Antagonism of local isolates of Trichoderma spp. on citrus root rot disease by Fusarium solani in the mekong delta of vietnam

The local isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium solani were colected from citrus orchards in the Mekong delta of Vietnam and isolated on PDA, PDB and TSM medium for antagonism and Koch‘s postulate testing. The results showed that the high chitinolytic enzymes content of Trichoderma     

福建省柑橘半穿刺线虫雌虫食线虫真菌的鉴定

对福建省4个县(市)7个柑橘园的柑橘半穿刺线虫雌虫食线虫真菌进行了调查,从采集的520个雌虫虫体上得到123个真菌分离物,鉴定出8属10种。他们分别为黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、青霉状曲霉(A.penicilloides)、头梗霉属(Cephaliophora sp.)、球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)、雪腐镰孢(Fusarium nivale)、尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum)、茄病镰孢(F.solani)、淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)、常现青霉(Penicillium frequentans)、小刺青霉(Penicillium spinulosum)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsissp.)、厚垣孢普可尼亚菌(Pochonia chlamydosporia)。其中,茄病镰孢、尖孢镰孢、淡紫拟青霉为优势食线虫菌,分别占总分离物的36.6%、15.4%、9.76%。     

利用木霉防治丹参根腐病的研究

丹参根腐病是由腐皮镰刀菌侵染引起的一种土传病害,近年来在四川的田间发病株率平均为10%～30%,严重影响到丹参的产量和品质。采集不同生态环境的丹参根际土样进行分离,获得对腐皮镰刀菌有明显拮抗作用的哈茨木霉T23、桔绿木霉T56等一批菌株。田间试验表明,T23、T56对丹参根腐病的防效分别为52 3%和55 7%,与多菌灵的防效相当。     

Traditional knowledge and rationale for weaver ant husbandry in the Mekong delta of Vietnam

The weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), has long been known as perhaps the first example of human manipulation of a natural predator population to enhance the natural biological control of insect pests. The practice of ant husbandry in Vietnamese citrus orchards and the knowledge associated with the use of weaver ants in the Mekong delta are described. In contrast to other regions of Asia, where weaver ants are noted for their role in the protection of citrus from insect damage, citrus farmers in the Mekong delta explain the benefits of ant husbandry in terms of an improvement in fruit quality, likened to the influence of fertilizers, that occurs in direct response to excretory products deposited by the weaver ants as they patrol the fruit. A series of tests, carried out in 1993–94, rated the external shine, sweetness, juiciness, and overall appeal, as characteristics of fruit quality, for paired comparisons of sweet orange, mandarin, and pummelo fruit that had been grown in the presence of weaver ants or from which ants had been excluded. The tests indicate a strong influence of the presence of the weaver ant on external shine, juiciness, and overall appeal for each of the citrus fruits, but particularly for mandarin. The significance of these results and ant husbandry practices in the Mekong delta are discussed in relation to the development of citrus production in Vietnam.     

中药材土传病害拮抗木霉的筛选与应用初探

 用稀释平板法对51份来自不同地区、不同生态环境的丹参、川红花等10种主要川产道地中药材根际土样分离到62个木霉菌株;木霉种群以哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）为主,其次是桔绿木霉（T. citrinoriride）和拟康氏木霉（T. pseudokoningii）等。对峙法培养结果表明,木霉菌株T23,T56,T45对尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌均具有较强的拮抗作用。初步研究了T23 ,T56在田间对中药材的防病作用,木霉处理不仅能显著提高川红花、丹参的出苗率,且对其幼苗具有促生作用,对川红花枯萎病和丹参根腐病的相对防效均达50%以上。     

哈茨木霉C184菌株对喀麦隆香蕉及大蕉根部病原菌的体外拮抗作用(英文)

体外测定了新近分离自喀麦隆香蕉及大蕉田间的哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)菌株C 184对香蕉和大蕉根部病原菌柱枝孢(Cylindrocladium pteridis)及茄镰孢(Fusarium solani),尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)和曲霉 (Aspergillus sp.) 的拮抗作用. 在对峙培养中上述病原菌菌丝生长均受到明显抑制;在赛咯酚分层培养中木霉菌株对上述病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率为67%～88%;木霉菌株培养滤液对上述病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率为52%～87% .电镜下观察到木霉菌株对柱枝孢及镰孢霉的寄生过程,认为这可能是主要拮抗机制之一; 此外木霉菌株在液体培养中产生的抗生素及细胞壁降解酶也可能是抑制病原菌菌丝生长的主要原因.     

Are mycoparasitism and chitinase production species or isolate dependent in Trichoderma ?

The relationship between taxonomic status of Trichoderma spp., chitinase production in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) on four media and mycoparasitism in dual culture (confrontation assay)against four plant pathogenic fungi was studied. Seventy five Trichoderma isolates belonging to 35species have been screened. The plant pathogenic fungi used in confrontation assay were Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . The SSF media contained wheat bran, crude chitin (from crab shells, SIGMA) and salt solutions. The best performing isolates in mycoparasitism tests were Trichoderma flavofuscum, T. harzianum, T.inhamatum, T. koningii and T. strigosum. Some isolates exhibiting good mycoparasitism produced chitinase in SSF only at low or medium level. In contrary there were isolates with excellent extracellular chitinase production but their biocontrol potential did not belong to the leading group.Statistical methods have been used to evaluate the data.……     

甘肃中部地区豌豆根腐病病原研究

在豌豆根腐病病原研究中,采用了PDA、WA组织分离、胡萝卜诱饵分离及水培养分离等不同的分离技术,共分离病株820株,病组织1734块,获得菌株235个,经初步鉴定确定为17个不同的种,对这些分离物采用灭菌土盆栽、蛭石盆栽、纸卷法、断根法等接种技术进行致病性测定。根据分离率和致病性测定结果,认为发生在甘肃中部地区的豌豆根腐病是由茄镰刀菌(Fusarium solani(Mars)Sacc)、豌豆丝囊霉(Aphanomyces euteiches)、链孢粘帚霉(Gliocladium catenulatum Gilman et Abbott)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht)、根串珠霉(Thielaviopsis basicola)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn)、腐霉(Pythium spp)和壳二孢菌(Ascochyta spp)等复合侵染引起的。根据文献记载,上述各类菌除茄镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌和丝囊霉之外,其余真菌在豌豆上的致病性国内未见报道,链孢粘帚霉作为豌豆根腐病的致病菌为国内外首次报道。     

哈茨木霉(Trichoerma harzianum)T23生防菌筛选及防治中药材根腐病的研究

研究表明,引起麦冬、丹参、川芎等中药材根腐病的主要病原种群是尖孢镰刀菌及腐皮镰刀菌．为了有效防治中药材根腐病,保护环境,提高品质和产量,通过不同生态区的土样采集,采取病原菌诱饵法及稀释平扳法分离菌株,经筛选、纯化得到抑菌拮抗效果达80％以上的哈茨木霉生防菌T23;不同剂量试验结果表明,施用哈茨木霉T23生物制剂7．5kg／hm^2效果最佳,田间防治麦冬、丹参、川芎等中药材根腐病效果达70％以上,显著优于50％多菌灵粉剂,比对照增产14．2％～24．5％．大面积防治中药材根腐病的防病增产效果与田间小区试验的一致．     

油菜花瓣附生真菌区系及对核盘菌拮抗作用的研究

采集油菜不同部位脱落花瓣和未脱落花瓣进行附生真菌区系的分析,得到1908个菌株．除了核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum外,其他真菌经鉴定后主要属于10个属,它们是短梗霉属Aureubas／d／umspp．、镰刀菌属Fusarium spp．、交链孢菌属Alternaria spp．、葡萄孢属Botrytis spp．、黑葱花霉属Pericorda spp．、曲霉属Aspergillus spp．、黑孢属Nigrospora spp．、青霉属Peniccillium spp．、木霉属Trichoderma spp．和附球孢菌属Epicoccum spp．．其中,短梗霉菌、镰刀菌和交链孢菌为优势真菌群．通过菌丝间的相互作用、对峙培养方法测定160个菌株对核盘菌抑制作用．结果表明,供试菌株与核盘菌之间存在重寄生作用和溶菌作用等方面的拮抗机制．并初步筛选得到了一批拮抗作用较强、定殖能力也强的菌株．     

Trichoderma harzianum抗生菌株F060同敌克松联合防治杉苗猝倒病

经病苗组织分离培养确定,杉苗猝倒病的病原菌,Rhizoctonia solani占59.7％、Fusarium spp.占38.9％、Pythium spp.占1.4％。在室内通过Trichoderma harzianum(Fo60)对敌克松(Dexon)耐药性测定表明,Fo60对敌克松有极大耐性;经田间小区试验表明,同对照相比,每平方米施敌克松4克三天后再施Fo60菌粉50克,只施菌粉50克和只施敌克松4克处理,三种病原菌引起的杉苗猝倒病分别减少71.1％、53.4％、43.8％;由R.solani导致的杉苗猝倒病分别减少99.5％、92.2％和43.8％。其中均以敌克松同Fo60菌粉联合防治最好。     

Antagnism of three strains of Trichoderma spp. against mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia salani

Three strains of Trichoderma spp. TV112, TX003, TY009 obtained from previous experiments could inhibit the sclerotial formation of two strains of Rhizoctonia salani AG1 (-1A) isolated from the rice paddies in Hanzhou of China. However, it is unclear if there are the antagonism and mycoparasitism of the Trichoderma strains tested against the mycelial growth of R. solani . The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of the Trichoderma strains to inhibit the mycelial…     

5个木霉菌株的抑菌谱及部分生物学特性

 5个木霉菌株在对峙培养中对水稻稻瘟病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、油菜菌核病菌等18种植物病原真菌和7株土壤习居镰刀菌都有明显抑制效果。哈茨木霉菌株Th-B的抑菌效果显著高于绿色木霉菌株LTR-2和其他3个菌株,哈茨木霉菌株Th-A和Th-B的产孢能力高于其他菌株,Th-B对辣椒灰霉病的预防效果达65.20%.     

木霉菌T-115D对马铃薯早疫病菌的拮抗作用

为了明确木霉菌T-115D对马铃薯早疫病菌的拮抗作用和拮抗机制,采用平板对峙培养试验和木霉菌T-115D发酵液对马铃薯早疫病菌生长的抑制试验,研究木霉菌T-115D对马铃薯早疫病菌的拮抗作用及其机制。对峙培养结果表明,木霉菌能迅速占领大部分空间,抑制马铃薯早疫病菌的生长,显微镜观察发现,木霉菌菌丝可缠绕和寄生早疫病菌菌丝;木霉菌发酵液对马铃薯早疫病菌菌丝生长有较强抑制作用,在木霉菌T-115D发酵液稀释3倍后对菌丝生长的抑制率为90.4%,发酵原液对马铃薯早疫病菌孢子萌发的抑制率为100%,说明木霉菌T-115D对马铃薯早疫病菌具有明显的拮抗作用,其拮抗机制包括抑制菌丝生长和孢子萌发、营养空间竞争和寄生作用。     

Use of Trichoderma spp. for biological control of the livestock feed ontaminant fungus Fusarium proliferatum

Fusarium spp. are pathogens of many important agricultural crops, and are often strong mycotoxin producers. Fusarium proliferatum, in particular, causes disease in cereals and secretes the toxin Beauvaricin that contaminates livestock feed and cereals, producing a variety of toxicity symptoms ranging from poor weight gain to mortality. Beauvaricin is a cyclodepsipeptide and acts as a potent mycotoxin known to have insecticidal properties. This compound is highly toxic to human cell lines, wh…     

从稻种上筛选拮抗细菌防治水稻纹枯病的研究

从 1 3个水稻品种上获得 2 83个细菌分离物 ,其中 2 9个菌株对水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctoniasolani)产生了拮抗作用 ,占总菌株数的 1 0 .2 5 % ,8个菌株对水稻紫鞘病产生了拮抗作用 ,占总菌株数的 2 .83 % ,而没有菌株对水稻恶苗病菌 (Fusariummoniliforme)产生拮抗作用 ;经离体平板拮抗作用的测定、离体纹枯病病斑面积的抑制和植物生长促进试验 ,筛选出两个有潜在价值的菌株 ,这两个菌株经鉴定均为芽孢杆菌 (Bacillussp.)。     

瓜类植物内生真菌对3种土传病菌的拮抗作用研究

[目的]了解瓜类植物内生真菌对瓜类植物常见土传病原真菌的拮抗作用.[方法]对分自不同瓜类植物及不同部位的461株内生真菌分别与黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum）、立枯病菌（Rhizoctonia solani）和菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）3种土传病菌进行对峙培养试验,观察菌落形态和生长情况,记载抑菌带的有无和宽度,计算供试病原真菌菌落生长抑制率,分析内生真菌对3种土传病菌的拮抗作用.[结果]内生真菌对供试病原真菌的拮抗作用表现为3种类型：抗生作用、基质竞争作用和寄生作用.在461株内生真菌中,共有13株对黄瓜枯萎病菌产生拮抗作用,25株对立枯病菌产生拮抗作用,64株对菌核病菌产生拮抗作用,分别占供试内生真菌菌株的2.8％、5.4％和13.9％.其中,菌株F30对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌带最宽,达19.0 mm.菌株JCL24对立枯病菌的抑菌带最宽,达11.3 mm.菌株F94对菌核病菌的抑菌带最宽,达14.3 mm.对黄瓜枯萎病菌菌落生长抑制率大于70％的共3株,分别属于Nigrospora、Penicillium和Rhizoctonia属.对立枯病菌菌落生长抑制率大于70％的共11株,分别属于Alternaria、Apiospora、Bipolaris、Colletotrichum、Exserohilum和Fusarium 6个属.对菌核病菌菌落生长抑制率大于70％的共17株,均为Fusarium属.[结论]部分瓜类植物内生真菌对土传病菌具有拮抗作用,主要通过抗生作用,少部分通过基质竞争和寄生作用抑制病菌生长.一些菌株对供试病菌抑制作用很强,可能具有用于瓜类植物病害生物防治的潜力.     

烟草主要真菌病害生防木霉的筛选

对峙培养结果表明18个木霉菌株对腐霉病（Pythium spp.）、链格孢（Alternaria alternata)、烟草疫霉（Phytophthora par-asitica var.nicotianae)、立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani)和胶孢炭疽菌（Collectotrichum gloeosporioides）均有不同程度拮抗作用,其中以TR13拮抗作用最好。重寄生现象观察结果表明,TR13能够重寄生烟草疫霉、胶孢炭疽菌和立枯丝核菌。     

镰刀菌对南方根结线虫卵的寄生特性

体外测定了分离于线虫的镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.)7个种的12个分离物对南方根结线虫(M eloidogyne incognita)卵的寄生性.结果表明:不同分离物对卵的寄生率有较大差异,有4个分离物对胚胎期卵的寄生率高于50%;所有分离物对含幼虫卵的寄生率低于40%;尖孢镰刀菌Fo-He3、茄病镰孢Fs-02100855对这2种发育类型的卵寄生率较高.测定了这12个镰刀菌分离物中几丁质酶活与蛋白酶活,结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌Fo-He3、茄病镰孢Fs-02100855表现出较高的几丁质酶活,这可能与卵寄生率高具相关性.扫描显微观测结果表明茄病镰孢Fs-02100855菌丝与胚胎期卵接触后,在卵壳表面蔓延侵入,最终卵壳完全被匐匍网状菌丝包被;含幼虫卵的卵壳表面蔓延侵入的菌丝很少.     

多功能木霉的筛选及鉴定

测定了60株分离自土壤的木霉菌株的解磷解钾、拮抗和对有机磷农药毒死蜱的耐受、降解等功能。结果表明,5株木霉具有很好的解磷能力,其中木霉T-404的解磷效果最好,为109.22 mg·L-1。6株木霉具有明显的解钾透明圈,但是液体培养后测定发现木霉的解钾能力不强。木霉具有不同程度的拮抗作用,其中6株木霉的拮抗能力很好。大部分木霉可以耐受高浓度的毒死蜱,但是不能降解该农药。对5株具多功能潜力的优势木霉菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定表明:T-403、T-404、T-440为Trichoderma koningiopsis,T-400、T-450为Trichoderma koningii。