菜1倍多,而且有很多小蚜虫围绕大蚜虫的虫落,繁殖态势比对照油菜叶片上的蚜虫旺盛。【结论】甘蓝型油菜COI1具有组织特异表达特性,沉默COI1会导致油菜雄性不育性状发生,并降低油菜植株对蚜虫的抗性。