Effects of Cropping System Change for Paddy Field with Double Harvest Rice on the Crops Growth and Soil Nutrient

The effects of the cropping system change for paddy field with double harvest rice on crops growth and soil nutrient in red soil were studied. The results indicated that the economic benefit and the ratio of the output to input were all increased in terms of the market price for the crops under various treatments. The greatest economic benefit was obtained in the treatment of paddy-upland rotation, and the corresponding economic benefit was increased by 34.7, 21.4, and 2.2% in comparison with that of control （rice-rice-astragali）, pasture, and upland cropping treatments. The economic benefits in pasture and upland cultivation treatments were increased by I 1.0 and 31.8%, respectively, when compared with that of the control treatment （CK）. The ratio of output to input in pasture, paddy-upland rotation, and upland cropping treatments was enhanced by 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3, respectively, in comparison with that of control. To grow pasture is beneficial for improving soil fertility since the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus are all enhanced significantly. However, the concentrations of the soil available nitrogen, the total potassium, the available potassium were somewhat reduced in all the treatments, suggesting that increasing the input of nitrogen, particularly potassium, was necessary under the present fertilization level. Based on the conditions of fertility, climate, cultivation, and management of paddy field with double harvest rice in red soil regions, it is feasible to alter the cultivation system of paddy field with bad irrigation condition. In particular, cultivation systems such as pasture and paddy-upland rotation can be selected to extend because better economic benefit and improvement of soil fertility in the purpose region were obtained.     

江西省双季稻田多作复合种植系统的能值分析

【目的】粮食问题一直都是国际社会关注的热点问题,探寻高效的种植模式,提高土地利用率和粮食产量是目前最为迫切的研究内容。从国内外相关领域的研究成果来看,实行多熟种植模式是充分利用自然资源和提高产量的重要途径,世界各国的农业都在朝着多熟种植的方向发展。1987年,美国著名生态学家H.T. Odum提出能值分析理论来探讨陆地复杂生态系统的功能原理和模拟技术,并将其扩展到人类所参与的生态、环境乃至社会经济系统。20世纪80年代以来,应用能量投入产出来衡量不同熟制或不同复种方式优劣已为国内外农业工作者重视并广泛应用,有助于调整生态环境与经济发展的关系,对自然资源的科学评估与合理利用具有重要的实践价值。论文将阐明双季稻田冬季复种模式系统中的资源利用和投入与产出效益,为南方双季稻田冬季复种模式的耕作制度改革、农田系统的可持续发展提供理论基础,为全面推进区域现代农业发展和农业现代化建设提供科技支撑,为国家和地区粮食增产、农民增收与农村繁荣提供参考依据。【方法】以大田定位试验的原始数据和相关统计年鉴资料为基础,采用能值分析理论和方法,对江西省余江县双季稻田7种复种模式系统中的经济产量折能、光合生产力、光能利用率、投入产出、运行效率和环境负荷等进行综合分析。【结果】冬季复种模式下的作物经济产量折能为217.5×106-229.7×106 kJ•hm-2,均大于冬季休闲模式（T1）的213.5×106 kJ•hm-2,其中T4、T6和T7显著高于其他处理,以T6的增幅最大（8.5%）。T6处理在2008-2010年间均表现出最高的能量增幅,具有很好的优势和稳定性。冬季复种模式的光合生产力（11.99-14.03 g•m-2•d-1）和光能利用率（1.46%-1.70%）极显著高于T1（10.55 g•m-2•d-1和1.28%）,平均增幅为14.4%-34.8%,以T3为最高(34.8%)。光合生产力和光能利用率的变化趋势高度一致。冬季复种轮作模式下的经济产量折能为220.9×106-229.7×106 kJ•hm-2,均高于冬季复种连作(T2)的217.5×106 kJ•hm-2,以T6的增幅最大(6.1%)。除T3有所增加外,冬季复种轮作模式的光合生产力(11.99-13.10 g•m-2•d-1)都低于T2(13.67 g•m-2•d-1),平均降幅为4.2%-12.4%,以T4下降最多。T3(1.70%)和T6(1.67%)的光能利用率显著高于其他处理(1.46%-1.58%),且其他处理均低于T1,以T4和T5降幅最大。能值分析显示,不同处理的能值投入产出存在明显差异;表土净损失能最少为T1(2.98×1016sej),最多是T5(3.83×1016sej);工业辅助能最少投入为T1 (1.62×1017sej),最多是T4(2.98×1017sej,近T1的2倍);有机能投入最少为T1(6.55×1015sej),最多是T7(1.19×1016sej,近T1的2倍);T1的产出能最低(1.39×1016sej),T6的产出能最高(5.42×1016sej,近T1的4倍)。除T3(2.81)略低外,冬季复种模式的能值投入率(3.12-4.57)均大于T1(2.84),T4和T5增幅分别达61.1%和50.4%;但冬季复种模式下的能值产出率只有T4(0.13)高于T1(0.08),其他处理(0.06-0.07)均低于T1。冬季复种模式的环境资源能值占总投入能值的比例为0.17-0.26,一定程度上说明稻田冬季复种模式更有利于保护农田环境资源。冬季复种模式的不可更新环境资源能值/总投入的能值的比值在本研究中为0.10-0.15,意味着稻田农产品的产出很大程度上依赖于不可更新环境资源的消耗,将增大稻田水土流失的风险。所有处理的工业辅助能值/总投入能值的比值均超过了0.8,但处理间差异不明显,即工业投入所占比重较大,不利于稻田系统的可持续发展。【结论】双季稻田冬季作物的种植有利于提高稻田的光合生产力和光能利用率。除双季稻田冬季种植混播绿肥轮作模式外的稻田冬季种植经济作物的轮作模式的光合生产力和光能利用率均低于双季稻田冬季复种连作模式。双季稻田冬季种植蚕豆和豌豆的种植模式比稻田冬季休闲模式具有优势,但双季稻田冬季种植油菜是一个高投入高产出的种植模式,利于可持续发展。因此,在试验区双季稻田冬季种植油菜为最佳复种模式。     

湖南省不同种植制度农田土壤肥力长期演变特征北大核心CSCD

明确不同种植制度农田肥力长期演变特征可为选择合适种植制度以提升耕地质量提供参考依据。以湖南省12个国家和省级农田长期定位试验点的种植制度试验为研究对象,选择当地习惯施肥条件下的水稻—水稻—黑麦草(RRR)、水稻—水稻—紫云英(RRC)、水稻—水稻—大麦(RRB)、水稻—水稻—冬闲(RRW)和水稻—水稻—油菜(RRO)5种双季稻模式,烤烟—水稻(RT)、水稻—冬闲(RW)、水稻—油菜(RO)和水稻—绿肥(RG)4种一季稻模式,棉花—油菜(CR)、大豆—红薯(SS)和玉米—萝卜(MR)3种旱作模式,研究其土壤基础肥力指标和综合肥力的演变趋势。结果表明,双季稻模式有机质含量高于旱作模式,长期习惯性施肥条件下,除RRO、RT和RW有机质含量下降外,其余均有上升。RRW、RRO、RT和RW全氮含量相对较高但均有下降,其余则均有增加。RRO和RG碱解氮含量下降明显,而旱作模式均呈增加趋势。RRO和RRW速效磷含量下降明显,而旱作模式年均增加约1.23~4.76 mg/kg。双季稻模式速效钾含量均有下降,而一季稻和旱作模式除RT和MR增加外呈下降趋势或无明显变化。双季稻模式综合肥力下降,而一季稻和旱作模式均有上升。研究表明,湖南省不同种植制度农田肥力变化差异较大,双季稻模式应控氮重钾,一季稻模式应减施氮磷,旱作模式应培肥地力和控施磷肥。     

Changes in Transformation of Soil Organic C and Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community Under Different Land Uses

Changes in soil biological and biochemical properties under different land uses in the subtropical region of China were investigated in order to develop rational cultivation and fertilization management. A small watershed of subtropical region of China was selected for this study. Land uses covered paddy fields, vegetable farming, fruit trees, upland crops, bamboo stands, and forestry. Soil biological and biochemical properties included soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of soil organic C, and soil microbial biomass and community functional diversity. Soil organic C and total N contents, microbial biomass C and N, and respiration intensity under different land uses were changed in the following order: paddy fields (and vegetable farming) > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland). The top surface (0–15 cm) paddy fields (and vegetable farming) were 76.4 and 80.8% higher in soil organic C and total N contents than fruit trees (and upland) soils, respectively. Subsurface paddy soils (15–30 cm) were 59.8 and 67.3% higher in organic C and total N than upland soils, respectively. Soil microbial C, N and respiration intensity in paddy soils (0–15 cm) were 6.36, 3.63 and 3.20 times those in fruit tree (and upland) soils respectively. Soil microbial metabolic quotient was in the order: fruit trees (and upland) > forestry > paddy fields. Metabolic quotient in paddy soils was only 47.7% of that in fruit tree (and upland) soils. Rates of soil organic C mineralization during incubation changed in the order: paddy fields > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland) and soil bacteria population: paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry. No significant difference was found for fungi and actinomycetes populations. BIOLOG analysis indicated a changing order of paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry in values of the average well cell development (AWCD) and functional diversity indexes of microbial community. Results also showed that the conversion from paddy fields to vegetable farming for 5 years resulted in a dramatic increase in soil available phosphorus content while insignificant changes in soil organic C and total N content due to a large inputs of phosphate fertilizers. This conversion caused 53, 41.5, and 41.3% decreases in soil microbial biomass C, N, and respiration intensity, respectively, while 23.6% increase in metabolic quotient and a decrease in soil organic C mineralization rate. Moreover, soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were increased slightly, while fungi population increased dramatically. Functional diversity indexes of soil microbial community decreased significantly. It was concluded that land uses in the subtropical region of China strongly affected soil biological and biochemical properties. Soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of organic C and functional diversity of microbial community in paddy fields were higher than those in upland and forestry. Overuse of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields with high fertility might degrade soil biological properties and biochemical function, resulting in deterioration of soil biological quality.     

红壤稻区玉米不同间种模式的效应研究

不同间种模式试验结果表明,玉米与大豆间种的土地产出系数达１．１０７～１．５４７,其产值比大豆单种提高５．３％ ～５２．９６％ ,比玉米单种提高２６．８％ ～５６．６８％ ;不同间作模式的粗蛋白总量排序为玉米花生＞ 玉米大豆＞ 玉米红薯,干物质总量排序为玉米红薯＞ 玉米花生＞ 玉米大豆;红壤稻田种植玉米等旱作物后,土壤ｐＨ值呈上升趋势,水解氮呈下降趋势。     

Comparison of carbon sequestration efficiency in soil aggregates between upland and paddy soils in a red soil region of China

There is limited information on carbon sequestration efficiency(CSE) of soil aggregates in upland and paddy soils under long-term fertilization regimes. In a red soil region of southern China, an upland soil experiment started in 1986 and a paddy soil experiment commenced in 1981. These experiments were conducted using different fertilization treatments. After 30 years, soil organic carbon(SOC) content and stock of different aggregate components were analyzed. The results showed that the SOC contents and stocks in upland soil were lower than in paddy soil. In both upland and paddy soils, the SOC contents and stocks of all aggregate components in NPKM(combined treatment with chemical nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K) fertilizers and manure) were the highest among all treatments. Compared with CK(no fertilizer), SOC content of all aggregate components in NPKM was increased by 13.21–63.11% and 19.13–73.33% in upland and paddy soils, respectively. Meanwhile, the change rates in SOC stock of all aggregate components in upland soil were lower than in paddy soil, although the change rate of SOC stock of all aggregate components in NPKM was higher than in other treatments. Furthermore, a linear equation could fit the relationships between carbon(C) input and change rate of SOC stock(P0.05). Results indicated that the sum of CSE from all aggregate components in upland soil(16.02%) was higher than that of paddy soil(15.12%) in the same climatic condition and from the same parent material. However, the CSEs from all aggregates were higher than that of bulk soil, although the result from bulk soil also showed that the CSE of upland soil was higher than that of paddy soil.     

123种植模式经济效益分析

针对近年珠三角地区菜田连作出现的突出问题，采用“123种植模式”（菜-中晚稻-菜”轮作模式）与当地传统的“早稻或晚稻-蔬菜”轮作及蔬菜连作等几种模式进行经济效益比较分析。结果表明，“123种植模式”的经济效益最佳，其中“白瓜-中晚稻-番茄”模式每667m^2的年产值和年纯收益分别达到12377元和10931元，实现了在最有利于种植高效作物的高效生产时段优先安排种植高效作物，并较好地发挥了作物间对气候、土壤生态条件利用的互补作用，从而达到耕地综合效益最大化。     

双季抛栽条件下连续免耕对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

 【目的】研究连续免耕对双季水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响,为南方稻区土壤合理耕作和水稻免耕抛秧栽培技术的推广应用提供参考依据。【方法】2005—2009年在大田试验条件下,以翻耕抛栽为对照,探讨稻田连续免耕抛栽对水稻产量、土壤容重、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤保水性、土壤养分、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响。【结果】稻田免耕1—2年(4季),早、晚稻产量较翻耕处理的产量分别增加了2.70%和1.87%,但与对照差异不显著。随着免耕时间的延长,早、晚稻产量均表现为下降,尤其是免耕5年水稻产量下降更为显著,下降幅度分别为9.16%和12.56%;稻田免耕1年(2季),有利于土壤物理性状的改善,随着免耕时间的延长,土壤物理性质变差,较翻耕相比,容重增幅为1.68%—8.01%,总孔隙度减少0.69%—4.48%,非毛管孔隙度下降15.42%—37.92%;免耕有利于土壤养分在表层土壤富集,但不利于土壤水分的保持;土壤中三大类微生物总量免耕处理小于翻耕处理,免耕土壤细菌的数量增加,而放线菌和真菌的数量减少;免耕土壤中脲酶活性增加;脲酶,过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性均与土壤有机质、全氮含量呈极显著相关,而过氧化物酶活性则与土壤全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著相关。【结论】稻田免耕1—2年(4季)产量与翻耕无显著差异,免耕1年有利于土壤物理性状的改善,随着免耕时间的延长,土壤物理性质变差,早、晚稻产量均表现为下降。免耕有利于土壤养分在表层土壤富集,但不利于土壤水分的保持。免耕土壤细菌的数量增加,而放线菌和真菌的数量减少,免耕土壤中脲酶活性增加。     

东北黑土区旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮的变化特征

【目的】分析东北黑土区旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮含量及其密度和~(13)C、~(15)N自然丰度值的动态变化,探讨旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳(氮)的固定能力及其稳定性,揭示旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳(氮)的演变规律,为东北黑土的合理利用和培肥提供理论依据。【方法】结合野外实地调查,选择典型黑土区旱田土壤(种植大豆年限大于60年)和改种不同年限的稻田土壤(3、5、10、17、20和25年,旱田改稻田前种植历史基本相同,均为大豆),利用稳定同位素分析技术,研究旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮的动态变化特征。【结果】旱田改稻田25年间,在0—60 cm土层,土壤有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势均表现为:在改种的前3年迅速下降,降幅分别为13.60%—43.27%和10.40%—40.60%,在3—25年间随改种年限延长呈逐渐增加的趋势,且在20—60 cm土层出现累积,但在3—5年期间增加幅度较大,在5—25年期间增加较为缓慢,在改种17—25年期间,稻田土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于旱田土壤;0—60 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮密度的变化趋势与其含量的变化趋势大致相同,在改种的3年间0—60 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮密度分别降低了26.53%和21.89%,在改种5—25年间0—60 cm土层稻田土壤有机碳和全氮密度均大于旱田土壤,增幅分别为9.87%—21.48%和10.2%—19.3%;旱田改稻田后,土壤全氮与有机碳的变化密切相关,土壤全氮与有机碳的含量、密度之间均呈显著线性正相关关系(P0.01)。在0—60 cm土层,土壤δ~(13)C值在改种的3年间明显上升,在3—25年间随改种年限延长呈逐渐下降趋势,且大于5年的稻田土壤δ~(13)C值均低于旱田土壤,而土壤δ~(15)N值在改种的25年间随改种年限延长呈逐年下降趋势,各年限稻田土壤δ~(15)N值均低于旱田土壤,相同年限土壤的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值均随着土层加深而增大;0—40 cm土层土壤δ~(13)C值与土壤有机碳含量之间呈显著线性负相关关系(P0.01),但各土层土壤δ~(15)N值与土壤全氮含量之间则无显著相关性。【结论】东北黑土区旱田改稻田大于5年后,稻田土壤具有明显的固碳(氮)能力,稳定性碳(氮)在20—60 cm土层累积;改种稻田年限小于5年,应注重有机碳(氮)的补充,以维持和提高土壤有机碳(氮)水平。     

冬季覆盖植物对南方稻田土壤养分和水稻生长的影响

以冬闲-双季稻为对照,通过对黑麦草-双季稻、紫云英-双季稻、油菜-双季稻和马铃薯-双季稻等5种不同冬季覆盖植物稻田土壤养分变化及晚稻生长进行为期4年的定位研究.结果表明:不同冬季覆盖植物均能改善稻田土壤肥力状况,提高稻田土壤有机碳和全氮的含量,促进晚稻对养分的吸收和植株生长发育.晚稻植株的根系和地上部分干物质积累量均明显高于对照;上述4种冬季覆盖植物晚稻的有效穗数分别比对照增加23.36,21.24,11.19,31.86万/hm~2,其穗长、穗重和结实率与对照均无明显差异,千粒重分别比对照增加0.11,0.95,0.13,0.51g;油菜-双季稻晚稻的穗干重明显高于对照及其它处理.稻田冬季覆盖植物有利于改善晚稻产量构成因素,不同程度地提高水稻产量,分别比对照增加649.67,558.64,437.26,783.82kg/hm~2.     

中国夏秋粮生产化肥施用环境成本估算

为估算2000、2005、2010年全国主要夏粮(早稻和小麦)与秋粮(中稻、晚稻和玉米)化肥施用环境影响的能值成本和宏观经济价值,以及计算2000—2010年的夏秋粮生产化肥施用环境成本的增长率,以化肥施用的污染产生剂量分析为基础,借助能值分析理论和伤残调整生命年评估手段来进行研究。结果表明:2010年,夏粮化肥施用环境成本高达171亿元,约占农业增加值的0.75%;秋粮化肥施用环境成本高达327亿元,约占农业增加值的1.44%;时间序列来看,2000—2010年全国夏粮与秋粮化肥施用引致的环境成本增加,2010年全国主要的粮食作物使用化肥引致的环境成本比2000年增长了4.68倍,其中夏粮增长了3.55倍,秋粮增长了5.53倍,夏粮的环境成本增速稍有下降,秋粮的增速大致保持不变。空间分布特征来看,夏粮在北部及沿海地区的影响强度大于南部与内陆地区,秋粮在西部耕地资源稀缺区的化肥环境影响强度趋于强烈。因此,农业生产中土地要素相较稀缺的地区,更加依赖于化肥的大量投入来提高产量,化肥环境成本负荷相应较大。     

成都平原稻田持续高产高效种植制度的定位研究

本文通过六年定位试验，从生产能力、经济效益及对土壤理化性状的影响几方面进行分析，探讨不同种植制度的产量水平、经济效益和稳产性。综合分析结果看出：成都平原稻田麦稻晚秋，油、稻晚秋轮作方式有利于改善土壤理化性状，提高土壤肥力，实现持续高产高效，是本区较优良的持续高产高效种植制度；在目前一年二熟制为主的情况下，应大力开发利用晚秋资源，提高稻田综合效益；增种一季晚秋作物有利于后茬小麦增产，对减轻小麦连作障碍有显著作用，油菜、小麦连作都会导致土壤理化性状恶化、作物产量降低。     

施用有机肥提升不同土壤团聚体有机碳含量的差异性

基于收集已发表文献数据,建立具备相同有机碳分组方法(湿筛法)、相对独立的43篇文献的319组成对数据,利用Meta整合分析法研究不同耕地类型、种植制度及土壤质地条件下施肥对各粒径团聚体(2、2~0.25、0.25~0.053、0.053 mm)有机碳含量的影响程度。结果表明:与不施肥相比,施用有机肥和化肥均显著提升了土壤总有机碳(TSOC)及2、2~0.25、0.25~0.053 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量,有机肥对总有机碳的提升幅度(38.0%)是化肥(8.8%)的4.3倍,而对各级团聚体有机碳的提升幅度(39.7%~72.3%)是化肥(4.3%~15.8%)的4.6~9.2倍(P0.05)。对于0.053 mm团聚体有机碳而言,施用化肥无影响,但有机肥能显著提升其有机碳含量。在同一条件不同粒径下,与不施肥相比,一年两熟、旱地、砂土及黏土下施用有机肥对2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量的提升幅度显著高于其他粒径。在同一粒径不同条件下,与不施肥相比,施用有机肥对不同粒径团聚体有机碳含量的提升幅度(P0.05)存在显著差异,分别为2~0.25 mm:砂土壤土、黏土;旱地水田、水旱轮作;0.25~0.053 mm和0.053 mm:一年一熟一年两熟;旱地水田、水旱轮作。施用化肥与施用有机肥结果类似,但差异不显著。施用化肥显著降低了水田中0.053 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量,降低幅度为16.4%。0.25和0.25 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量均与TSOC呈极显著正相关关系,TSOC每增加1.00g·kg~(-1)时,0.25 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量的增加幅度(0.61 g·kg~(-1))要高于0.25 mm粒径(0.23 g·kg~(-1))。可见,施用有机肥有利于农田土壤团聚体有机碳的累积,尤其是大团聚体(0.25 mm),而不同条件下,尤其在旱地及质地较轻的砂土中,对土壤团聚体有机碳含量的累积更应该考虑有机肥的投入。     

冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田对水稻植株养分积累与转运的影响

为明确双季稻区不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田对后茬水稻植株干物质和养分积累与分配的影响,选择不同冬季覆盖作物-双季稻种植模式为研究对象,采取田间小区定位试验,以冬闲-双季稻种植模式为对照(CK),开展了黑麦草-双季稻(Ry-R-R)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv-R-R)、油菜-双季稻(Ra-R-R)和马铃薯-双季稻(Po-R-R)种植模式下不同冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田后对后茬水稻各部位干物质和氮、磷、钾积累与分配影响的研究。结果表明：早稻成熟期,Po-R-R处理茎、叶物质贡献率均高于其他处理;晚稻成熟期,Ra-R-R处理的茎、叶物质转运率和物质贡献率均高于其他处理。早稻成熟期,Mv-R-R处理水稻植株穗和地上部分的氮素和磷素积累量均显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）;各秸秆还田处理水稻植株茎和地上部分的钾素积累量均显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）。晚稻成熟期,Po-R-R处理叶、穗和地上部分的氮素和磷素积累量均显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）。Mv-R-R处理穗和地上部分的钾素积累量均显著高于Ry-R-R、Ra-R-R和CK处理（P<0.05）。总的来说,各冬季覆盖作物秸秆还田措施均促进了水稻各部位干物质积累和转运;其中以紫云英秸秆还田处理有利于水稻群体养分的积累与转运。     

Discrepancy in Response of Rice Yield and Soil Fertility to Long-Term Chemical Fertilization and Organic Amendments in Paddy Soils Cultivated from Infertile Upland in Subtropical China

From 1990, over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N to long-term NPK fertilization or NPK combined with organic amendments. The field trials included NPK (N, P, K fertilizer), NPKRS (NPK combined with rice straw), NPK2RS (NPK combined with double amount of rice straw), NPKPM (NPK combined with pig manure) and NPKGM (NPK combined with green manure) and the cropping system was rice-rice {Oryza sativa L.) rotation. Annual rice yield, straw biomass, and harvesting index increased steadily with cultivation time in all treatments. Average annual rice yield from 1991 to 2006 was ranged from 7 795 to 8 572 kg ha-1 among treatments. Rice yields in treatments with organic amendments were usually higher than that in treatment with NPK. Contents of SOC and total N also increased gradually in the cultivation years and reached the level of 7.82 to 9.45 and 0.85 to 1.03 g kg-1, respectively, in 2006. Soil fertilities in treatments with chemical fertilization combined with organic amendments were relatively appropriate than those in treatment with NPK. There was obvious discrepancy between cumulative characters of rice yield and soil organic fertility in newly formed paddy field. Compared with relatively high rate of crop productivity improvement, cumulative rates of SOC and total N were much lower in our study. SOC and total N contents were still less than half of those in local highly productive paddy soils after 17 years cultivation in subtropical China. Present work helps to better understand the development of infertile paddy soils and to estimate the potential of yield improvement in this region.     

我国南方耕作制度的发展和展望

我国南方农业在全国占有重要地位。近十年南方耕作制度研究和改革在以下三个方面有较大发展：1.以提高土地生产率为目标的耕地资源的深度利用,如旱地以麦玉薯为主体的分带轮作多熟制改革;稻田三熟制的冬季轮作,冬水田、冬闲田、秋闲田等冬、秋季耕地资源的合理开发利用。2.以提高农田经济效益为重要目标的多类型、多功能种植和农作制度。3.以提高劳动生产率与土地生产率为目标的稻麦两熟耕作制度。通过对2000年人口增长与耕地减少的趋势分析,对今后进一步提高单产,提高投入与投入产出效率及提高总土地生产力与效益的要求与途径作了讨论与展望。     

连续施肥对不同肥力稻田土壤基础地力和土壤养分变化的影响

【目的】研究双季稻种植制度下,连续3年施肥与不施肥对不同肥力土壤基础地力产量、基础地力贡献率、土壤氮磷钾表观平衡和土壤养分变化的影响,为不同肥力土壤基础地力培育及土壤肥力维持和提升提供参考。【方法】从32年长期施用不同肥料定位试验的不施任何肥料(CK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾肥配施稻草(NPKS)处理采取土壤,分别代表3种不同肥力水平,设置连续3年施肥与不施肥处理的盆栽试验,监测双季水稻产量、土壤基础地力产量、基础地力贡献率和土壤氮磷钾养分的变化。【结果】在试验期间,不同肥力土壤的早晚稻基础地力产量、基础地力贡献率均表现为:NPKS处理土壤NPK处理土壤CK处理土壤,且随着试验年限的延长,不同肥力土壤之间的差异呈逐渐缩小趋势,到试验第3年,不同肥力土壤之间的差异变得不显著。无论施肥或不施肥,初始肥力越高的土壤经3年6季水稻种植,由作物收获带走的氮、磷、钾养分越多。不同肥力土壤在连续施肥条件或不施肥条件下,肥力养分变化规律存在较大差异,这种差异与水稻种植体系中养分输入-输出平衡状况有一定关系。【结论】初始肥力越高的土壤如果连续不施肥,其基础地力下降得越快。因此,对于地力水平较低的土壤应注重合理施肥,培育和提高农田土壤肥力和基础地力;地力水平较高的土壤也应注意高效合理补充养分,以维持土壤较高的肥力水平和持续生产力。     

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化与草粮轮作水分恢复效应

【目的】揭示黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化发生规律与草粮轮作对干燥化苜蓿草地土壤水分恢复效应。【方法】在甘肃镇原试验站实地测定了不同生长年限苜蓿草地与不同类型草粮轮作粮田深层土壤湿度,分析了苜蓿草地土壤干层分布特征与草粮轮作对土壤干层水分恢复效应。【结果】15—28年生苜蓿草地0—1000cm土层土壤湿度平均值为10.20%,土壤干燥化速率为34.2mm·a-1,土壤干层最大分布深度超过了1400cm;苜蓿草地翻耕并轮作3—25年粮食作物后土壤干层湿度能够逐步恢复,土壤干层恢复厚度为583cm,土壤湿度恢复速率为77.3mm·a-1,土壤湿度恢复度达到83.3%。通过草粮轮作方式使15年生苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度值需要8年以上。【结论】有利于土壤水分恢复的适宜草粮轮作模式是"10年生苜蓿→8年以上轮作粮食作物"。     

双季稻田改制对作物生长及土壤养分的影响

 【目的】探讨红壤地区双季稻田改制对作物生长及土壤养分变化的影响，为灌溉条件较差稻田种植制度改革提供有效模式。【方法】利用田间定位试验方法，研究了双季稻田改种牧草、水旱轮作及旱作等模式对作物生长、产量和经济效益的影响，并分析了土壤有机质和养分含量的变化。【结果】按各处理生产产品的市场价格进行折算，稻田改制可增加产值、提高产投比。各处理比较，以水旱轮作产值最高，分别比对照、牧草和旱作处理增加34.7%、21.4%和2.2%，且牧草和旱作处理也分别较对照增加了11.0%和31.8%；牧草、水旱轮作和旱作处理产投比值分别比对照高0.9、0.6和0.3。种植牧草对提高土壤有机质和全氮、全磷及速效磷含量有较好效果，但各处理土壤碱解氮、全钾、速效钾的含量均有一定幅度下降，说明在本研究的施肥水平下，有必要增加氮素、特别是钾素养分的投入。【结论】在当前红壤地区双季稻田肥力状况、气候及作物栽培管理条件下，对灌溉条件较差的稻田进行改制是可行的，其中，种植牧草或实行水旱轮作对提高经济效益、提升土壤肥力有较好效果。     

贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区土壤Ni污染及农作物健康风险评价

为研究贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区采矿活动对周围土壤和农作物的影响,以小竹流水和团山堡矿点为研究区域,采集矿点周围表层土壤(旱地土和水稻土)和农作物样品共51个,分析其Ni含量特征,并分别采用地累积指数法和危险商法对土壤Ni污染程度和农作物Ni健康风险进行评价。结果显示:矿区旱地土和水稻土Ni平均含量分别为157.1 mg·kg~(-1)和197.0 mg·kg~(-1),两种类型土壤均具有高Ni含量特征;6种农作物(水稻、玉米、甘薯、白菜、辣椒和萝卜)样品Ni含量范围为0.36～59.97 mg·kg~(-1),除玉米外其余农作物平均含量均超过《食品卫生理化检验标准手册》收入的Ni标准限量。地累积指数法评价结果显示,矿区旱地土和水稻土均受到不同程度的Ni污染,污染程度主要为轻度污染至中度污染-重度污染,部分土壤达到重污染。农作物Ni健康风险指数表明,各农作物的Ni摄入量均小于暴露参考计量,对应的健康风险指数均小于1,表明单独食用其中一种农作物对成人和儿童造成的Ni健康风险较小。如果同时食用这6种农作物,成人和儿童的Ni健康风险指数均大于1,存在一定的健康风险。本研究的评价结果表明,矿区土壤中Ni受到牛蹄塘组底部黑色页岩风化及Ni-Mo矿开采的影响,存在一定程度的Ni污染,并对周围居民造成了一定的健康风险。