玉米自交系抗倒伏比较研究

对5个玉米自交系材料的抗倒伏性进行了研究,结果表明:玉米茎秆倒伏主要受茎秆性状—株高、穗位高、茎粗、根数、鲜重和茎秆最大侧拉力的影响;玉米抗倒伏性可用茎秆侧拉力进行量化评定;筛选到抗倒伏的自交系2个,为进一步进行抗倒伏性状的遗传研究及抗倒伏玉米育种奠定基础.     

玉米倒伏影响因素及其QTL定位研究进展

倒伏不仅严重影响玉米产量及品质,而且还影响机械化收获,是当前玉米生产中亟待解决的主要问题之一。近年来,利用分子标记技术揭示了大量与玉米倒伏相关QTL的基本特征及遗传基础,为分子标记辅助育种奠定基础,为玉米抗倒伏的遗传改良提供了新策略。本文综述了玉米倒伏相关影响因素及QTL定位研究进展,并对玉米倒伏相关QTL研究的趋势进行了展望。     

甜玉米茎秆强度性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

【目的】研究甜玉米茎秆强度性状的遗传模型,为甜玉米抗倒伏育种提供理论依据。【方法】以2个茎秆强度差异较大的自交系T49(抗倒伏)和T56(易倒伏)为亲本配制杂交组合,用"主基因+多基因混合遗传模型"分析方法对甜玉米茎秆强度性状进行分析。【结果】茎秆穿刺强度最佳遗传模型为D-0(1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型),BC_1、BC_2、F_2主基因遗传率分别为74.07%,45.30%,57.78%;茎秆抗压强度最佳遗传模型为E-0(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型),BC_1、BC_2、F_2主基因遗传率分别为44.15%,40.83%,62.97%;茎秆弯折性能最佳遗传模型为E-0(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型),BC_1、BC_2、F_2主基因遗传率分别为69.79%,40.89%,89.46%,3个性状均以主基因遗传为主。【结论】在育种实践中,对早期世代可进行玉米抗倒伏性遗传改良和选择,同时注意一定的环境因素,采用聚合回交或轮回选择来累积微效基因以提高育种效率。     

玉米籽粒蛋白含量Meta-QTL及候选基因分析

玉米的蛋白含量与品质直接相关,可通过各种遗传群体对籽粒蛋白进行QTL分析。但是由于使用不同的遗传图谱和分子标记,结果之间无法直接比较分析,数据也无法整合和利用。为了综合、系统分析玉米籽粒蛋白的QTL位点,收集和整理了289个已报道的玉米籽粒蛋白含量QTL相关信息,采用Bio Mercator4.2软件整合不同遗传图谱,通过元分析发掘到44个meta-QTL(MQTL),研究确定了13个在不同遗传群体间具有一致性的QTL位点。利用生物信息学注释一致性QTL位点区段相关候选基因的功能,获得了847个候选基因,功能富集化分析发现13个候选基因显著富集在9个生物学过程中。这些meta-QTL位点及相关候选基因分析可以为玉米籽粒蛋白的分子标记辅助育种、精细定位和基因克隆提供有用的信息。     

水稻抗倒伏的遗传研究进展

倒伏是制约水稻(Oryza sativa L.)生产的重要因素之一,发生倒伏后引起水稻产量降低、品质变差。水稻倒伏分为茎倒伏和根倒伏,与其株型、茎秆结构、根系生长情况等因素密切相关。近十多年来,随着水稻分子生物学研究的快速发展,已定位或克隆了多个与水稻倒伏相关的QTLs或基因。对水稻抗倒伏的遗传研究进展进行了综述,并提出了利用基因聚合育种技术培育抗倒伏品种的育种策略。     

群体密度对玉米茎秆强度及相关生理指标的影响

【目的】研究群体密度对玉米茎秆强度及相关生理指标的影响,以揭示玉米倒伏机制,为玉米抗倒伏高产栽培和育种提供理论依据。【方法】以抗倒伏性能不同的2个玉米品种先玉420(抗倒伏性能差)和益丰29(抗倒伏性能好)为试验材料,设定5,6,7,8,9,10和11万株/hm2 7个群体密度处理,分别在抽雄期(07-23)和灌浆初期(08-05),测定玉米基部向上第3,4和5节间木质素含量及关键合成酶活性和茎秆强度,同时分析茎秆强度与各项生理指标的相关性。【结果】随着群体密度的增加,2个玉米品种第3到第5节各项指标均呈现先增加后降低的变化,第3和第4节各项指标随群体密度的变化较第5节敏感;益丰29各节位茎秆抗折断力和生理指标总体优于先玉420。相关分析表明,玉米茎秆强度与各生理指标的相关性因品种和生育时期不同而不同;益丰29茎秆强度与木质素含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和酪氨酸解氨酶(TAL)活性呈现显著正相关,而先玉420茎秆强度则仅与TAL活性存在显著正相关。【结论】过高的群体密度会降低玉米的茎秆强度,从而减弱其抗倒伏性能。在选择玉米抗倒伏品种时,应综合考虑形态和生理指标,合理密植,保证优良玉米品种的生产潜力得到充分发挥。     

青稞抗倒伏性状的基因型差异

【目的】 倒伏是影响青稞生产和产量的主要原因之一。筛选与青稞抗倒伏性密切相关的性状并构建抗倒伏评价体系,是开展青稞抗倒伏品种选育的重要理论依据。【方法】 通过对35份青稞种质资源根系、茎秆和穗部23个农艺性状进行方差分析,明确不同基因型间各性状的差异性。采用相关分析筛选出与青稞抗倒伏性密切相关的指标,并通过主成分分析和线性回归分析构建完成青稞抗倒伏评价体系。【结果】 不同基因型青稞材料在同一性状间表现出较大差异,且农艺性状在基因型间的差异均极显著,农艺性状中倒伏率的遗传变异最丰富;同一参试材料的农艺性状在两个生态区间差异较大,海北高寒生态区试点各基因型的遗传变异较丰富;各性状的基因型与环境因素间存在显著互作效应（P<0.05）。相关分析结果表明茎秆强度同青稞抗倒伏性关系最为密切,并通过抗倒伏指标构建青稞抗倒伏评价体系。青稞分蘖数过多、第三和第四茎节过长易引起植株倒伏。根干重大、茎秆重、茎秆壁厚、茎秆强度大是植株固持能力强、抗倒伏伏性优异的原因。【结论】 分蘖数、穗重、茎长、茎重、茎秆强度适合作为青稞抗倒伏性评价指标,验证结果表明抗倒伏评价体系较可靠,可用于青稞种质的抗倒伏性评价。     

禾本科植物细胞壁合成调控研究进展

细胞壁是植物重要的特征结构,与植物的生长发育和对外界环境胁迫反应密切相关。秸秆的机械强度是一个重要的农艺性状,与产量、抗性等相关。而秸秆中细胞壁的主要成分纤维素、木质素、半纤维素等可作为重要的化工原料和生物质来源。秸秆理化性状的遗传改良和综合利用策略的形成均有赖于对细胞壁合成调控机理的认识。本文综述了脆秆突变体基因的定位、图谱克隆和功能研究,数量性状位点(QTL)作图和解析细胞壁相关性状的遗传基础以及共表达分析在探索细胞壁生物合成的候选基因和建立辅助细胞壁合成的调节网络中的应用等禾本科植物细胞壁形成和调控研究领域取得的最新进展。此外,还讨论了这些方面的几个潜在的具有挑战性的问题。     

玉米茎秆第三和第五茎节穿刺强度遗传模型选择

以B73和Mo17玉米自交系构成的6世代群体为材料,利用玉米茎秆穿刺仪,对玉米地上第3茎节和第5茎节中部椭圆形短轴垂直于茎秆进行穿刺,测定玉米茎秆穿刺强度。通过P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、BC_1和BC_2 6个世代联合分析法,以玉米茎秆穿刺阻力为性状,研究控制玉米茎秆倒伏性的基因遗传分离规律。结果表明,玉米茎秆第3茎节穿刺强度的最适遗传模型为B-1(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因模型);玉米茎秆第5茎节穿刺强度的最适遗传模型为E-0(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型)。这一研究结果为玉米抗倒伏性状的有效选择提供方法和理论依据。     

小麦茎秆抗倒伏性能研究

为了研究小麦茎秆纤维素与小麦茎秆抗倒伏性之间的关系,采用微波辅助加热酸浸提法提取了小麦茎秆纤维素,通过光学显微镜、扫描电子纤维镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射光谱法(XRD)等方法对小麦茎秆纤维素光谱性能和形貌结构进行了表征。结果表明:抗倒伏小麦百农矮抗58茎秆纤维素含量为22.51%,结晶度高达74.47%;微波辅助加热酸浸提法所提取的小麦茎秆纤维素纯度高,具有典型的纤维素特征,小麦茎秆纤维素结晶体具有典型的纤维素Ⅰ的结构;小麦茎秆纤维素结构属结晶度高、大分子排列非常紧密的纤维;小麦茎秆纤维素的结晶度和小麦茎秆的倒伏指数具有一定的相关性,结晶度高,倒伏指数小,抗倒伏性能强;结晶度可以用来表征小麦茎秆纤维素的强度,有望作为衡量小麦茎秆质量的重要指标之一。     

QTL analysis of the developmental changes in cell wall components and forage digestibility in maize (Zea mays L.)

Cell wall architecture plays a key role in stalk strength and forage digestibility. Lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are the three main components of plant cell walls, and they can impact stalk quality by affecting the structure and strength of the cell wall. To explore cell wall development during secondary cell wall lignification in maize stalks, conventional and conditional genetic mapping were used to identify the dynamic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of the cell wall components and digestibility traits during five growth stages after silking. Acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose (CEL), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were evaluated in a maize recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. ADL, CEL, ADF, and NDF gradually increased from 10 to 40 days after silking (DAS), and then they decreased. IVDMD initially decreased until 40 DAS, and then it increased slightly. Seventy-two QTLs were identified for the five traits, and each accounted for 3.48–24.04% of the phenotypic variation. Six QTL hotspots were found, and they were localized in the 1.08, 2.04, 2.07, 7.03, 8.05, and 9.03 bins of the maize genome. Within the interval of the pleiotropic QTL identified in bin 1.08 of the maize genome, six genes associated with cell wall component biosynthesis were identified as potential candidate genes for stalk strength as well as cell wall-related traits. In addition, 26 conditional QTLs were detected in the five stages for all of the investigated traits. Twenty-two of the 26 conditional QTLs were found at 30 DAS conditioned using the values of 20 DAS, and at 50 DAS conditioned using the values of 40 DAS. These results indicated that cell wall-related traits are regulated by many genes, which are specifically expressed at different stages after silking. Simultaneous improvements in both forage digestibility and lodging resistance could be achieved by pyramiding multiple beneficial QTL alleles identified in this study.     

玉米茎皮抗穿刺强度与形态性状和化学成分含量间的相关分析

为探讨影响玉米茎秆强度高低的重要因素,选用3个不同抗倒伏类型玉米品种对茎秆地上部第三节抗穿刺强度与茎秆形态性状、化学成分含量的相关关系进行研究。结果表明:3个品种的穗位高和节间短轴直径比其它形态性状有更大差异,抗倒性强的德美亚1号的抗穿刺强度最高,抗倒性弱的垦玉6号地上部第三节茎皮的酸性木质素、酸性洗涤纤维及中性洗涤纤维含量均最低。说明茎皮抗穿刺强度与穗位高呈极显著的负相关,与酸性洗涤木质素和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈显著正相关。因此,在选育玉米抗倒伏品种时,应对这3个主要特征加以重视。     

QTL Mapping for Stalk Related Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Under Different Densities

Stalk related traits, comprising plant height (PH), ear height (EH), internode number (IN), average internode length (AIL), stalk diameter (SD), and ear height coefficient (EHC), are significantly correlated with yield, density tolerance, and lodging resistance in maize. To investigate the genetic basis for stalk related traits, a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between NX531 and NX110 were evauluated under two densities over 2 yr. The additive quantitative trait loci (QTLs), epistatic QTLs were detected using inclusive composite interval mapping and QTL-by-environment interaction were detected using mixed linear model. Differences between the two densities were significant for the six traits in the DH population. A linkage map that covered 1 721.19 cM with an average interval of 10.50 cM was constructed with 164 simple sequence repeat (SSR). Two, two, seven, six, two, and eight additive QTLs for PH, IN, AIL, EH, SD, and EHC, respectively. The extend of their contribution to penotypic variation ranged from 10.10 to 31.93%. Seven QTLs were indentified simultaneously under both densities. One pair, two pairs and one pair of epistatic effects were detected for AIL, SD and EHC, respectively. No epistatic effects were detected for PH, EH, and IN. Nineteen QTLs with environment interactions were detected and their contribution to phenotypic variation ranged from 0.43 to 1.89%. Some QTLs were stably detected under different environments or genetic backgrounds comparing with previous studies. These QTLs could be useful for genetic improvement of stalk related traits in maize breeding.     

玉米生长后期倒伏研究进展

倒伏是玉米生产中普遍存在的问题。传统生产中玉米一般在生理成熟期收获,前人关于倒伏研究也多集中在生育前期茎秆发育过程或者是生理成熟前的某一阶段,而对生理成熟后倒伏研究较少。玉米机械粒收一般在生理成熟后2—4周进行,倒伏将会增加机械粒收过程中的产量损失,降低籽粒品质,使收获难度加大,收获效率以及玉米种植效益明显降低,成为制约玉米种植密度进一步提高和机械粒收技术发展的重要因素。对此,本文从玉米生育后期植株的衰老生理及其影响因素角度进行综述,提出增强玉米后期抗倒伏能力的措施与建议。分析表明,玉米生育后期植株自然衰老将导致叶片、茎秆和根系活力下降,使茎秆含水量、可溶性糖、半纤维素及总结构性碳水化合物含量均降低,细胞壁变薄、细胞间缝隙变大;同时,茎秆和根系PAL、POD和PPO酶活性下降,抗病能力减弱;茎腐病病原菌产生的细胞壁降解酶分解细胞壁中的纤维素,降解寄主细胞,孢子迅速萌发形成菌丝并进入表皮细胞、皮层和维管束组织,加速茎秆组织失水干缩过程,植株空心变软甚至腐烂,茎秆质量下降。而基于密植高产机械粒收技术需求的增密种植、田间站秆籽粒脱水会加速并延长玉米衰老进程,使茎秆质量和抗病能力进一步下降,导致生理成熟后的倒伏风险加大。为有效控制倒伏、加速我国玉米密植高产机械粒收技术的推广,建议:(1)增强玉米生育后期茎秆衰老和倒伏的理论研究;(2)加强玉米抗倒种质创制,选育早熟、耐密植、籽粒脱水快、抗逆性强、适宜机械粒收的品种;(3)通过构建优质土壤耕层,集成宜机收品种、合理密植、肥水科学运筹、化学调控和病虫害综合防控等关键技术,创制高质量健康群体,提高生育后期茎秆的抗倒伏能力;(4)根据各地气候、生态条件,因地制宜制定降低玉米生育后期倒伏风险的应对措施。     

玉米主要病害抗性遗传研究进展

玉米病原微生物来源广泛,包括真菌、细菌、病毒和卵菌纲等,常在叶片、雌雄穗和根茎等部位引起病症, 对玉米生产造成严重影响。玉米属异花授粉作物,地域分布广泛,遗传资源丰富,基因组多样性明显,蕴含着 大量质量和数量性状抗病位点。近年来,针对玉米主要病害开展了大量的抗病基因定位和发掘工作。到目 前为止,至少克隆了4个主效抗病基因,定位了大量的抗病基因/QTL位点,获得了一批抗病获选基因。在理论 研究的基础上,积极开展分子标记辅助的抗病基因/QTL的回交导入和聚合工作,取得了明显的改良效果。从 玉米真菌病害、病毒病、卵菌纲和细菌病害等方面,总结了近年来玉米抗病遗传研究的进展。     

Comparative QTL Mapping of Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot in Maize Based on Bioinformatics

The integration QTL map for gray leaf spot resistance in maize was constructed by compiling a total of 57 QTLs available with genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors as reference. Twenty-six “real QTLs” and seven consensus QTLs were identified by refining these 57 QTLs using overview and meta-analysis approaches. Seven consensus QTLs were found on chromosomes 1.06, 2.06, 3.04, 4.06, 4.08, 5.03, and 8.06, and the map coordinates were 552.53, 425.72, 279.20, 368.97, 583.21, 308.68 and 446.14 cM, respectively. Using a synteny conservation approach based on comparative mapping between the maize genetic map and rice physical map, a total of 69 rice and maize resistance genes collected from websites Gramene and MaizeGDB were projected onto the maize genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors, and 2 (Rgene32, ht1), 4 (Rgene5, rp3, scmv2, wsm2), and 4 (ht2, Rgene6, Rgene8 and Rgene7) positional candidate genes were found in three consensus QTLs on chromosomes 2.06, 3.04, and 8.06, respectively. The results suggested that the combination of meta-analysis of gray leaf spot in maize and sequence homologous comparison between maize and rice could be an efficient strategy for identifying major QTLs and corresponding candidate genes for the gray leaf spot.     

调控玉米株高和穗位高候选基因Zmdle1的定位

【目的】株高是玉米株型育种的重要目标性状之一,不仅与玉米籽粒的机械化收获及抗倒伏相关,也与玉米产量密切相关。因此,挖掘玉米株高 QTL/基因并解析其功能具有重要的理论和育种价值,定位一个新的玉米矮秆基因 ZmDLE1,阐明其生物学功能,为加速改良玉米的株型提供重要的理论依据和基因资源。【方法】利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所自育玉米骨干自交系 LY8405,M₂后代分离获得一个单基因调控隐性遗传的玉米矮秆低穗位突变体,M₃、M₄后代能稳定遗传,命名为 dwarf and low ear mutant1(Zmdle1),通过与 Mo17 杂交构建 F₂分离群体,借助极端性状混池测序分析法(BSA-seq)及目标区段重组交换鉴定的方法,基于 Mo17 参考基因组对目标区段内的基因进行挖掘和功能注释,定位候选基因。【结果】开展了 Zmdle1 表型鉴定,突变体 Zmdle1 苗期表型与对照 LY8405 无显著性差异,成熟期植株株高和穗位高较 LY8405 分别降低 87...     

Key indicators affecting maize stalk lodging resistance of different growth periods under different sowing dates

The accurate evaluation of maize stalk lodging resistance in different growth periods enables timely management of lodging risks and ensures stable and high maize yields. Here, we established five different sowing dates to create different conditions for maize growth. We evaluated the effects of the different growth conditions on lodging resistance by determining stalk morphology, moisture content, mechanical strength and dry matter, and the relationship between stalk breaking force and these indicators during the silking stage(R1), milk stage(R3), physiological maturity stage(R6), and 20 days after R6. Plant height at R1 positively affected stalk breaking force. At R3, the coefficient of ear height and the dry weight per unit length of basal internodes were key indicators of stalk lodging resistance. At R6, the key indicators were the coefficient of the center of gravity height and plant fresh weight. After R6, the key indicator was the coefficient of the center of gravity height. The crushing strength of the fourth internode correlated significantly and positively with the stalk breaking force from R1 to R6, which indicates that crushing strength is a reliable indicator of stalk mechanical strength. These results suggest that high stalk strength and low ear height benefit lodging resistance prior to R6. During and after R6, the coefficient of the center of gravity height and the mechanical strength of basal internodes can be used to evaluate plant lodging resistance and the appropriate time for harvesting in fields with a high lodging risk.     

砂姜黑土区小麦玉米秸秆全量还田对玉米抗倒性能的影响

 【目的】探讨砂姜黑土区小麦玉米秸秆全量还田对夏玉米抗倒性能的影响。【方法】以夏玉米品种郑单958为材料,通过定位试验研究小麦玉米秸秆全量还田对玉米抗倒性能的影响。【结果】小麦或玉米秸秆全量还田均能提高玉米气生根条数、0—30 cm土层根条数及根系干重,同时,玉米株高和单株鲜重均有所增加。秸秆还田后,在吐丝期和灌浆中期,玉米茎秆基部3—7节间的长度、直径、干重和单位茎长干物质重有增加的趋势,尤其是基部节间的茎秆压碎强度和穿刺强度显著提高。另外,玉米的根倒伏系数显著降低,而植株抗倒指数则显著升高。相关分析表明,根倒伏系数与根倒率显著正相关,而与单株鲜重、根系干重和基3节压碎强度显著负相关。玉米总倒折率与节间长度极显著正相关,而与节间干重、充实度、压碎强度和穿刺强度显著负相关。【结论】小麦玉米秸秆连续全量还田可以显著降低夏玉米的根倒率和茎折率,提高籽粒产量。