20种植物甲醇提取物对萝卜蚜的触杀活性研究

[目的]筛选对萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach)触杀活性较强的杀虫植物。[方法]采用甲醇冷浸提取法对采自广西桂东部贺州姑婆山的15科20种植物进行了提取,并采用毛细管微量点滴法测定了20种植物甲醇提取物对无翅萝卜蚜的触杀活性。[结果]在10μg/头浓度下,大叶白纸扇、变叶榕甲醇提取物对萝卜蚜的触杀活性最强,24 h校正死亡率分别为92.22%和92.15%;其次是山黄麻、光叶堇菜甲醇提取物,24 h校正死亡率分别为87.59%和82.95%;再次是剑叶耳草甲醇提取物,24 h校正死亡率为65.52%;其余15种植物甲醇提取物对萝卜蚜的触杀活性较低,24 h校正死亡率均在50%以下。其中大叶白纸扇、变叶榕、山黄麻甲醇提取物对萝卜蚜有较高的触杀毒力,其LD50分别为0.768 6、0.784 1和1.504 4μg/头。[结论]大叶白纸扇、变叶榕、山黄麻3种植物极具开发潜力,值得进一步研究。     

两种植物根甲醇提取物对桃粉大尾蚜的忌避作用

选用老鸦皮(Litsea populifolia Gamble)以及苦参(Sophora flavescens Ait)根部组织的甲醇提取物对挑粉大尾蚜[Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard)]成虫进行了忌避作用的研究。结果表明24 h后,两种植物根甲醇提取物对蚜虫忌避作用显著,1.0 g/L老鸦皮、0.5 g/L苦参甲醇提取物处理的效果最好,忌避指数分别为0.260 0、0.373 3。同时,两种植物根提取物对桃粉大尾蚜在不同时段表现为杀虫活性,苦参提取物24~72 h之间有很好的杀蚜活性,72 h后1.0 g/L、0.5 g/L处理的平均存活指数均为0.153 8。老鸦皮提取物48 h~72 h对蚜虫有致死作用,72 h后,1.0 g/L处理的平均存活指数为0.307 7。     

中药植物丁香杀虫杀螨活性研究

系统研究了中药植物丁香的杀虫和杀螨活性。采用正己烷、苯、乙醚、甲醇和水对丁香进行顺序提取,分别测定提取物对朱砂叶螨和玉米象等供试生物的活性,结果表明：丁香的正己烷提取物24h和72h对朱砂叶螨的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为1．5333和0．5796g／L;苯的提取物24h和72h对朱砂叶螨的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为4.4393和1．3537g／L;丁香的正己烷提取物熏蒸处理7d,对玉米象的校正死亡率达94．44％。     

夹竹桃提取物的棉蚜毒杀活性研究

[目的]研究夹竹桃提取物的灭蚜活性。[方法]选用95％乙醇、石油醚和水分别萃取夹竹桃叶和树皮的活性成分,配制成1．2、0．6、0．3mg／ml3种浓度对棉花蚜虫进行室内杀虫活性研究。[结果]夹竹桃的树皮和树叶乙醇提取物对棉蚜具有较强的毒杀作用。叶片的乙醇提取物对棉花蚜虫的杀伤性极强。[结论]夹竹桃提取液具有一定的杀虫活性,这为利用植物提取液来毒杀棉花蚜虫提供了理论依据。     

扁蓄乙醇提取物杀虫活性初探

[目的]研究扁蓄的杀虫活性。[方法]以乙醇为溶剂提取扁蓄活性物质,采用点滴法和浸虫法测试提取物对桃蚜、白菜蚜虫、枸杞蚜虫和甜菜夜蛾、小菜蛾、黏虫的触杀活性。[结果]0.05g/ml扁蓄提取物对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性最强,桃蚜次之,白菜蚜虫最弱,施药24h后校正死亡率分别为91.7%、87.7%和27.8%,48h后校正死亡率分别为95.4%、91.0%和34.1%。0.05g/ml扁蓄提取物对小菜蛾杀虫活性最强,对甜菜夜蛾、黏虫有一定的杀虫活性,施药48h后校正死亡率分别为76.6%、33.5%和43.8%,72h后校正死亡率分别为90.0%、38.0%和48.4%。[结论]扁蓄乙醇提取物对枸杞蚜虫和小菜蛾有较强的杀虫活性。     

扁蓄对枸杞蚜虫杀虫活性的研究

[目的]研究扁蓄对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性。[方法]采用点滴法,测定了扁蓄乙醇提取物和石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水几种不同极性萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的触杀活性。[结果]扁蓄提取物对枸杞蚜虫有较高的触杀活性,浓度为50.00 g/L时,48 h的校正死亡率达95.4%,毒力回归方程为:y=4.745 7+1.098x,LC50=1.707 g/L。几种萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性的顺序为石油醚>氯仿>正丁醇>乙酸乙酯>水,石油醚萃取物48 h的校正死亡率96.7%。[结论]扁蓄对枸杞蚜虫具有较强的触杀活性且杀虫活性物质为一类小极性的化合物。     

野西瓜苗对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性研究

[目的]研究野西瓜苗不同溶剂萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的触杀活性。[方法]采用点滴法测定野西瓜苗乙醇提取物和石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇及水等5种不同极性萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的触杀活性。[结果]95%乙醇提取物对枸杞蚜虫有较高的触杀活性,而且随着提取物浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,枸杞蚜虫的校正死亡率都在升高,浓度50.00g/L时,48h的校正死亡率达97.04%,毒力回归方程为y=1.7910x＋3.7502,LC50=4.9867g/L。5种萃取物对枸杞蚜虫的杀虫活性顺序为氯仿〉石油醚〉乙酸乙酯〉正丁醇〉水,氯仿萃取物48h的校正死亡率97.04%。[结论]该研究结果对野西瓜苗的进一步研究开发以及将其开发成新型的植物源农药具有参考价值。     

中药植物丁香杀虫杀螨活性研究

系统研究了中药植物丁香的杀虫和杀螨活性.采用正己烷、苯、乙醚、甲醇和水对丁香进行顺序提取,分别测定提取物对朱砂叶螨和玉米象等供试生物的活性,结果表明:丁香的正己烷提取物24 h和72 h对朱砂叶螨的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为1.5333和0.5796g/L;苯的提取物24 h和72 h对朱砂叶螨的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为4.4393和1.3537g/L;丁香的正己烷提取物熏蒸处理7 d,对玉米象的校正死亡率达94.44%.     

新疆植物活性物质对朱砂叶螨的活性及天敌安全性测试

采用冷浸法提取新疆23种植物活性成分,分别测定其对朱砂叶螨24 h的毒杀活性,0903T2等14种植物的甲醇提取物对朱砂叶螨的杀活性都比较高,24 h校正死亡率均在90%以上。进一步测定了5种植物甲醇提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀毒力,以1221J提取物的毒力最高,LC50仅为0.041 g/L,其次是0910T4和1126D2提取物的毒力较高,LC50分别达0.554 g/L和0.641 g/L,杀螨活性较稳定。0910T4提取物对天敌安全性测定表明,在40.00 g/L高浓度下对两种棉田优势天敌七星瓢虫和多异瓢虫的校正死亡率为12.47%和23.08%,显示出较高安全性。     

假蒟甲醇提取物的抑制真菌作用

[目的]研究假蒟甲醇提取物对几种植物病原菌的抑制作用。[方法]采用生长速率法测定假蒟叶甲醇提取物对香蕉炭疽病菌等9种植物病原真菌的生物活性。[结果]假蒟叶甲醇提取物在2mg／ml的浓度下,对9种菌有一定的抑制率,对香蕉炭疽病菌、番木瓜炭疽病菌、香蕉枯萎病菌、西瓜蔓枯病菌的半数有效浓度（EC50）分别为0．7849,0．7663、0．8913、1．6425mg／ml。假蒟叶甲醇提取物的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取组分对香蕉炭疽病菌和番木瓜炭疽病菌的活性表明,乙酸乙酯萃取物活性最高,抑制率分别为72．7％和88．3％。假蒟甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物对香蕉炭疽病菌和番木瓜炭疽病菌的髓EC50分别为0．5692,0．5446mg/ml。[结论]证实假蒟叶甲醇提取物中含有具有抑真菌活性的次生物质,该物质溶于石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇等有机溶剂。     

Antifungal Flavonoids from Ficus sarmentosa var. henryi （King） Corner

The methanol extract of Ficus sarmentosa var. henryi （King） Corner was found to detect potent inhibitory activities against 6 crop pathogenic fungi, Fusarium graminearum, Pumpkin fusarium Wilt, Curvularia lunata （Wakker） Boed, Septoria zeicola Stout, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizoctonia solani. Four flavonoids were isolated from the extract of F. sarmentosa var. henryi by activity-guided fractionation and they were identified as eriodictyol （1）, homoeriodictyol （2）, dihydroquercetin （3）, and luteolin （4） by spectroscopic means and displayed excellent inhibitory activity against F. graminearum and S. zeicola. Among them, luteolin （4） showed the strongest inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 56.38 and 81.48 mg L^-1, to the fungi, respectively. The in vitro inhibitory activity of F. sarmentosa var. henryi （King） Corner was reported for the first time and the inhibitory action mechanism of luteolin （4） was worthy of further research.     

Anti-Insect Activity of the Methanol Extracts of Fern and Gymnosperm

With environmental and food safety issues becoming one of the greatest concerns of the public, active plant compounds play more and more important roles in pest controlling. Fern to their particular status in plant taxology and co-evolution are of great significance for application as new pesticides due with insects. In this study, methanol extracts were distilled from wild fern and gymnosperm of 54 species of 22 families collected from Shiwandashan Mountain in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. Insecticidal activities of the methanol extracts were assayed on both adult house fly （Musca domestica） and mosquito （Aedes albopictus）. Significant insecticidal activities were exhibited in the methanol extracts of five species, Cupressusfunebris （leaves and stems）, Cycas acuminatissima （roots）, Keteleeria fortunei （leaves and stems）, Onychium japonicum （whole plant）, and Pinus taiwanensis var. Darning shanensis （leaves and stems）. Applications of the extracts of these plants resulted in higher than 50% mortalities in 4th instar larvae of A. albopictus at 24 h after treatment. The methanol extracts from 13 species possessed insecticidal activities against the adult of M. domestica at 48 h after treatment with higher than 90% mortalities. The extensive screening results showed that these fern and gymnosperm were highly potential to be botanical insecticides. The findings provide a feasible and valuable basis for further investigation.     

光叶铁仔提取物对小菜蛾幼虫生长发育的影响

【目的】研究光叶铁仔Myrsine stolonifera提取物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella生长发育的影响。【方法】采用叶片载毒法,测定了光叶铁仔根、茎、叶甲醇提取物和大孔吸附树脂乙醇馏分对小菜蛾的生物活性;测定了大孔吸附树脂乙醇馏分对小菜蛾生长发育的影响。【结果】光叶铁仔根、茎、叶甲醇提取物和大孔吸附树脂乙醇馏分对小菜蛾具有胃毒作用,以叶部50%(φ)乙醇馏分的效果较佳,72 h后校正死亡率达到75.56%。根茎部95%(φ)乙醇馏分与叶部50%(φ)乙醇馏分,对小菜蛾的幼虫具有一定的拒食作用与体质量抑制效果,其拒食率与体质量抑制率整体高于90%,且对化蛹及羽化有一定的影响。【结论】光叶铁仔提取物对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强的杀虫活性,其活性成分及作用机理值得深入研究。     

21种植物提取物对番茄早疫病菌等3种病原菌抑菌活性的初步研究

[目的]为进一步开发植物源杀菌剂提供理论参考。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定并分析油茶籽等21种植物甲醇提取物对番茄早疫病菌、番茄芽枝病菌、甘蔗凤梨病菌的抑菌活性。[结果]结果表明,浓度为10mg干粉/mL溶剂时,对番茄早疫病菌抑菌活性较强的有油茶、水茄等的提取物,抑菌率分别为76.67%、78.08%;对番茄芽枝病菌抑菌活性较强的有香茅、深山含笑等的提取物,抑菌率分别为100%、69.20%;对甘蔗凤梨病菌抑菌活性较强的有油茶、甘草等的提取物,抑菌率分别为100%、74.02%。[结论]油茶和甘草的甲醇浸提物对供试的3种病原菌具有较强的抑菌活性。     

伏毛铁棒锤提取物对菜青虫的毒杀和拒食活性研究

[目的]研究伏毛铁棒锤(Aconitumflavum)对菜青虫(Pieris rapae)的毒杀和拒食活性。[方法]采用浸虫法测定伏毛铁棒锤乙醇粗提物和石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水5种不同极性溶剂萃取物对菜青虫的触杀活性;采用叶蝶法测定石油醚、乙醚、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、水的5种溶剂萃取物对菜青虫的拒食活性。[结果]伏毛铁棒锤粗提物对菜青虫具有较高的触杀活性,浓度为100.00 mg/ml时,48h的校正死亡率达97.24%,5种萃取物对菜青虫的触杀活性次序为水>正丁醇>乙酸乙酯>乙醚>石油醚,水萃取物48 h的校正死亡率达95.87%;5种溶剂萃取物拒食活性顺序为水>正丁醇>乙酸乙酯>乙醚>石油醚。[结论]伏毛铁棒锤提取物对菜青虫具有较强的触杀和拒食活性,且杀虫和拒食活性物质是一类极性较大的化合物。     

3种冬青气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光特性的研究

[目的]探讨不同植物光合生理特性的差异性,为其引种和栽培生产提供理论参考。[方法]在自然条件下,测定铁冬青(Ilex rotunda),厚叶冬青(I.elmerrilliana)和光枝刺叶冬青(I.hylonoma var.glabra)植物叶片的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,并对其进行比较。采用Excel、DPS等数据分析软件分析数据。[结果]结果表明,3种植物的光补偿点差异较大,光枝刺叶冬青最低,明显低于其他2个种。3种植物的光饱和点和最大净光合速率存在较大差异,光枝刺叶冬青的光饱和点和最大净光合速率,明显高于其他2个种。光枝刺叶冬青的表观电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学量子产额(Yield)和光化学淬灭(qP)均显著高于厚叶冬青,这3项荧光指标在不同树种之间差异性达显著水平。[结论]该试验3个树种具有相近的光能捕获效率。     

Insecticidal Activities of Extracts from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Callus

[Objective] The research aimed to lay a foundation for the screening of cell lines producing secondary metabolites of Brucea javanica(L.)Merr.[Method] The insecticidal activities of the extracts from branch and 3 different types of calluses of Brucea javanica(L.)Merr.was detected through methods of leaf disc and potted seedlings against the diamond back moth.[Result] Extracts from four kinds of Brucea javanica(L.)Merr.tissues assumed both the activities of antifeedant and oviposition deterrency against the diamond back moth.Antifeedant effect of extracts was in turn the callus C< callus B< callus A< branches.Oviposition deterrency activity of the extracts was in turn the callus A> branch > callus B>callus C.The insecticidal activities of callus A and B were higher than that of the callus C.[Conclusion] The results show that insecticidal activity of callus and its growth rate is inversely proportional.     

马齿苋提取物对枸杞蚜虫毒杀和拒食活性的研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment studied on insecticidal and antifeedant action of on Portulaca oleracea L.to provide theoretical basis for developing a new botanical insecticide by taking Portulaca oleracea L.as a raw material.[Method] The insecticidal activities of the ethanol extracts and 5 kinds of extracts with petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,water from Portulaca oleracea L..against Aphis sp.was studied;Leaves are using drug treatments of 5 extracts anti-feedant activity of Aphis sp.[Result] The results showed that 95% ethanol extract displayed high contact activity to Aphis sp.The corrected mortality after 48 h reached 95.4 % under the concentration of 50.00 mg·ml-1 and the insecticidal activities of 5 extracts against Aphis sp.was in the order that petroleum ether > chloroform > n-butanol > ethyl acetate >water.Five kinds of anti-feeding activity in the extract of the order for the water> ethyl acetate> n-butanol > chloroform >petroleum ether.[Conclusion] The extract from Portulaca oleracea L.has a strong contact toxicity of pesticide active on Aphis sp.substances and for a small polar compounds,the strong anti-feeding activity is a kind of larger polar compounds.