Coronatine Induces an Accumulation of Anthocyanin and Starch in Purple-fleshed Sweetpotato （ Ipomoea batatas Lam.）

[Objective] The objective of this research was to examine the effects of COR on anthocyanin and starch content in storage roots of two PFS genotypes, and to explore the relationships between anthocyanin synthesis and starch accumula- tion. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to determine the changes in yielc components, yield, contents of anthocyanin and starch, activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） and adenosine 5-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase （AG- Pase） in two genotypes of PFS （Ipomoea batatas L., var. ＇Ayamurasaki＇ and ＇Jishu18＇）. [Result] The application of COR significantly increased starch and antho- cyanin content in storage roots of Jishu18 across developmental stages by inducing the activities of PAL and AGPase, and finally enhanced yield by promoting fresh weight of storage roots. Ayamurasaki was insensitive to treatment with COR al- though its PAL activity temporally increased. The starch and anthocyanin content of Aya, and the anthocyanin content of Jishu18 increased progressively across devel- opmental stages with or without COR application, but the starch content of Jishu18 increased initially, then decreased before increasing again without application of COR. Treatment with COR reduced downward trend of starch accumulation in Jishu18. Thus, the effect of COR on accumulation of anthocyanin and starch in storage roots of PFS differs according to genotypes. [Conclusion] The application of 0.05 μmol/L COR may increase starch and anthocyanin content in PFS genotypes with lower starch and anthocyanin content in storage roots.     

Relationship Between Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Related Enzymes Activity in Pyrus pyrifolia Mantianhong and Its Bud Sports Aoguan

The aim of this article is to study the relationship between biosynthesis of anthocyanin and activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL）, chalcone ismoerase （CHI） enzymes in Pyrus pyrifolia. Changes in the level of anthocyanin and the activities of enzymes of anthocyanin biosynthesis including PAL, CHI were studied in the pericarp of Pyrus pyrifolia Aoguan and Mantianhong during the period of pigment formation. Bagging treatment was also carried out to manipulate the synthesis of anthocyanin and the activities of related enzymes during the period of pigment formation. The results demonstrated that the level of anthocyanin of Aoguan was higher than that of Mantianhong. However, the content of anthocyanins has the similar changing trend in Aoguan and Mantianhong, highest anthocyanin concentrations of two varieties appeared in immature fruit and faded toward harvest. Meanwhile, similar changing trends of activities of PAL and CHI were also observed in both varieties. Aoguan has a lower activity of PAL than Mantianhong, whereas activity of CHI in Aoguan was higher than that in Mantianhong. Activity of PAL decreased during the period of pigment formation and was apparently not limiting to color development, whereas CHI activity increased at the same period and was closely related to the synthesis of anthocyanin. The results of bagging treatment showed that bagging treatment inhibited the activity of CHI, as well as the synthesis of anthocyanin, whereas debagging enhanced both the activity of CHI and synthesis of anthocyanin. The activity of CHI in debagging Aoguan pericarp was higher than the untreated Aoguan. However, effect of bagging treatment toward PAL activity was not obvious. Anthocyanin of bagging treated Aoguan decreased toward harvest. The content of anthocyanin of Pyruspyrifolia increased at the beginning of fruit coloration period and decreased toward fruit harvest. Activity of PAL was apparently not limiting to color development, whereas CHI activity was closely related to the synthesis of ant     

Reduction in Activity/Gene Expression of Anthocyanin Degradation Enzymes in Lychee Pericarp is Responsible for the Color Protection of the Fruit by Heat and Acid Treatment

Heat and acid treatments were reported to be a promising substitute for SO₂ fumigation in color protection of postharvest lychee （Litchi chinensis Sonn.） fruits, but the mechanism was not clear. In the present study, hot water （70°C） dipping followed by immersion in 2% HCl （heat-acid） substantially protected the red color of the fruit during storage at 25°C and inhibited anthocyanin degradation while hot water dipping alone （heat） led to rapidly browning and about 90% loss in anthocyanin content. The pH values in the pericarp of the heat-acid treated fruit dropped to 3.2, while the values maintained around 5.0 in the heat-treated and control fruit. No significantly different pH values were detected among the arils of heat-acid, heat treated and control fruit. Heat-acid treatment dramatically reduced the activities of anthocyanin degradation enzyme （ADE）, peroxidase （POD） and polyphenol oxidase in the pericarp. A marked reduction in LcPOD gene expression was also detected in heat-acid treated fruit, in contrast, induction was found in heat treated fruit. The pericarp of heat-acid treated fruit exhibited significantly lower respiration rate but faster water loss than that of the untreated or heat treated fruit. Taken together, heat treatment triggered quick browning and anthocyanin loss in lychee fruit, while heat-acid treatment protected the fruit color by a great reduction in the activities/gene expression of anthocyanin degradation enzymes and acidification of lychee perica.     

Correlation Between Antioxidation and the Content of Total Phenolics and Anthocyanin in Black Soybean Accessions

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure, and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation. The variation ranges of the total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, the total phenolics, and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56, 7.05-74.82, and 0.22-1.87 mg g-l, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The major differences in TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between the accessions from black and yellow soybeans, spring and autumn, summer and autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, and Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels, respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than that of Dongbeichun ones, while that of Nanfangchun accessions were the worst. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters, which consisted of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37, and 12 accessions, respectively. The most significant （P 〈 0.01） correlations existed respectively between the TAC and the total showed that the total substances phenolics content, and the TAC and the anthocyanin content of black soybean. The results phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation     

Light Intensity Affects Pungency of Hot Pepper（Capsicum annuum L.） Fruits

This study was carried out both laboratory and field experiment to research the effects of three different light intensity on capsaicin content of hot pepper fruits during the growing stage, the varieties in the study were in different hot levels named No.4 Xiangyan (mid-hot) and No.3 Jingjianjiao (very hot). The study showed that capsaicin content increased accompanied with light intensity weakening. There was an inverse relationship between capsaicin content and peroxidase activity.     

Determination of Amylose Content and Its Relationship with RVA Profile Within Genetically Similar Cultivars of Rice （Oryza safiva L. ssp. japonica）

Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice （Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica）. The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents. 77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar, Wuyunjing 7. It was found that levels ofamylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines （16.0%）; 1-5% lower than control in 50 lines, of which, within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines; and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines. The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues. The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice. The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually, but not exceeding the first apex. The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups. Further, there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group. An optimized mathematical model, which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue, has been established in this study. From this model, it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content. It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.     

微胚乳玉米籽粒中淀粉积累规律的研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study laws of accumulation of starch in micro-endosperm maize kernel. [Method] The laws of accumulation of starch in maize embryo and OSK(the other section of a kernel except embryo) of MEM(micro-endosperm maize) were studied in this experiment by taking Gaoyou 115 maize as control. [Result] The starch accumulation speed of MEM embryo was slightly lower than that of Gaoyou115 and the starch accumulation speed of MEM OSK was far lower than that of Gaoyou 115, so the starch content of the whole kernel of Gaoyou 115 was 3.4 to 4.5 times as high as that of MEM during harvesting. The embryo starch weight ration of Gaoyou 115 maize during harvesting was only 3% to 4% while that of MEM was 16% to 22%. Moreover, starch accumulation speeds of different MEM materials were different and there were significant differences in starch content during harvesting among different MEM materials. [Conclusion] The starch accumulation in MEM was slow, and MEM has widely variation on starch accumulation.     

Effects of Mechanical Impacts on Hatchability of Broiler Breeders

Transporting hatching eggs from Hungary and incubating them abroad revealed lower hatchability compared to when the eggs were incubated in Hungary. Following transport, there were higher embryo losses and, notably, more malformed embryos. The aim of these initial trials was to determine if a testing device （crazy fit massage machine （CFM machine）） was able to replicate and model the mechanical impacts experienced during transport and reproduce the reduction in hatchability and increase the level of malformed embryos as observed in commercial practice. Tinytag~ high sensitivity shock and vibration loggers were used to monitor the impacts under field and trial conditions. Applying single 10 min treatments on the CFM machine, which used the same frequency （10-30 Hz） as the eggs experience under field conditions, induced the negative effect of transport, and lower hatching results were experienced. Three trials were conducted. Treated eggs in Trials 1 and 2 received automatically and periodical changing vibration in a range between 10-30 Hz for 10 min while in Trial 3 two different levels of impact were applied at 20 Hz and 30 Hz, respectively. Hatchability decreased due to the treatment significatly only in Trial 3. Significant differences were also detected in early dead levels in Trials 2 and 3 and the occurrences of malformation in Trials 1 and 3. All these results are in accordance with the field experience. Thus, the trials which examined the equipment were able to produce mechanical impacts that were repeatable in order to set up statistically reliable trials on hatching eggs.     

Regulation of Anthocyanin during Storage Root Development Stage in Sweet Potato(Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.)

Anthocyanin accumulation during storage root development in purple-fleshed sweet potato was analyzed by detection of anthocyanin concentration, accumulation rate and the expression pattern of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Anthocyanin concentration in sweet potato cvs Jishu 18 and Ayamurasaki increased steadily during storage root development stage. The accumulation rate in two genotypes peaked at 50 to 65 d after transplanting, and then declined rapidly. During storage root development of Ayamurasaki, the anthocyanin biosynthesis gene, IbCHS, was constitutively expressed, the genes IbF3H, IbDFR, IbANS were induced steadily, reaching a maximum at the later stage of root thickening, and IbPAL steadily decreased. Therefore, the mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation differed between the two cultivars, and anthocyanin biosynthesis was regulated through regulation of its synthetic enzymes.     

Coronatine Induces an Accumulation of Anthocyanin and Starch in Purple-fleshed Sweetpotato(Ipomoea batatas Lam.)

[Objective]The objective of this research was to examine the effects of COR on anthocyanin and starch content in storage roots of two PFS genotypes,and to explore the relationships between anthocyanin synthesis and starch accumulation.[Method]A field experiment was carried out to determine the changes in yield components,yield,contents of anthocyanin and starch,activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL)and adenosine 5-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase)in two genotypes of PFS(Ipomoea batatas L.,var.‘Ayamurasaki’and‘Jishu18’).[Result]The application of COR significantly increased starch and anthocyanin content in storage roots of Jishu18 across developmental stages by inducing the activities of PAL and AGPase,and finally enhanced yield by promoting fresh weight of storage roots.Ayamurasaki was insensitive to treatment with COR although its PAL activity temporally increased.The starch and anthocyanin content of Aya,and the anthocyanin content of Jishu18 increased progressively across developmental stages with or without COR application,but the starch content of Jishu18increased initially,then decreased before increasing again without application of COR.Treatment with COR reduced downward trend of starch accumulation in Jishu18.Thus,the effect of COR on accumulation of anthocyanin and starch in storage roots of PFS differs according to genotypes.[Conclusion]The application of0.05μmol/L COR may increase starch and anthocyanin content in PFS genotypes with lower starch and anthocyanin content in storage roots.     

Mulching with plastic film improved the root quality of summersown sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas(L).Lam.)in northern China

The root quality of sweet potato cultivated during the summer season is poor in northern China;thus,this study was conducted to determine whether root quality could be improved through mulching with plastic film(MPF).The effect of MPF on root starch and its composition,the activity of starch synthesis enzymes,and other quality-related parameters were investigated in two purple flesh sweet potato cultivars,Jishu 18 and Ayamurasaki(Aya).The results indicated that root dry matter,anthocyanin content,adenosine triphosphate(ATP),and starch content were higher in both cultivars under the MPF treatment than those under the control treatment.The root adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase/uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase(ADPGPPase/UDPGPPase)activity and adenosine triphosphatease(ATPase)activity were increased using MPF.However,under the MPF treatment,the amylose content,soluble sugar content,and granule-bound synthase(GBSS)activity increased in Jishu 18 but decreased in Aya,and the amylopectin content,protein content,and soluble starch synthase(SSS)activity decreased in Jishu 18 but increased in Aya.Therefore,MPF seems benifit to improve the quality of sweet potato,but the effects of this treatment condition may be dependent on the cultivar.     

遮荫条件下紫心甘薯的抗氧化防御系统研究

研究了遮荫条件下两个紫心甘薯品种叶片的抗氧化防御系统多种重要保护酶的变化。结果显示,遮荫20天,两种甘薯的叶片SOD、CAT活性均下降,POD活性、MDA含量均增加;长期弱光胁迫下,济薯18叶片SOD和CAT活性上升,POD活性下降,而品种Ayamuraski叶片的SOD、CAT、POD活性均上升。在遮荫胁迫下,紫心甘薯的SOD、CAT在抗氧化防御系统中显示出重要作用。     

遮阴处理对紫甘薯块根品质的影响

 【目的】研究不同基因型紫甘薯块根品质对不同遮阴程度的响应。【方法】以济薯18和Ayamuraski为材料,分别于块根膨大高峰期(栽后50—100 d),用不同透光度的黑色遮阳网设置遮光40%和遮光70%处理,对照(CK)为自然光处理,测定不同处理对块根干物质含量,总淀粉、直链及支链淀粉含量,淀粉积累速率,可溶性糖含量,蛋白质含量,全粉黏度仪参数及花青素含量的影响。【结果】遮阴处理下,紫甘薯块根中的干物质、总淀粉含量和淀粉积累速率比对照显著降低;遮阴处理不仅显著增加了济薯18直链淀粉含量、直/支比值,而且显著降低了济薯18全粉的高峰黏度、衰减值、回生值和峰值时间,遮阴下Ayamuraski块根的淀粉品质与济薯18相反;遮阴处理还显著提高了两个品种块根中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,并随遮阴程度加大而增高;同时,紫甘薯的花青素含量和积累速率显著降低,济薯18的花青素积累对遮阴的反应比Ayamuraski更敏感。【结论】遮阴处理使紫甘薯的块根干物质、总淀粉含量和淀粉积累速率、花青素含量及不同膨大阶段的花青素积累量明显降低,同时遮阴处理下紫甘薯块根淀粉品质因品种而异。     

紫心甘薯二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶基因表达及酶活性与花色苷积累的相关性

 【目的】以块根着色部位和程度不同的2个紫心甘薯品种（系）‘A5’和‘山川紫’,以及白心甘薯品种‘禺北白’为试材,研究了紫心甘薯二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶（DFR）基因表达及其酶活性与花色苷积累的相关性。【方法】对紫心甘薯在不同生长时期各器官（叶、茎、块根）的花色苷含量和DFR的活性进行了测定,对二者之间的变化趋势进行了相关性分析。此外,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测了‘A5’、‘山川紫’和‘禺北白’块根中IbDFR基因的表达量,以及不同发育时期的山川紫块根中IbDFR基因的表达量,并测定了相应的花色苷含量变化。【结果】（1）在同一生长时期的各品种（系）甘薯中,着色程度深的器官,其花色苷的含量较高,DFR活性也较高,不同器官的DFR活性与相应的花色苷含量呈显著线性正相关;（2）在不同的生长时期,3个品种（系）甘薯各器官的花色苷含量与DFR活性的变化趋势相一致,并且呈显著线性正相关;（3）3个品种（系）甘薯中,着色程度深的块根,其花色苷的含量较高,IbDFR基因的表达量也较高;（4）在山川紫块根的3个发育阶段,随着根的膨大,花色苷含量逐渐升高,IbDFR基因的表达量也逐渐增大。【结论】在不同生长时期的甘薯各器官中DFR活性与花色苷含量均呈线性正相关,且紫心甘薯块根中IbDFR基因表达量的变化与其花色苷含量的变化趋势相一致,说明：DFR是紫心甘薯花色苷合成代谢过程中的关键酶;紫心甘薯花色苷是原位合成的。     

‘美人酥’和‘云红梨1号’红皮砂梨果实的着色生理

【目的】研究两个不同遗传背景的红皮砂梨品种在其着色过程中色素的变化与相关酶活性及糖积累的关系,旨在了解砂梨果实着色的一般规律。【方法】选择两个云南地区主栽的红皮砂梨品种‘美人酥’和‘云红梨1号’,系统研究果实整个生长发育过程果皮中花青苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮、总酚等色素含量和花青苷积累相关的酶活性,以及果肉中糖含量的变化。花青苷含量采用pH示差检测法测定,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和总酚含量采用比色法测定。苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性采用比色法测定,类黄酮半乳糖苷转移酶(UFGT)活性采用高效液相色谱法测定。糖含量采用高效液相色谱法测定。【结果】在果实整个生长发育过程中,两个品种呈现了相似的生理变化趋势。果实生长前期,果皮中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和总酚的含量不断上升,几乎没有花青苷的积累;果实生长中后期(花后13周)开始,叶绿素急剧降解,花青苷不断积聚并在成熟时达到最高值。在果实着色始期,PAL和UFGT活性相继达到最高值;之后随着花青苷的快速合成,PAL活性急剧下降,但UFGT活性一直保持在很高的水平。果实整个发育过程中可溶性总糖含量持续上升,其中蔗糖开始有明显积累的时期与花青苷开始大量积累的时期相吻合。【结论】红皮砂梨花青苷的合成积累主要是在果实生长发育后期,伴随着果实的成熟,花青苷含量达最大值。PAL与花青苷合成的启动有关,UFGT与花青苷的积聚密切相关。花青苷的积累伴随着果肉中可溶性总糖的上升。     

果实花色苷的生物合成及调控

花色苷是果实的重要色素之一,花色苷的合成与积累受内外环境的调控。综述了近几年来果实花色苷生物合成的研究进展,重点介绍了外界因子对花色苷合成的影响,综述了提高果实花色苷含量的技术措施及今后需探讨和解决的一些问题。     

遮荫对紫肉甘薯块根鲜质量、花色苷含量及产量的影响

以渝苏紫43等3个品种为材料,采用4种遮荫处理,并于栽后不同时间挖根测定块根鲜质量及花色苷含量,研究遮荫对紫肉甘薯块根鲜质量、花色苷含量及产量的影响.结果表明,不同品种栽后153 d,单层遮荫处理使块根鲜质量降低23.33%~76%,块根花色苷含量提高32.72%~49.07%,块根花色苷产量降低32.74%~66.28%;双层遮荫整体上增强了单层遮荫的效果.因此,紫肉甘薯最适宜净作.单层或双层遮荫时,渝苏紫43或渝紫263鲜薯或花色苷产量最高.在麦-玉-苕耕作制度下,以收获鲜薯为目的,渝紫263较适与玉米等作物套作,渝苏紫43次之;以获得花色苷为目的,渝苏紫43较适,渝紫263次之.遮荫处理对块根鲜质量和花色苷含量的影响主要表现在生长前期(栽后1~25 d).     

弱光对西瓜植株营养生长的影响

为明确弱光条件对西瓜植株营养生长的影响,以100％全自然光照为对照,设遮光率50％全时段遮光和遮光率50％间断1 d遮光2个处理,并分析了不同弱光处理对植株株高、叶长、叶宽、叶绿素含量等指标的影响。结果表明：50％全时段遮光处理的西瓜幼苗出现徒长,植株茎高、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶柄长度均＞50％间断遮光和对照处理,但茎粗和开花率最低;叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量有着相同的变化趋势,均随西瓜叶片的生长呈先增加后降低趋势,且含量＜对照和50％间断遮光处理;叶片MDA含量＞对照处理,但＜50％间断遮光处理。