不同施肥制度下中国东部典型土壤易分解与耐分解氮的组分特征

【目的】土壤易分解氮（labile nitrogen,Lab-N）和耐分解氮（recalcitrant nitrogen,Rec-N）是土壤氮库的两个重要组分,其组分含量与比例可反映土壤有机氮周转与固存特性。因此,研究土壤长期不同施肥制度下易分解氮与耐分解氮的含量及比例特性,是土壤氮库管理与土壤肥力质量建设的重要研究内容。【方法】利用中国东部3种旱作土样（吉林公主岭黑土、河南郑州潮土、湖南祁阳红壤）和1种水稻土土样（湖南望城）,运用颗粒密度分组法,研究长期不施肥（CK）、施化肥（NPK）、化肥配施秸秆（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）4种不同施肥制度下易分解氮和耐分解氮的含量及比例变化特征。【结果】旱作土壤易分解氮的平均含量为0.15 g·kg^-1（0.10-0.29 g·kg^-1）低于水田的0.22 g·kg^-1（0.20-0.23 g·kg^-1）,而其占全氮的比例高于水田。经23年处理后,旱作土壤CK处理全氮含量较试验初期氮含量显著下降,下降的比例为7.5%-9.7%,水稻土则显著上升,升高的比例为11.5%;长期NPK处理,旱作土壤和水田全氮含量较CK显著增加,红壤易分解氮含量较CK易分解氮显著下降,其他地点无显著变化;长期NPKS处理,旱作和水田土壤全氮含量显著增加,黑土和水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例较CK无显著变化,红壤易分解氮含量显著下降,而潮土易分解氮含量显著增加;长期NPKM处理,显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及易分解氮占全氮的比例,其中黑土增加的比例最大分别为85.0%、106.0%和4.2%,水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例无显著差异性。4种土壤耐分解氮的含量与全氮含量的变化趋势一致,均表现为NPKM＞NPKS＞NPK＞CK,其中NPKM处理降低了耐分解氮占全氮的比例。【结论】旱作土壤易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例对不同施肥处理的响应比水田更加敏感。化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例,效果优于秸秆还田,更优于化肥处理。     

水田和旱地土壤有机碳周转对水分的响应

【目的】研究土壤含水量对水田和旱地土壤中可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量以及有机碳矿化的影响,以探明水田和旱地有机碳周转差异的来源。【方法】在标准培养条件下（25℃,100%空气湿度）培养100 d,研究了5个水分梯度下（45%、60%、75%、90%、105%WHC,WHC为土壤饱和持水量）水田和旱地土壤有机碳的矿化特征,并测定了培养期内3个水分梯度下（45%、75%、105%WHC）土壤的可溶性有机碳（DOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）含量。【结果】土壤含水量、土地利用方式（水田和旱地）及两者的交互作用对土壤有机碳的矿化、DOC和MBC均有显著影响。水田（45%-90%WHC）和旱地（45%-75%WHC）土壤有机碳的累积矿化率（量）随含水量增高而增高,有机碳的周转半衰期随含水量的增高而缩短（水田为5.23-7.57 a,旱地为6.79-12.87 a）。100 d的培养期内,水田和旱地土壤分别有2.33%-3.94%和1.66%-3.33%的有机碳参与了矿化。淹水条件下,水田和旱地土壤的有机碳矿化速率均高于好气条件。同时,淹水条件还使水田土壤的DOC、MBC含量显著降低,对旱地则无影响。【结论】在一定水分范围内（水田：45%-90%WHC;旱地：45%-75%WHC）,提高含水量可以促进水田和旱地土壤有机碳的矿化,有利于养分的释放,但对土壤活性有机碳（DOC和MBC）无促进甚至有抑制作用。土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累积矿化率（量）,在淹水条件下和水田土壤中比在好气条件和旱地土壤中高,其原因之一可能是取样制样过程中土样经历的干湿交替过程促进了有机碳的降解。     

长期施肥对黄泥田土壤团聚体中氮素积累和有机氮组成的影响

【目的】氮是南方黏瘦型中低产田重要的限制因子。研究长期施肥对黄泥田团聚体中氮素累积及有机氮组成的影响,为合理培肥及土壤氮库管理提供依据。【方法】采集黄泥田36年定位试验中不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、化肥+全量稻秸还田（NPKS）4种处理耕层土壤,采用湿筛和Bremner有机氮分级方法,分析团聚体氮素累积与有机氮组分含量及分配的变化。【结果】施肥处理>2 mm团聚体全氮含量较CK显著增加12.7%—51.9%(P<0.05);NPKM与NPKS处理>2 mm团聚体对原土全氮累积贡献率较CK分别显著提高24.7与20.0个百分点（P<0.05）。施肥处理>2 mm团聚体酸解性氮与非酸解性氮含量分别较CK增加10.1%—36.3%与20.7%—100.5%,并相应提高两组分对原土全氮累积贡献率,NPKM与NPKS处理增加尤为明显。对于>2 mm团聚体,施肥处理酸解铵态氮含量较CK显著增加17.2%—40.4%(P<0.05),以NPKM处理增加最为明显;酸解氨基酸态氮与酸解未知态氮含量分别以NPKS与NPKM处理增加最...     

添加蔗渣生物质炭对农田土壤有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】研究蔗渣生物质炭施用后农田土壤有机碳（SOC）矿化动态,为合理利用有机废弃物资源提供科学参考。【方法】在25℃、100%空气湿度条件下培养100 d,研究生物质炭不同添加量（0.1%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%,以干土计）下水田和旱地土壤有机碳的矿化特征。【结果】各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率随时间的变化符合对数关系（P＜0.01）;土壤特性、生物质炭添加量及两者的交互作用对土壤总有机碳矿化有极显著影响（P＜0.01）;与对照相比,添加低量（0.1%）的生物质炭水田土壤有机碳累积矿化量降低了2.18%,旱地土壤有机碳累积矿化量降低了4.62%;添加低量生物质炭（0.1%和0.5%）对旱地SOC矿化的影响效果更明显,而添加高量生物质炭（1.0%和2.0%）则对水田土壤的影响效果更明显;培养前期生物质炭对水田土壤原有有机碳矿化正激发效应高于旱地土壤,后期对旱地土壤的负激发效应更稳定且维持时间更长。【结论】添加生物质炭不改变SOC矿化趋势。添加低量（0.1%）的生物质炭可抑制SOC矿化、促进SOC的积累。     

Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity(BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments(1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer(DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat(Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize(Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon(SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included:(1) no fertilization(control),(2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(3) NPK plus manure(NPKM),(4) 1.5 times of NPKM(1.5NPKM), and(5) NPK plus straw(NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize(P0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha~(–1) when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha~(–1). Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.     

不同施肥年限下作物产量及土壤碳氮库容对增施有机物料的响应

【目的】研究不同年限下增施有机肥及秸秆还田对作物产量及剖面土壤碳氮库容的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量提供依据。【方法】以农业部昌平潮褐土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站为平台,分别在长达11年和27年的2个不同施肥年限试验区采集4个施肥处理,即氮磷钾（NPK)、氮磷钾+22.5 t·hm ^-2有机肥（NPKM）、氮磷钾+33.75 t·hm ^-2有机肥（NPKM+）、氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）不同土层深度的土壤样品,分析冬小麦-夏玉米产量和土壤碳氮库容剖面分布特征。 【结果】（1）增施有机肥及秸秆还田处理对作物的增产效应随施肥年限的延长而逐渐增强。与NPK处理相比,施肥11年限的NPKM、NPKM+和NPKS处理分别提高小麦和玉米产量为18.6%、15.8%、3.5%和39%、42%、35%;而27年的各施肥处理对小麦和玉米产量的增产幅度分别为41%、51.5%、23%和31%、33%、58%。（2）随着施肥年限的延长,增施有机肥及秸秆还田均能持续提升土壤碳、氮库容。连续施肥11年后,土壤碳、氮库容分别为25—114 Mg·hm ^-2、2.2—9.0 Mg·hm ^-2;而27年后土壤碳、氮库容分别为29—146 Mg·hm ^-2、2.5—12.1 Mg·hm ^-2。随着土壤剖面的加深,不同施肥年限中土壤碳、氮库容均表现为先逐渐增加后逐渐降低的趋势,均在80 cm处达到峰值。在80 cm土层峰值处,27年施肥处理中NPK、NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS土壤碳库和氮库分别为102、128、146、123 Mg·hm ^-2和8.3、9.7、12.1、9.1 Mg·hm ^-2,而11年施肥年限内各处理土壤碳、氮库均表现为差异不显著（P>0.05）。和NPK相比,不同年限中增施有机肥及秸秆还田均降低了不同土层的土壤碳氮比。同时,随着施肥年限的延长,土壤碳氮比越稳定。（3）随着施肥年限的延长,各处理土壤累积碳、氮库均呈现增加趋势。连续施肥11年后,NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS比NPK提升土壤累积碳、氮库容分别为5.2%、11.2%、9.2%和21.2%、26.6%、38.8%;连续施肥27年后NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS比NPK提升土壤累积碳、氮库容分别为26.3%、41.1%、21.8%和26.2%、44.9%、4.0%,且随着施肥年限的延长,施用有机肥对土壤累积碳库容的提升高于秸秆还田的趋势愈加明显,而对土壤累积氮库容的提升效果低于秸秆还田。 【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥及秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤碳氮库容、提升土壤肥力,且随着施肥年限的延长,效果愈加明显。同时,施用有机肥对作物产量、碳库的增强效应强于秸秆还田,而对氮库的提升效果低于秸秆还田。     

休闲农业旅游背景下浙江省水改旱土壤有机碳的时空分异

  目的  研究休闲农业旅游背景下，浙江省由水田改种花卉、果树和苗圃的土壤有机碳(SOC)的时空分异，掌握利用方式改变后农田土壤固碳情况。  方法  选择浙江省水田及其改旱作后的土壤为研究对象，采用野外调查和室内分析方法，以“空间换时间”研究水田改旱作后1 m深土体内SOC密度和储量的时空变化，对比不同类型水田土壤改旱作后SOC变化的差异，估测浙江省水改旱土壤SOC储量变化。  结果  水田改旱作15~20 a后，潜育、铁渗、铁聚和简育等4类改旱系列土壤1 m深土体内，SOC分别下降了13.9%、34.9%、18.9%和23.9%，SOC密度损失量分别为2.06、2.92、1.14和1.54 t·hm?2·a?1。改旱后，SOC下降速率与地下水位下降深度呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。  结论  水田是有利于SOC储存的土地利用方式，水田改旱作会降低SOC储存量，影响区域碳平衡。图3表4参16     

Discrepancy in Response of Rice Yield and Soil Fertility to Long-Term Chemical Fertilization and Organic Amendments in Paddy Soils Cultivated from Infertile Upland in Subtropical China

From 1990, over 17 years field experiment was carried out in paddy field cultivated from infertile upland to evaluate the response of rice productivity, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N to long-term NPK fertilization or NPK combined with organic amendments. The field trials included NPK (N, P, K fertilizer), NPKRS (NPK combined with rice straw), NPK2RS (NPK combined with double amount of rice straw), NPKPM (NPK combined with pig manure) and NPKGM (NPK combined with green manure) and the cropping system was rice-rice {Oryza sativa L.) rotation. Annual rice yield, straw biomass, and harvesting index increased steadily with cultivation time in all treatments. Average annual rice yield from 1991 to 2006 was ranged from 7 795 to 8 572 kg ha-1 among treatments. Rice yields in treatments with organic amendments were usually higher than that in treatment with NPK. Contents of SOC and total N also increased gradually in the cultivation years and reached the level of 7.82 to 9.45 and 0.85 to 1.03 g kg-1, respectively, in 2006. Soil fertilities in treatments with chemical fertilization combined with organic amendments were relatively appropriate than those in treatment with NPK. There was obvious discrepancy between cumulative characters of rice yield and soil organic fertility in newly formed paddy field. Compared with relatively high rate of crop productivity improvement, cumulative rates of SOC and total N were much lower in our study. SOC and total N contents were still less than half of those in local highly productive paddy soils after 17 years cultivation in subtropical China. Present work helps to better understand the development of infertile paddy soils and to estimate the potential of yield improvement in this region.     

长期施肥对土壤重金属积累和有效性的影响

以红壤稻田和红壤旱地长期定位施肥试验土壤为材料,对长期施肥后土壤Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量及其有效性进行了研究,旨在为常规农业管理条件下农田重金属污染提供更多可靠及有用信息。结果表明:红壤稻田土壤Cu、Zn、Pb含量分别为27.2~34.4、83.8~96.1、41.0~62.0 mg·kg~(-1),不同施肥处理土壤Cu、Zn、Pb含量均未超过土壤环境质量二级标准;土壤Cd含量为0.49~1.04mg·kg~(-1),Cd含量均超过土壤环境二级标准。红壤旱地土壤Cu、Zn、Pb全量范围分别为34.6~88.3、79.4~173.7、56.7~81.1 mg·kg~(-1),其中施加有机肥处理的土壤Cu超过土壤环境二级标准,Cd为0.14~1.35 mg·kg~(-1),超标率为42.9%。通过红壤稻田和旱地各处理土壤Cd有效性比较,施用猪粪旱地(33.8%)高于稻田(23.9%),而施用化肥旱地土壤Cd有效性最高处理(NP 14.8%)低于稻田最低处理(NPK 31.2%)。从红壤稻田和红壤旱地长期施肥试验结果看出:长期施用化肥和稻草还田未见明显的重金属积累,但施用猪粪处理的土壤中Cd有显著积累。红壤稻田施用Ca肥可明显降低土壤Cd的有效性;施用猪粪在增加土壤Cd全量的同时,也提高了旱地红壤Cd的有效性。     

15年保护性耕作对黄土坡耕地区土壤及团聚体固碳效应的影响

【目的】保护性耕作是提高土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、促进土壤团聚体形成的重要措施。论文旨在揭示保护性耕作对土壤表层（0-10 cm）有机碳含量及储量的影响,探讨不同级别团聚体的固碳特征,为阐明土壤固碳机理和筛选黄土坡耕地区农田土壤增碳耕作措施提供理论依据。【方法】长期试验位于黄土高原坡耕地区,开始于1999年,共设4个处理：少耕（RT）、免耕覆盖（NT）、深松覆盖（SM）和传统翻耕（CT）。利用15年长期试验的作物产量和0-10 cm 土层土壤有机碳数据分析农田碳投入和土壤固碳量;通过湿筛法筛分＞2、1-2、0.25-1、0.053-0.25和＜0.053 mm粒级团聚体,分析不同团聚体的固碳特征。【结果】15年长期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖处理显著提高了土壤0-10 cm表层有机碳含量及储量,同传统翻耕处理相比,有机碳含量分别提高了22.9%和21.8%,有机碳储量分别提高了21.8%和16.7%,固碳速率分别为0.09和0.06 t C?hm^-2?a^-1。微团聚体（＜0.25 mm）存储了大部分的有机碳,占总团聚体有机碳储量的65%,但其有机碳含量较低。大团聚体（＞0.25 mm）有机碳含量较高,约为微团聚体的3-8倍,且对不同耕作措施反应敏感,可作为评价长期不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳含量影响的指标。土壤固碳量随着累积碳投入量的增加而显著增加,要维持土壤有机碳储量稳定,每年最低需投入外源碳2.4 t C?hm^-2。【结论】长期保护性耕作（包括免耕覆盖和深松覆盖）提高了黄土坡耕地区土壤及团聚体有机碳储量,是有利于该地区土壤增碳的管理措施。     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

富硒土壤硒含量及其与土壤理化性状的关系——以江西丰城为例

为了解富硒土壤的硒含量及其分布特征,明确土壤硒与主要土壤性状指标的关系,选择江西丰城地区不同硒水平的水田和旱作农田,于2014年9月选取了14个村落于作物收获后布设土壤剖面采样点。在0~100 cm的土壤剖面进行分层(20 cm)取样,测定土壤全硒含量及主要理化性状。结果表明,丰城地区农田土壤(0~20 cm)全硒平均含量(算术平均值)为0.49 mg·kg~(-1),41.2%的农田土壤高于0.4 mg·kg~(-1),99%高于0.125 mg·kg~(-1)。1 m剖面中土壤硒含量在0~20 cm最高,硒含量随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,且在60 cm以下基本保持不变。富硒条件下,水田土壤硒含量在0~40 cm土层上显著高于旱地土壤;非富硒条件下,二者的全硒含量在1 m土体上无显著差异。土壤有机质含量对土壤全硒含量有决定性影响,而黏粒仅对水田土壤硒有显著影响。p H对土壤全硒含量呈现抑制作用,而土壤总铁、总铝和阳离子交换量对土壤全硒呈现富集效应。研究表明,在富硒地区,水田比旱地更有利于土壤硒的积累,提高土壤肥力水平对增加土壤硒含量有显著作用。     

长期施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮和游离氨基酸剖面分异的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)和游离氨基酸(FAA)剖面分异的影响,阐明长期施肥稻田土壤SON和FAA的剖面迁移特性。以不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配施牛粪(NPKM)和氮磷钾结合秸秆还田(NPKS)4种处理的稻田长期(33年)施肥定位试验小区为研究对象,采用带总氮检测器的总有机碳分析仪(TOC-TN)、连续流动注射和氨基酸自动分析仪测定不同深度(0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm)土层SON、FAA及其组分的含量。结果表明:长期不同施肥水稻土SON含量剖面分异较明显,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤SON含量分别为24.14～49.80、11.30～13.86 mg·kg~(-1)和6.35～9.38 mg·kg~(-1);不同处理0～20 cm土壤SON含量表现为NPKSNPKMNPK=CK,NPKS处理较NPK和CK分别提高67.1%和106.3%,NPKM处理较NPK和CK分别提高了28.5%和58.7%;不同土层SON与可溶性总氮(TSN)的比值为40.0%～69.3%。长期不同施肥水稻土FAA含量也存在较明显剖面差异,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤FAA含量分别为8.15～15.91、0.83～2.13 mg·kg~(-1)和0.69～0.99 mg·kg~(-1),FAA/SON比例的均值分别为35.3%、12.6%和11.2%;NPKM和NPKS处理0～20 cm土壤均包含20种FAA,较CK和NPK处理增加了3种易分解的碱性氨基酸(鸟氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸);NPK、NPKM和NPKS处理20～40 cm土壤均包含10种FAA,较CK处理增加了3种中性氨基酸(缬氨酸、胱氨酸和苯丙氨酸),而40～60 cm土壤则均包含7种FAA,较CK处理增加了2种中性氨基酸(异亮氨酸和胱氨酸);不同处理不同深度土壤FAA组成均以中性氨基酸占优势。研究表明:土壤SON、FAA含量与组分及其剖面分异和施肥模式密切相关,长期化肥配施牛粪和秸秆能增加0～20 cm土壤SON、FAA含量且丰富FAA种类。     

稻田土壤有机碳变化的模拟:SCNC模型检验

应用自主建立的土壤碳循环模型（SCNC）模拟了中亚热带地区6个稻田长期定位试验土壤有机碳15年间的变化。结果表明．SCNC模型较为准确地模拟了各处理土壤有机碳的变化趋势，在所有模拟值与实测值的比较中，相对误差的绝对值〈5％的比率占43．89％．〈10％的则占71．11％。监测点土壤有机碳实测值和模拟值的相关性均达到了极显著水平，二者相关曲线的斜率均在0．95～1．05之间。说明SCNC模型适合于我国亚热带稻田土壤有机碳的模拟，但模拟结果也表明，模型在一定程度上（〈20％）低估了不施肥处理的有机碳积累量，需要进一步改进。     

三江湿地周边不同利用方式土壤理化性质及水稳性团聚体化学计量特征变化

选取黑龙江省三江湿地-洪河保护区3种土地利用方式,分析各类土壤水稳性团聚状态及其团聚体有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量和碳氮磷化学计量特征变化规律。结果表明,湿地土壤不同利用方式水稳定性团聚体组成发生显著变化,水稳性团聚体比例均表现为粉-粘团聚体(0.053 mm)比例最大,微团聚体(0.053~0.250 mm)次之,大团聚体(0.25 mm)比例最低。随土壤粒径递减,所有生态系统中土壤SOC、TN、TP含量以及C/N、C/P均降低,表现为大团聚体大于微团聚体,水稳性团聚体N/P变化较小,范围在1.33~2.08。相同土壤粒径下不同利用方式下土壤SOC、TN、TP含量及C/P、N/P最大值均出现在湿地土壤,C/N最大值出现在水田土壤。土壤养分含量最小值出现在旱田土壤。因此,湿地周边土壤对各粒径土壤团聚体全效养分分配及其平衡关系有负向影响,其中旱田和人工林土壤退化最为严重,1~2 mm粒径下碳氮损失量较大,化学计量不平衡。研究结果为湿地保护与合理利用提供科学依据。     

Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil

Exploration of soil environmental characteristics governing soil microbial community structure and activity may improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes and soil quality. The impact of soil environmental characteristics especially organic carbon availability after 15-yr different organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs on soil bacterial community structure and functional metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities were evaluated in a 15-yr fertilizer experiment in Changping County, Beijing, China. The experiment was a wheat-maize rotation system which was established in 1991 including four different fertilizer treatments. These treatments included: a non-amended control(CK), a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer treatment(NPK); a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with swine manure incorporated treatment(NPKM), and a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporated treatment(NPKS). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) of the 16 S r RNA gene was used to determine the bacterial community structure and single carbon source utilization profiles were determined to characterize the microbial community functional metabolic diversity of different fertilizer treatments using Biolog Eco plates. The results indicated that long-term fertilized treatments significantly increased soil bacterial community structure compared to CK. The use of inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated for long term(NPKM, NPKS) significantly promoted soil bacterial structure than the application of inorganic fertilizer only(NPK), and NPKM treatment was the most important driver for increases in the soil microbial community richness(S) and structural diversity(H). Overall utilization of carbon sources by soil microbial communities(average well color development, AWCD) and microbial substrate utilization diversity and evenness indices(H' and E) indicated that long-term inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated(NPKM, NPKS) could significantly stimulate soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity relative to CK, while no differences of them were found between NPKS and NPK treatments. Principal component analysis(PCA) based on carbon source utilization profiles also showed significant separation of soil microbial community under long-term fertilization regimes and NPKM treatment was significantly separated from the other three treatments primarily according to the higher microbial utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, polymers, phenolic compounds, and amino acid, while higher utilization of amines/amides differed soil microbial community in NPKS treatment from those in the other three treatments. Redundancy analysis(RDA) indicated that soil organic carbon(SOC) availability, especially soil microbial biomass carbon(Cmic) and Cmic/SOC ratio are the key factors of soil environmental characteristics contributing to the increase of both soil microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity in the long-term fertilization trial. Our results showed that long-term inorganic fertilizer and swine manure application could significantly improve soil bacterial community structure and soil microbial metabolic activity through the increases in SOC availability, which could provide insights into the sustainable management of China's soil resource.     

The efficiency of long-term straw return to sequester organic carbon in Northeast China's cropland

Black soil is one of the most precious soil resources on earth because it has abundant carbon stocks and a relatively high production capacity. However, decreasing organic matter after land reclamation, and the effects of long-term inputs of organic carbon have made it less fertile black soil in Northeast China. Straw return could be an effective method for improving soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in black soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether straw return effectively increases SOC sequestration. Long-term field experiments were conducted at three sites in Northeast China with varying latitudes and SOC densities. Study plots were subjected to three treatments: no fertilization (CK); inorganic fertilization (NPK); and NPK plus straw return (NPKS). The results showed that the SOC stocks resulting from NPKS treatment were 4.0 and 5.7% higher than those from NPK treatment at two sites, but straw return did not significantly affect the SOC stocks at the third site. Furthermore, at higher SOC densities, the NPKS treatment resulted in significantly higher soil carbon sequestration rates (CSR) than the NPK treatment. The equilibrium value of the CSR for the NPKS treatment equated to cultivation times of 17, 11, and 8 years at the different sites. Straw return did not significantly increase the SOC stocks in regions with low SOC densities, but did enhance the C pool in regions with high SOC densities. These results show that there is strong regional variation in the effects of straw return on the SOC stocks in black soil in Northeast China. Additional cultivations and fertilization practices should be used when straw return is considered as an approach for the long-term improvement of the soil organic carbon pool.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】土壤有机碳矿化是土壤中重要的生物化学过程,与土壤养分释放、土壤质量保持以及温室效应密切相关。揭示稻田生态系统在长期施肥下土壤有机碳固存与矿化特征,旨在正确评价施肥对全球气候变化的影响。【方法】本研究以33年长期定位试验为依托,对红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳累积及矿化动力学特征等进行系统研究。长期定位试验始于1984年,选取其中5个处理：不施肥处理（CK）,施氮磷钾化肥处理（NPK）,施70%化肥+30%有机肥处理（70F+30M）,施50%化肥+50%有机肥处理（50F+50M）,施30%化肥+70%有机肥处理（30F+70M）,于 2017 年早稻种植前采集耕层 （0—20 cm） 土壤样品,采用室内培养方法,测定土壤碳矿化释放 CO₂-C量和速率等,并采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量（C₀）、易矿化有机碳量（C₁）和周转速率常数等。【结果】各施肥处理均不同程度地提高了土壤总有机碳含量,NPK处理有机碳含量显著高于CK,较CK提高了27.32%。化肥配施有机肥处理（70F+30M、50F+50M 和30F+70M）土壤有机碳显著高于NPK处理（P<0.05）,平均较NPK处理提高了31.31%,以50F+50M和30F+70M处理较为显著。各处理有机碳矿化速率均在培养后的第1天达到峰值且差异显著,排序为50F+50M>30F+70M>70F+30M>NPK>CK,随后下降,11 d之后趋于稳定,稳定后各处理的土壤有机碳矿化速率大小排序为：30F+70M>50F+50M>70F+30M>NPK≈CK。在整个培养期,土壤有机碳矿化速率与培养时间呈对数曲线关系。培养35 d结束后,NPK处理较CK未能显著改变土壤有机碳累积矿化量（P>0.05）,70F+30M、50F+50M和30F+70M处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量显著高于NPK处理（P<0.05）,分别较NPK提高了50.99%、70.85%和86.39%。各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化率（累积矿化量占有机碳总量的比率）变化范围为3%—4%,30F+70M处理显著高于NPK处理（P<0.05）。施肥处理均不同程度地提高了土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量,以30F+70M处理最高,较NPK提高了1.19倍。不同施肥处理较不施肥均未明显改变土壤有机碳周转速率及半周转期。土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量（C₀）、易矿化有机碳量（C₁）、累积矿化量及累积矿化率均显著受土壤有机碳含量及投入碳量的影响,且呈现正相关关系。土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量（C₀）/土壤有机碳比值与所投入碳量呈现显著正相关（P<0.05）;土壤有机碳的周转速率常数（k）与土壤有机碳及投入碳量均未呈现显著性相关性。【结论】长期化肥配施有机肥可有效提高红壤性水稻土有机碳的矿化速率及促进有机碳的积累,并未显著改变土壤有机碳的矿化率,有利于红壤性水稻土的养分供应及固碳。     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

南方红壤稻田与旱地土壤有机碳及其组分的特征差异

大量研究证明稻田土壤比旱地土壤更具同碳潜力,但至今对稻田土壤同碳机制的认识尚不甚清楚.本研究于2007年利用两个开垦年代相似,近20多年分别一直种植双季稻和双季玉米的长期定位试验,来比较不同种植模式下土壤有机碳及其组分的差异.结果表明,水田土壤总有机碳和总氮的浓度分别是旱地的2.2倍和2.5倍.与试验前相比.水稻种植显著提高了土壤有机碳的含量,增幅达到30.8%,而旱地的前后差异不显著.在所有团聚体粒径水平上,水田有机碳的浓度均显著高于旱地.其中53-250 μm微团聚体相差最大,水田是早地的近3倍.水田微团聚体保护碳(iPOM-m)在土壤中的浓度是旱地的4.2倍,微团聚体保护碳在总有机碳中的比重也显著高于旱地,达到25.5%.是旱地的2倍.水田和旱地iPOM-m组分碳的差异能够解释其总有机碳差异的42.8%.上述结果可以增强我们对稻田土壤同碳机制的了解.为稻田土壤碳管理提供理论依据.