Adult nutrition affects reproduction and flight performance of the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Floral resources, such as carbohydrate-rich nectar or pollen, can bolster fitness and raise reproductive output of adult lepidopterans. Here, we used laboratory experiments to assess how those plant-derived foods impact adult fecundity, reproductive physiology and flight performance of an invasive strain of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(FAW; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. More specifically, supplementary feeding on bee pollen and honey enhanced FAW flight duration, testis size, ovarian development, longevity and adult fecundity. FAW adults attained the longest pre-oviposition(10.8 days) and oviposition period(6.8 days) and longevity(19.2 days) on 5% acacia honey. Upon access to 2.5% acacia honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen, S. frugiperda attained the highest mating rate(79.7%), fecundity(644.9 eggs/female) and egg hatching rate(82.3%). Feeding on honey further delayed decay of male testes, while ovarian development was enhanced when female moths were allowed access to 2.5% honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen. Upon feeding on 5% honey solution, S. frugiperda engaged in flight over the longest duration(9.5 h), distance(29.9 km) and speed(3.1 km h~(–1)). Honey had a comparatively greater effect on the above parameters than pollen. Our findings help decipher FAW invasion patterns and population dynamics, facilitate the development of nutritional attractants, and contribute to integrated pest management of this newly-invasive pest in eastern Asia.     

Cold hardiness of the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith, 1797), a crop pest native to tropical and subtropical regions of America, has invaded and spread into most regions in China, posing a severe threat to China's agriculture. The cold hardiness directly determines its geographic distribution through adapting to winter temperatures of different regions. Here, we measured supercooling points and lethal time(LT) at low temperatures of S. frugiperda. The supercooling points for developmental stages in increasing order were: adults(–15.05°C)pupae(–13.25°C)prepupae(–10.50°C)larvae(–9.03°C). Among eggs and 1 st to 4 th instar larvae, the 99% lethal time(LT_(99)) was the highest for 4 th instar larvae, with 99% of larvae dying after 18.59 d at 2°C, 58.72 d at 7°C, and 66.28 d at 13°C. LT_(99) was the lowest for eggs with LT_(99) of 5.33 d at 2°C, 9.28 d at 7°C, and 12.97 d at 13°C. This study provides an understanding of overwintering regions of S. frugiperda in China, which will be helpful for population forecasting and management.     

Expression profiles of Cry1Ab protein and its insecticidal efficacy against the invasive fall armyworm for Chinese domestic GM maize DBN9936

The fall armyworm(FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, which originated in the Americas, is advancing across China and threatening the nation's maize crops. Currently, one widely used tool for its control is genetically modified(GM) Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) maize. Sufficient content of Bt protein in appropriate plant parts is crucial for enhancing resistance against insect pests. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation of Cry1 Ab levels in Chinese domestic GM maize DBN9936, which has recently obtained a biosafety certificate, and evaluated its efficacy against FAW. Quantification of expression levels of Cry1 Ab, via ELISA, indicated a spatio-temporal dynamic, with significant variation of mean Cry1 Ab, ranging from 0.76 to 8.48 μg g–1 FW with the Cry1 Ab protein level ranked as: V6–V8 leafR1 leafR4 leafR1 silkVT tasselR4 kernel. Among the nine locations, the Cry1 Ab levels in DBN9936 of the Xinxiang, Langfang, and Harbin fields were significantly lower than those from Wuhan and Shenyang, and were slightly, but not significantly lower than those from the other four fields. Furthermore, the artificial diet–Cry1 Ab mixture and plant tissue feeding bioassays revealed that DBN9936 has high efficacy against FAW. The insecticidal efficacy of different tissues against FAW larvae reached 34–100% with a descending order of lethality as follows: VT leafR4 leafR1 huskR1 silkVT tasselR4 kernel. Taken together, our results showed that Bt-Cry1 Ab maize DBN9936 has potential as a promising strategy to manage FAW.     

Susceptibility breakpoint for cefquinome against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from pigs

Cefquinome is the only fourth-generation cephalosporin used solely for veterinary applications.In this study,we established the wild-type cut-off (CO_(WT)) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic cut-off (CO_(PD)) of cefquinome against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.A total of 210 E.coli and 160 S.aureus isolates were collected from pigs in Guangdong Province between 2014 and 2018.The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using a microdilution broth method.MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) were 0.06 and 0.25μg m L~(–1) for E.coli and 0.5 and 1μg m L~(–1) for S.aureus,respectively.Statistical analysis and the ECOFFinder Program showed that the CO_(WT )for cefquinome against E.coli and S.aureus were0.125 and 2μg m L~(–1),respectively.The resistance rates were 11.9%for E.coli and 6.25%for S.aureus.Based on a5 000-subject Monte Carlo simulation,the CO_(PD) value for cefquinome against E.coil and S.aureus was 0.25μg m L~(–1) under the recommended dose (2 mg kg~(–1),twice a day for 3 days),confirming that infections caused by strains with MIC≤0.25μg m L~(–1) could be effectively treated.Following adjustment of the dosing regimen to 4.5 mg kg~(–1),effective treatment (90)was achieved for S.aureus infections with MIC_(90) 1μg m L~(–1).This susceptibility breakpoint determination is significant for resistant surveillance and cefquinome dosage guidance against E.coli and S.aureus in pigs.     

Searchlight trapping reveals seasonal cross-ocean migration of fall armyworm over the South China Sea

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a migratory noctuid pest that has recently invaded eastern Asia. From 2017 up till 2020, searchlight trapping was used to assess the extent of FAW migration across the South China Sea. Molecular and morphology-based identification confirmed that FAW made its first appearance on Yongxing Island on 11 April 2019, with most trapped individuals belonging to the S. frugiperda "corn-strain". Carbon isotope analysis further showed that FAW moths originated from C4 host plants, while trajectory analyses revealed that migratory S. frugiperda adults are able to cross the South China Sea and enter mainland China. This long-distance migration process plausibly results in frequent genetic mixing between domestic FAW populations and those of neighboring Southeast Asian countries. Overall, this work provides unique insights into FAW migration across eastern Asia and ultimately can help advance pest forecasting, risk assessment and area-wide pest management.     

二十六种杀虫剂对不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内毒力

2019年初,草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)入侵中国云南地区并迅速扩散。为筛选杀虫效果较好的药剂,室内测定了26种商品药剂对草地贪夜蛾初孵、3龄和5龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明,除6%鱼藤酮微乳剂、0.5%藜芦碱乳油外,其他药剂对初孵幼虫72 h后的校正死亡率均在70%以上。与初孵幼虫相比,大部分药剂对3龄幼虫的毒力有所下降,包括4.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油、1.8%阿维菌素微乳剂、20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、0.5%苦参碱水剂等在内的11种药剂对3龄幼虫72 h后的校正死亡率均在70%以下。选取18种对3龄幼虫效果相对较好的药剂测定其对5龄幼虫的毒力,结果显示,除30%噻嗪·毒死蜱乳油、1.8%阿维菌素微乳剂、3.2%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂、56%阿维·炔螨特微乳剂、20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和10%氟苯虫酰胺悬浮剂外,其他12种药剂对5龄幼虫的校正死亡率均高于70%,包括6%甲维·虫螨腈乳油、44%氯氰·丙溴磷乳油、25%丙溴·灭多威乳油、15%茚虫威悬浮剂、30亿PIB·mL^-1甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒悬浮剂、25%甲维·灭幼脲悬浮剂、2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂、45%毒死蜱乳油、34%乙基·甲氧虫悬浮剂、5%虱螨脲乳油、40%氟虫·乙多素水分散粒剂、1%苦皮藤素乳油。     

Flight activity promotes reproductive processes in the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has invaded many countries in Africa and Asia since 2016, posing a major threat to world food security. Long-distance migration and strong reproductive ability form the biological basis of its rapid population expansion, but the relationship between the flight and reproduction of FAW has not been studied in depth. Here, an empirical assessment of this relationship in an invasive FAW population in China found that 1–3-day-old adults which had undergone 10-h tethered flights had a significantly shorter pre-oviposition period and greater oviposition synchronization, but did not show any differences in fecundity, oviposition period, mating percentage or other reproductive variables. Further studies on moths after 1.25–15-h tethered flights indicated that the reproductive process of adults could be fully triggered by flight activity longer than 2.5 h. Dissection of the reproductive organs also showed that tethered flight promoted ovarian and testicular development of FAW. These results show that appropriate moth flight activity significantly speeds up the reproductive process of FAW, which increases our knowledge on its migratory biology in relation to regional outbreaks.     

草地贪夜蛾在中国西北地区的迁飞路径

【背景】草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）是联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）全球预警的重大迁飞性农业害虫,2018年底入侵中国后对玉米等农作物生产构成了严重威胁。远距离迁飞习性是草地贪夜蛾区域性转移危害的生物学基础,其在东亚季风和印度季风流行的气候环境下,可形成纵贯中国东部地区和西部地区的迁飞路线。据连续两年全国普查,草地贪夜蛾沿西线迁飞路线逐代北侵的终点位于我国西北地区的宁夏全境和内蒙古阿拉善左旗。但目前,入侵中国西北地区的草地贪夜蛾的虫源地尚未明确,该害虫在整个中国西部地区的迁飞路径研究也鲜有报道。【目的】阐释驱动草地贪夜蛾迁入中国西北地区的关键气象动力因子,明确该地区首次入侵种群的虫源地所在,精准解析亚洲季风气候背景下草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径,为建设监测预警体系和指导区域性治理提供依据。【方法】利用2019—2020年草地贪夜蛾在西北地区宁夏的成虫种群动态监测数据和气象资料,采用中尺度气象数值模拟、昆虫迁飞轨迹模型、地理信息系统等技术手段,分析草地贪夜蛾远距离迁飞的大气动力背景场,模拟计算草地贪夜蛾在中国西北地区连续1—3个夜晚的迁飞路径和回推轨迹落点。【结果】7—9月份出现的偏南夏季风是影响宁夏等西北地区草地贪夜蛾不断迁入的关键气象因子,其虫源主要来自于甘肃东南部、四川东部,其次为陕西西部,此外,重庆西南部、云南东北部和山西西部局部也可为西北地区提供一定的虫源。【结论】在偏南夏季风的主导作用下,草地贪夜蛾经由多个夜晚的连续迁飞可构成其在中国西部地区的主要迁飞路径。该路径源自缅甸,自南向北依次经由中国“云南-四川和重庆-陕西和甘肃-宁夏”,最北可达内蒙古。在7—9月份偏南风盛行期提前和风速偏强的气候条件下要加强西北部玉米种植区草地贪夜蛾的监测预警与防治工作。     

室内三种富营养模拟条件下水流调控对羊栖菜和石莼生长及生物质合成的影响

大型海藻养殖是一种低成本、高效、环保的水体富营养化生物修复方法,而水流则是影响大型海藻生长的一个重要因素。研究结果表明,水流交换率为200 vol·d^-1时,羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)比生长率最高达(4.34±0.11) %·d^-1,而水流交换率为100 vol·d^-1、中高浓度营养盐条件下石莼(Ulva pertusa)比生长率最大值分别可达(6.31±1.42) %·d^-1、(8.00±0.79) %·d^-1,营养盐浓度决定了两种大型海藻的生长率,石莼更适宜在高营养盐环境中生长。石莼体内叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物在不同应用情境间均存在明显差异,而羊栖菜体内仅可溶性蛋白表现出明显变化。水流交换的增强明显改变了石莼的生长和羊栖菜可溶性碳水化合物含量。陆基中试实验表明,与低水流速度相比,中、高流速条件下羊栖菜的比生长率分别增加80%、14%,石莼则分别增加41.3%、33.3%。     

Insecticide resistance monitoring for the invasive populations of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Fall armyworm has invaded China and colonized its populations in tropical and sub-tropical regions of South China since December 2018. Chemical spray has been widely used to control the pest, which shall lead to resistance evolution. In this research, we collected five populations of the pest from Yunnan, Hainan, Tibet, and Fujian of China, and tested their susceptibilities to pyrethroid, organophosphorus, oxadiazine, diamide, antibiotics and other types of insecticides(14 insecticides totally) in the laboratory. Based on the susceptible baseline published from the previous studies, the resistance ratio was 615–1 068-fold to chlorpyrifos, 60–388-fold to spinosad, 26–317-fold to lambda-cyhalothrin, 13–29-fold to malathion, 9–33-fold to fenvalerate, 8–20-fold to deltamethrin, 3–8-fold to emamectin benzoate and 1–2-fold to chlorantraniliprole, respectively. The median lethal concentration(LC_(50)) of other six insecticides without the susceptible baselines was 148.27–220.96 μg mL~(–1) for beta-cypermethrin, 87.03–128.43 μg mL~(–1) for chlorfenapyr, 16.35–99.67 μg mL~(–1) for indoxacarb, 10.55–51.01 μg mL~(–1) for phoxim, 7.08–8.78 μg mL~(–1) for M-EBI(the mixed insecticide of emamectin benzoate and indoxcarb) and 1.49–4.64 μg mL~(–1) for cyantraniliprole. This study can be helpful for chemical control as well as for resistance monitoring and management of the pest in China.     

天然柠檬醛衍生物对食品腐败细菌的抑制活性

采用抑菌圈法和琼脂二倍稀释法,测试了12种天然柠檬醛衍生化合物对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,12种天然柠檬醛衍生化合物对4种细菌均有一定的抑菌效果。其中,异丁酸香叶酯对大肠埃希菌抑菌效果最佳,抑菌圈直径为14.83 mm,最低抑菌浓度为8 mg·L^-1;橙花醇对金黄色葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌抑制效果最佳,抑菌圈直径分别为15.80和14.33 mm,最低抑菌浓度分别为8和16 mg·L^-1;香叶醇对绿脓杆菌抑制效果最佳,抑菌圈直径为15.00 mm,最低抑菌浓度为16 mg·L^-1。经天然柠檬醛衍生物处理后,食品腐败细菌细胞膜的相对渗透率升高,表明这些化合物可能对细菌细胞膜具有破坏作用。     

5种鼠尾草属植物的耐湿热性研究

为探究具有较高观赏价值的鼠尾草属植物的耐湿热性，以马德雷鼠尾草、腺毛鼠尾草、紫红鼠尾草、总苞鼠尾草、‘山顶公园’药用鼠尾草为试验材料，分析5种鼠尾草在40 ℃/35 ℃（昼/夜）、空气湿度90%~95%、土壤湿度95%~100%模拟环境下的形态变化，以及叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、细胞质膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的变化。结果表明，在高温高湿胁迫下，5种鼠尾草均受到不同程度的伤害；SPAD随着胁迫时间的延长而下降，相对电导率变化趋势则相反；SOD活性、MDA含量呈现先上升再下降的变化趋势，两者之间存在一定关联；可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量总体呈上升趋势，说明5种鼠尾草在湿热胁迫下产生了一定的适应性，但不同鼠尾草的调节机制侧重不同，其中马德雷鼠尾草、腺毛鼠尾草和‘山顶公园’药用鼠尾草以增加脯氨酸含量为主，而总苞鼠尾草以增加可溶性蛋白为主，紫红鼠尾草两者均不突出。使用隶属函数法对5种鼠尾草进行耐湿热性综合评定，结果为:‘山顶公园’药用鼠尾草>腺毛鼠尾草>紫红鼠尾草>马德雷鼠尾草>总苞鼠尾草。     

香樟叶叶绿素的提取及对液态食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用

以香樟叶叶绿素提取量为指标,采用超声波辅助有机溶剂法研究永州香樟叶叶绿素的提取工艺,并初步探索提取的香樟叶叶绿素对液态食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用。结果表明,香樟叶叶绿素的最适提取工艺为丙酮-乙醇(2:1,体积比)为溶剂,料液比1:20 g·mL^-1,超声时间8.8 min,浸提温度50 ℃,浸提时间3.9 h,连续提取2次。在此条件下,香樟叶叶绿素的平均提取量为4.667 mg·g^-1。抑菌实验表明,在盐水体系中以10 mmol·L^-1的香樟叶叶绿素杀菌效果最好。     

Targeted myostatin loss-of-function mutation increases type II muscle fibers in Meishan pigs

Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and development.  The skeletal muscle in MSTN–/– mice is significantly hypertrophied, with muscle fiber type II increasing significantly while muscle fiber type I decreasing.  However, it is still not clear how the skeletal muscle types change in MSTN^–/– pigs, and how the mechanism for MSTN regulates fiber types, especially in large animals like pigs.  This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the composition of skeletal muscle fibers in MSTN^–/– pigs produced in our laboratory.  It was observed that, compared with wild-type (WT) pigs, both the total mass of skeletal muscle and type IIb muscle fibers increased significantly (P<0.01), while the type I and type IIa muscle fibers decreased significantly (P<0.01), in MSTN^–/– Meishan pigs.  In addition, to explore the influence of MSTN on muscle fiber type and its regulation mechanism in the embryonic stage, this study selected a few genes (Myf5, Mef2d, MyoD and Six1) associated with muscle fiber type and validated their expression by quantitative RT-PCR.  Herein, it was found that Myh7, Myh2, Myh4 and Myh1 can be detected in the skeletal muscle of pigs at 65 days of gestation (dg).  Compared with WT pigs, in MSTN^–/– Meishan pigs, Myh7 decreased significantly (P<0.01), while Myh4 (P<0.001) and Myh1 (P<0.05) increased significantly.  Meanwhile, the increased expression of Myf5 (P<0.05), Mef2d (P<0.01) and Six1 (P<0.05) in MSTN^–/– Meishan pigs suggested that MSTN should regulate the directional development of muscle fiber types in the early stage of embryonic development.  Thus, at the embryonic stage, the type II muscle fibers began to increase in MSTN^–/– pigs.  These results can provide valuable information not only for pig meat quality improvement, but also for the study of human skeletal muscle development and disease treatment.       

马尾松—木荷不同比例混交林林下植被物种组成及其多样性分析

以飞播马尾松林为研究对象,按其树种组成分为10马(10马尾松,类型Ⅰ)、8马2木(8马尾松-2木荷,类型Ⅱ)、7马3木(类型Ⅲ)、6马4木(类型Ⅳ)4种类型设置典型样地,分析比较其林下植被物种组成及多样性。结果表明:1)从类型Ⅰ至类型Ⅳ林下植被的物种数增加,类型Ⅰ为11种,类型Ⅳ为28种;随着木荷比例的增加,林下植被阳生植物的优势地位表现为先增强再逐渐减弱或消失,而喜湿植物的地位逐步提升甚至成为优势种。2)林下灌木及草本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Patrick丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数均在类型Ⅳ时达到最大,表现为类型Ⅳ>类型Ⅲ>类型Ⅱ>类型Ⅰ。3)木荷比例与林下灌木及草本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Patrick丰富度指数呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Pielou均匀度指数相关不显著(P>0.05);拟合得出林下灌木及草本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Patrick丰富度指数达峰值的木荷比例分别为0.43、0.54、0.57、0.50,对拟合曲线分析表明飞播马尾松林补植木荷比例在43%~57%之间其林下植被多样性达到最大值。     

Determining nitrogen status and quantifying nitrogen fertilizer requirement using a critical nitrogen dilution curve for hybrid indica rice under mechanical pot-seedling transplanting pattern

Field experiments of nitrogen(N) treatment at five different application rates(0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha~(-1)) were conducted under pot-seedling mechanical transplanting(PMT) in 2018 and 2019. Two high-quality and high-yielding hybrids of indica rice, Huiliangyou 898 and Y Liangyou 900, were used in this study. The N nutrition index(NNI) and accumulated N deficit(N_(and)), used to assess the N nutrition status in real-time, were calculated for the indica cultivars under PMT with a critical nitrogen concentration(N_c) dilution model based on shoot dry matter(DM) during the whole rice growth stage. The relationships between NNI and N_(and) with relative yield(RY) were determined, and accurate N application schemes were developed for hybrids indica rice under PMT. The results indicated that high application rate of N-fertilizer significantly increased the concentrations of shoot DM and N in aboveground organs during the observed stages in the two cultivars for two years(P0.05). The N_c dilution model of hybrid indica cultivars was N_c=4.02 DM~(-0.42)(R~2=0.97) combining the two cultivars under PMT. Root-mean-square error and normalized root-mean-square error of the curve verification were 0.23 and 10.61%, respectively. The NNI and N_(and) ranged from 0.58 to 1.31 and 109 to –55 kg ha~(-1), respectively, in the two cultivars for all N treatments. NNI showed a linear relationship with N_(and) during the entire growth stage(0.53R~20.99, P0.01). In addition, NNI showed a linear-plateau relationship with RY(0.73R~20.92, P0.01) throughout the observed stages. These results suggest that the models can accurately diagnose the N-nutrition status and support effective N-fertilizer management in real-time for hybrid indica rice under PMT.     

干旱胁迫下9种沙区适生灌木的光响应特性研究

探讨沙区适生灌木对干旱胁迫的光合生理适应性,为内蒙古中西部沙化地区植被恢复提供理论支持。以9种沙区适生灌木为研究对象,设置3个控水梯度,测定供试植物在干旱胁迫下的光响应特征及光合生理指标。结果表明,9种灌木总光合速率（P_n）对太阳辐射的响应规律基本一致,即受干旱胁迫时光响应曲线显著降低。在中度干旱胁迫下,9种灌木P_n下降幅度为33.7%～69.2%,其中最大净光合速率P_m（μmol·m^-2·s^-1）柽柳（10.53）、沙木蓼（10.44）、沙柳（9.74）适应性较强;重度干旱胁迫时,P_n下降幅度为75.4%～87.9%,其中P_m（μmol·m^-2·s^-1）沙柳（4.35）、小叶锦鸡儿（4.11）、中间锦鸡儿（3.91）适应性较强。由表观量子效率和光补偿点变化来看,在中度干旱胁迫时,蒙古莸、华北驼绒藜、互叶醉鱼草、黄柳、沙柳通过提高对弱光的利用来适应干旱;小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿对弱光的利用较为稳定,表现出对干旱的长期适应性。在不同程度干旱胁迫下,表现为柽柳、黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿受光抑制影响较大,沙木蓼、互叶醉鱼草、蒙古莸受光抑制影响较小。在内蒙古中西部沙化地区造林时,沙柳、小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿为首选树种;为提高造林成活,蒙古莸、华北驼绒藜、互叶醉鱼草等应避开严重干旱区域或季节,同时避免过强光照。     

绿航绿萝和金边吊兰对铅胁迫的生理响应

以绿航绿萝和金边吊兰为试验材料,测定Pb²⁺胁迫下植物叶片的生理生化变化,探讨绿航绿萝和金边吊兰对重金属胁迫的响应。结果表明,绿航绿萝可溶性糖含量随着铅处理时间的延长和铅处理浓度的升高表现为先升后降的趋势;游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、叶绿素含量总体上呈现升高趋势;可溶性蛋白含量则呈降低趋势。金边吊兰可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量随着铅处理时间的延长和铅处理浓度的升高表现为升高趋势;可溶性蛋白含量呈降低趋势;叶绿素含量总体上呈现先升后降的趋势。运用隶属函数法对绿航绿萝和金边吊兰抗重金属铅污染能力进行综合评判,结果表明, 金边吊兰优于绿航绿萝。     

盐度对羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)幼体光合特性的影响

以羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)幼体为实验材料,设置不同海水盐度(15‰、20‰、29‰、45‰),对羊栖菜幼体进行梯度胁迫处理,探讨不同盐度胁迫对羊栖菜幼体光合作用的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,羊栖菜的光合作用会受到明显影响。在盐度20‰条件下,羊栖菜幼体光合作用受到的抑制作用较弱,羊栖菜幼体对低盐度海水有一定的耐受性。海水盐度过低(15‰)时,羊栖菜光合作用受到明显抑制。高盐(45‰)条件下,羊栖菜幼体受到损伤,羊栖菜幼体光合作用和无机碳利用受到显著抑制。短时间(1~12 h)处理,羊栖菜光合作用受到的影响较小,各盐度处理的羊栖菜幼体色素含量、最大相对电子传递速率(rETR_max)、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)出现先降低后升高的趋势。长时间(240 h)处理,盐度过低(15‰)或过高(45‰)均会抑制羊栖菜幼体的光合作用,其rETR_max、光能利用效率(α)、最大净光合作用速率(P_nmax)、最大光合固碳速率(v_max)均显著降低,而且过高盐度通过阻碍羊栖菜幼体光合色素合成影响其光合作用过程。实际生产中,当产生过高或过低盐度变化时,应当及时做好羊栖菜的防低盐或高盐胁迫处理,防止长时间的盐度变化影响羊栖菜特别是其幼体的生长。     

杨十斑吉丁虫飞行能力的测定

为了探究杨十斑吉丁虫的基本飞行能力,本试验利用飞行磨吊飞结合野外测定,探究了性别、光照对杨十斑吉丁虫飞行能力的影响并对杨十斑吉丁虫野外单次飞行距离和活动场所进行了研究.吊飞结果显示：雌、雄虫的平均飞行距离之间存在显著差异,平均飞行时间、平均最大飞行速度之间差异不显著,杨十斑吉丁虫个体之间飞行能力差别较大,其中,雌虫的平均飞行距离为2．6172 km,平均最大飞行速度为2．0108 km/h,平均飞行时间为1．7674 h;雄虫的平均飞行距离为2．1385 km,平均最大飞行速度为1．7801 km/h,平均飞行时间约为1．8732 h.个体飞行能力最强为雌虫,其飞行最远距离为5．2 km,飞行最大速度为2．91 km/h,最长飞行时间约为2．9 h.野外研究结果显示：杨十斑吉丁虫主要在树木的树干部位进行活动,单次飞行距离最远可达18．3 m.结果表明：杨十斑吉丁虫有较强的飞行能力,且在光照条件下杨十斑吉丁虫的飞行能力要显著高于黑暗条件下.