影响鸡肌内脂肪的重要候选基因研究进展

心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（Heart fatty acid binding acid, H-FABP）、脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白（Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, A-FABP）和细胞外脂肪酸结合蛋白（Extracellular fatty acid binding protein, Ex-FABP）对鸡肌内 脂肪性状的影响越来越引起研究者的关注。在总结、回顾近年来鸡肌内脂肪性状研究进展的基础上,从H-FABP、AFABP 、Ex-FABP 基因功能、基因单核苷酸多态性以及两基因聚合基因型效应等方面,详细介绍和阐述了其与肌内脂 肪含量的关系,并提出未来鸡肌内脂肪性状的3 个重要候选基因研究需要解决的问题,对鸡肌内脂肪性状的3 个重 要候选基因的研究进行综述,为优质鸡的遗传育种工作提供新的思路和突破口。     

脂肪酸结合蛋白及其基因

脂肪酸结合蛋白(fatty acid-binding proteins,FABPs)属于脂结合蛋白超家族成员,广泛存在于动物细胞质中,担当细胞内脂肪酸运输任务。文章概述了FABPs家族的结构和功能,并对FABPs家族中的心脂肪酸结合蛋白(Heart Fatty acid binding-protein,H-FABP)和脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白(Adipocyte Fatty acid binding-protein,A-FABP)的功能、基因定位、基因结构特点及其对肉质的影响进行了综述。     

鲤A-FABP基因的克隆及其表达谱研究

为探索A-FABP基因表达与鲤肌内脂肪质量分数的关联,利用RT-PCR方法克隆鲤(Cyprinus carpio)脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白(Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein,A-FABP)基因,同时利用荧光定量PCR技术分别检测该基因在鲤不同组织和不同发育阶段的表达差异,获得其组织和时序表达谱,并将基因表达水平与肌内脂肪质量分数进行关联分析。结果获得鲤A-FABP基因开放阅读框(ORF)序列405bp,编码134个氨基酸,与多鳞白甲鱼、斑马鱼、大西洋鲑和青鳉等的氨基酸同源性关系较近(氨基酸相似性为70%~91%),与人、猪、田鼠和牦牛等哺乳动物的氨基酸同源性关系较远(氨基酸相似性为51%~58%);组织表达谱分析结果显示,A-FABP基因可在鲤的心脏、肌肉、脂肪、肝脏、脑、脾脏、肾脏和鳃中表达,并且在脂肪组织的表达量显著高于其他组织(P0.05)。发育表达分析结果显示,较小体质量试验鱼(50g)的A-FABP基因表达水平显著高于较大体质量试验鱼(120~130g和500g)(P0.05),并且其表达与背最长肌的肌内脂肪质量分数呈显著负相关。     

The effects of the unsaturated degree of long-chain fatty acids on the rumen microbial protein content and the activities of transaminases and dehydrogenase in vitro

This study investigated the effects of the degree of unsaturation(unsaturity) of long-chain fatty acids on microbial protein content and the activities of transaminases and dehydrogenase in vitro using goat rumen fluid as the cultural medium.Six types of fatty acids,stearic acid(C18:0,group A,control group),oleic acid(C18:1,n-9,group B),linoleic acid(C18:2,n-6,group C),α-linolenic acid(C18:3,n-3,group D),arachidonic acid(C20:4,n-6,group E),and eicosapentaenoic acid(C20:5,n-3,group F),were tested,and the inclusion ratio of each fatty acid was 3%(w/w) in total of culture substrate.Samples were taken at 0,3,6,9,12,18 and 24 h,respectively,during culture for analyses.Compared with stearic acid,linoleic acid,a-linolenic acid,and arachidonic acid increased the bacterial protein content,while oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid had no significant effects;the protozoal protein content was reduced for all the unsaturated fatty acids,and the magnitude of the reduction appeared to be associated with the degree of unsaturity of fatty acids.The total microbial protein content was dominantly accounted by the protozoal protein content(about 4-9 folds of the bacterial protein),and only increased by linoleic acid,but reduced by oleic acid,arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.There were no significant effects in the activities of both glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) for all the other fatty acids,except for arachidonic acid which enhanced GOT activity and oleic acid which enhanced GPT activity.The total dehydrogenase activity was positively correlated with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids.In conclusion,the inclusion of 3%of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids increased bacterial protein content,whereas reduced protozoal protein content and enhanced dehydrogenase activity.The fatty acids with more than three double bonds had detrimental effects on the microbial protein content.This work demonstrates for the first time the effect rule of the unsaturation degree of long-chain fatty acids on the rumen microbial protein in vitro.     

香猪H-FABP和UCP3基因的表达与IMF和血清FFA的相关性

为了研究心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(heart fatty acid-binding protein,H-FABP)和解耦联蛋白3(uncoupling protein,UCP3)基因对贵州香猪肉质的调节作用,采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法,以外二元杂交猪(大白×长白)为对照,研究H-FABP和UCP3基因在骨骼肌细胞中的表达和细胞定位,并与血清中游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFA)和肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量进行相关性研究.结果表明:香猪骨骼肌细胞中的H-FABP和UCP3基因表达量及其蛋白分布较杂交猪低,但血清FFA和IMF含量较杂交猪高.说明,香猪骨骼肌细胞中H-FABP的表达量不足,其肌细胞从血液中摄取FFA的量较少;同时香猪骨骼肌细胞中UCP3的表达量较低,因此,进入骨骼肌细胞的FFA消耗较少,大量存在于血液中,使脂肪沉积在肌肉细胞间或皮下等部位的机会增加.通过相关性分析表明,H-FABP基因的表达变化与IMF呈中度正相关,UCP3基因的表达变化与FFA呈中度负相关,表明,H-FABP和UCP3以蛋白量的表达变化为主影响骨骼肌细胞中的脂肪代谢,并以此调节香猪的肉质性状.     

草鱼脂肪酸结合蛋白基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

    根据GenBank上已发表的其他物种的脂肪酸结合蛋白(fatty acid-binding protein, FABP)基因序列设计1对引物,从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)cDNA文库中扩增出脂肪酸结合蛋白基因,定向克隆于表达质粒载体pET32A中构建成pET32A-FABP重组体,将重组体转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,以终浓度1 mmol·L-1的IPTG对其进行诱导表达.表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,与阴性对照相比,阳性克隆在分子量33 kDa处有1条明显的蛋白带,大小与预期结果一致.经光密度分析可知,目的蛋白约占总可溶性蛋白的49.5%.这为进一步研究脂肪酸结合蛋白生物学特性以及FABP基因对脂肪代谢调控规律奠定了基础.     

鸡肌内脂肪性状候选基因的聚合效应及初步验证

 【目的】旨在探讨影响鸡脂肪性状重要候选基因A-FABP、Ex-FABP的聚合效应,并对其进行初步验证,为进一步开发利用脂肪性状的有效分子标记提供依据。【方法】运用PCR-SSCP技术分别检测如皋鸡A-FABP、Ex-FABP基因所有外显子区域的单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）,分析单基因型和聚合基因型与12周龄胸肌脂肪含量之间的关系;同时,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测后代分离群体单基因型和聚合基因型的发育性表达规律,进行聚合基因型遗传效应的初步验证。【结果】如皋鸡A-FABP的外显子3、Ex-FABP基因外显子4区域中存在A/G突变,共出现3种基因型;AA型(A-FABP)、BB（Ex-FABP）型个体的肌内脂肪含量显著高于其它基因型（P＜0.05）,为有利基因型,两者聚合的AABB型个体同样为最佳基因型。经后代分离群体Q-PCR证实,单基因表达和聚合基因型的表达均不存在性别效应,在胸肌组织中,两候选基因在4周龄时表达量最高,8周龄下降,至12周龄缓慢上升。在聚合基因型个体中,均以AABB型表达水平最高,ABAB型表达量较低。【结论】A-FABP、Ex-FABP两个基因存在聚合效应;其中,AABB型与胸肌组织中高肌内脂肪含量具有紧密关联性。A-FABP、EX-FABP两基因及其聚合基因型可作为如皋鸡肌内脂肪性状有效的候选标记。     

Myristic Acid （MA） Promotes Adipogenic Gene Expression and the Differentiation of Porcine Intramuscular Adipocyte Precursor Cells

Intramuscular fat （IMF） content is considered to be a key factor that affects the marbling, tenderness, juiciness and lfavor of pork. To investigate the effects of myristic acid （MA） on the differentiation of porcine intramuscular adipocytes, cells were isolated from longissimus dorsi muscle （LDM） and treated with 0, 10, 50 or 100μmol L-1 MA. The results showed that MA signiifcantly promotes the differentiation of intramuscular adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. MA also led to a parallel increase in the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ（PPARγ） and adipose-related genes, such as glucose transporter 1 （GLUT1）, lipoprotein lipase （LPL）, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4 （FABP4/aP2）, fatty acid translocase （FAT）, acetyl-CoA carboxylaseα（ACCα）, adipose triglyceride lipase （ATGL） and fatty acid synthase （FASN）. However, no signiifcant effects of MA were observed on the expression of CAAT enhancer binding protein-α（C/EBPα） or hormone sensitive lipase （HSL）. The expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 （PDK4） was increased by MA during the early stages of differentiation （day 1-3）. In addition, MA also increased the absolute content of C14 （P〈0.001） and saturated fatty acids （SFA） （P〈0.05） to varying degrees, but no effects were observed on other fatty acids. These results suggest that MA might be able to enhance the IMF content of pork and increase the accumulation of myristic and myristoleic acid in muscle, which might have beneifcial implications for human health.     

siRNA沉默NCOA2基因对猪肌内前体脂肪细胞分化的影响

[目的]本文旨在研究核受体共激活蛋白2(nuclear receptor coactivator 2,NCOA2)对猪肌内前体脂肪细胞分化能力的影响。[方法]用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法检测NCOA2在猪肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的表达变化;通过NCOA2小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)抑制内源NCOA2的表达,并用油红O染色检测沉默NCOA2对肌内前体脂肪细胞分化能力的影响,通过qRT-PCR检测沉默NCOA2对脂肪分化关键基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorγ,PPARγ)、脂肪酸结合蛋白4(fatty acid binding protein 4,FABP4)、脂蛋白酯酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)和脂联素(adiponectin,ADIPOQ)表达的影响。[结果]NCOA2在肌内前体脂肪细胞分化第4天表达量显著升高(P0.05);降低NCOA2表达可显著抑制肌内前体脂肪细胞分化(P0.05),且PPARγ、FABP4、LPL和ADIPOQ基因的表达也受到显著抑制(P0.05)。[结论]体外siRNA沉默NCOA2基因可抑制猪肌内前体脂肪的分化,这可能与PPARγ、FABP4、LPL、ADIPOQ等基因的低表达有关。     

清远麻鸡H-FABP和A-FABP基因mRNA的差异表达研究

【目的】分析心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)和脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白(A-FABP)基因mRNA在不同日龄清远麻鸡不同组织中的差异表达量,为进一步阐明H-FABP、A-FABP在鸡IMF含量和腹脂沉积中的作用机制奠定基础。【方法】依据鸡H-FABP和A-FABP基因及参照基因GAPDH序列设计引物,以鸡心肌、胸肌、腿肌、肝脏和腹脂mRNA逆转录合成的cDNA为模版,应用SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR,检测56和120日龄清远麻鸡A-FABP、H-FABP基因mRNA的差异表达量。【结果】H-FABP、A-FABP和GAPDH的基因融解曲线均为单峰,无杂峰及二聚体,定量准确。120 d时清远麻鸡的胸肌和腿肌的肌内脂肪(IMF)含量显著高于56 d;H-FABP基因mRNA 120 d时在心肌、胸肌和腿肌的差异表达量显著高于56 d,且同一日龄时在心肌的差异表达量显著高于胸肌和腿肌(P0.05)。120 d时清远麻鸡A-FABP基因mRNA在腹脂和肝脏的差异表达量显著高于56 d;同一日龄时,A-FABP基因mRNA在腹脂的差异表达量显著高于肝脏,A-FABP基因在心肌、胸肌和腿肌中不表达。相关分析表明,H-FABP基因mRNA差异表达量与胸肌、腿肌IMF含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关,A-FABP基因mRNA差异表达量与腹脂率呈极显著负相关。【结论】H-FABP基因主要在鸡肌肉组织的肌内脂肪中表达,而且在心肌中高度表达,与IMF含量呈显著或极显著的正相关,其是IMF含量的下调基因;A-FABP基因主要在腹脂与肝脏中表达,且在腹脂中高度表达,与腹脂率呈极显著负相关,是脂肪细胞的上调基因,且为正调控。