In Vitro Antifungal Activity of the Extract and Compound from Acorus tatarinowii Against Seven Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Acorus tatarinowii Schott is a traditional Chinese medicine plant and has multiple bioactivities in medicine and pesticide field. In this study, the antifungal compound 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene was isolated from A. tatarinowii Schott by activity-directed isolation method, and the inhibitory activity of the extract and 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene against seven plant pathogenic fungi was evaluated. The results showed that the extract and 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2- propenyl） benzene had high inhibitory activity against hyphal growth of Thielaviopsis paradoxa （de Seynes） V. Hohnel, Pestalotia mangiferae P. Henn., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum （E. F. Smith） Syn. et Hans., Alternaria alternate Tanaka, Colletotrichum musae （Berk et Curt） V. Arx, Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenk., and Mycosphaerella sentina （Fr.） Schroter. The EC50 values of extract were 1.6162, 1.6811, 1.1253, 3.5771, 1.7024, 2.2284, and 2.2221 g L^-1, respectively, and the EC50 values of 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene were 0.1021, 0.0997, 0.0805, 0.1742, 0.1503, 0.1853, and 0.1924 g L^-1, respectively. 1,2-Dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene also inhibited spores germination of T. paradoxa （de Seynes） V. Hohnel and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum （E. F. Smith） Syn. et Hans., with the inhibitory rates of 98.81 and 100% at a concentration of 0.4 g L^-1 after 8 h, respectively. 1,2-Dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene is a potential botanical antifungal agent for controling of plant fungal diseases.     

In Vitro Activity of Lawsonia inermis （Henna） on Some Pathogenic Fungi

The present study was conducted to investigate antifungal activity ofLawsonia inermis （Henna plant）. Leaf samples of the plants were collected from Eastern Nile of Khartoum state, Sudan. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts in various concentrations were obtained by maceration （cold method）. The extracts were bioassay in vitro to know their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The cup plate agar diffusion method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of the extracts against tested yeasts while agar incorporated method was used for other molds. Both extracts revealed anti fungal activity against all yeast strains except Pichiafabianii which was found resistant to both ethanol and ether extracts. The results displayed antifungal activity against tested fungi. Minimum mould concentration （MMC） of the extracts was determined. The obtained results revealed antifungal activity of henna leaves extracts which support the traditional use of the Henna in therapy of fungal infections. The possibility of therapeutic use of Sudanese henna as antifungal agents is recommended.     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究(英文)

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

Preliminary Studies on Antifungal Activity of Xanthium sibiricum and the Endophytic Fungi

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究(英文)

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

Secretive Expression of Insect Antifungal Peptide-Encoded Genes in Pichia pastoris and Activity Assay of the Products

The antifungal peptides, drosomycin （Drs） and its isoform drosomycin-like C （Drs-lC） from Drosophila melanogaster and Thanatin from Podisus maculiventris, have potent activity with broad spectrum against filamentous fungi. Secretive expression of these genes in yeasts makes it possible to utilize the supernatants of yeast culture as protective reagents on fruit, vegetable, food and other agricultural products. So the study of effective secretion by yeast expression system is of great importance. Three genes, Drs, Drs-lC, and Thanatin, were cloned into pPICZαA and the recombinant vectors, pPICZαA-Drs, pPICZαA-Drs-lC, and pPICZαA-Thanatin were transformed into Pichia pastoris by the electric transfer method. The recombinant P. pastoris, which was screened by phenotype selection and PCR amplification, was induced to express antifungal peptide by methanol. The expressive products of the three recombinants showed antifungal activity against 5 out of 6 test fungi strains, and the products of Thanatin also had strong activity against the tested bacteria. The three antifungal peptide genes, Drs, Drs-lC, and Thanatin, were constructed into yeast P. pastoris. The expressed peptides were successfully secreted into the culture medium and exhibited potent activities against the test strains.     

Antimicrobial,herbicidal and antifeedant activities of mansonone E from the heartwoods of Mansonia gagei Drumm

In vitro biological activities including anti-phytopathogenic fungi, antibacterial, antifeedant and herbicidal activities of the extracts from the heartwoods of Mansonia gagei Drumm. were evaluated. The dichloromethane(DCM) extract displayed antifungal activity against four plant pathogenic fungi(Alternaria porri, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora parasitica) higher than the methanolic(Me OH) extract. The separation of the DCM extract using bioassay guided antifungal activity against P. parasitica led to the isolation of mansorins A, B, and C, mansonones C, E, G and H. Among isolated compounds, mansonone E displayed the highest antifungal activity against P. parasitica, followed by mansonone C, mansorin B and mansonone G. This potent compound revealed the same minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of 31 μg mL~(–1) against C. gloeosporioides and P. parasitica, and minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC) of 31 and 125 μg mL~(–1), respectively. Moreover, mansonone E exhibited highly significant antibacterial activity against both Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola(Xoc) with MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) as 7.8 and 500 μg mL~(–1), respectively. This compound furthermore could inhibit the feed of Spodoptera litura with 45.9% antifeedant and significantly herbicidal activity reduced the shoot and root growth of Brassica chinensis, Oryza sativa, Mimosa pigra and Echinochlooa crus-galli. Mansonone E has potential as a new natural pesticide for agricultural plant pathogen management.     

Antibacterial Activity of 9-Octadecanoic Acid-Hexadecanoic Acid-Tetrahydrofuran-3,4-Diyl Ester from Neem Oil

The 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester from neem oil was investigated for antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC No. 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC No. 44102 and Salmonella sp. ATCC No. 50 041 in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） values of the 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester were determined by using the broth microdilution dilution （BMD） method at different concentrations ranging from 20 to 0.625 mg mL-1. Its time-inhibition curve against E. coli was also tested and showed that the MIC values for the bacterial strains S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella sp. were 20, 5 and 10 mg mL-1, respectively. Its MBC values were 20, 20 and 10 mg mL-1, respectively. The antibacterial activity of 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester against three strain tested showed the relationship with time and concentration.     

Bacterial extracts and bioformulates as a promising control of fruit body rot and root rot in avocado cv. Hass

At least 20–40% of annual losses of avocado crops are caused by pathogenic fungi. The chemical treatments of these diseases are inefficient, cause environmental pollution and are increasingly restricted by international laws. This work aimed to assess the biocontrol capacity of a bacterial extract to protect avocado fruits and plants from pathogen infections. Extracts from the bacterial isolate Serratia sp. ARP5.1 were obtained from liquid fermentations in a biorreactor. A body rot postharvest infection model with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on fruits was developed. Moreover, packaging conditions were simulated using the bacterial extract and the commercial fungicide prochloraz as a positive control. Additionally, seedlings infections with Phytophthora cinnamomi were performed on two types of avocado(West Indian race and cv. Hass). The Area Under Disease Progress Curve(AUDPC) was recorded using the bacterial extract and a commercial product with fosetyl-aluminium as treatments. The bacterial extract significantly reduced infections by C. gloeosporioides on injured avocado fruits at 31.1 μg mL–1. Intact fruits were also protected against body rot infections at the same concentration and showed no significant differences with the commercial fungicide. On the other hand, AUDPC in the seedlings was significantly reduced with the extract treatment at 3 μg mL–1 compared to the control. However, a possible phytotoxicity effect of the extract was evidenced in the seedlings and confirmed by pathogen recovery and tests on Raphanus sativus seedlings. Finally, formulations of the extracts(emulsion and emulsifiable concentrate) were prepared, and bioactive stability was assessed for 8 wk. The emulsion formulates demonstrated very stable bioactivity against P. cinnamomi. The extract and the emulsion formulate showed promising results for the control of avocado pathogens. New bioproducts based on this type of active principles could be developed for the benefit of avocado industry.     

Determination of the Content of Total Alkaloids in Different Solvent Extracts from Climbing Groundsel Herb Produced in Guizhou Province and Their Antibacterial Activity

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the contents of total alkaloids in different solvent extracts from climbing groundsel herb produced in Guizhou Province and their antibacterial activity. [Method] The content of total alkaloids was measured by UV spectrophotometry, and Oxford cups were used to investigate the antibacterial activity of each solvent extract. [Result] There was a good linear correlation between the absorbance measured by the UV spectrophotometer and the content of total al- kaloids within the concentration of 0.011 0-0.054 8 mg/ml at 207 nm, and the re- gression equation was Y=23.654X＋0.021, R=0. 999 7 and the average recovery rate was 99.2%. The contents of total alkaloids in 60% ethanol extract, 95% ethanol and water ethanol were 38.71, 52.25 and 60.50 mg/g, respectively. The 60% ethanol ex- tract had strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylo- coccus aureus and Escherichia coil; the water extractive had stronger antibacterial activity against Escherichia colr, 95% ethanol extract had weak antibacterial activity, with no inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [Conclusion] This method is accurate, simple, with good repeatability, which can be used for the determination of alkaloids content of the climbing groundsel herb; there is no positive correlation between the content of total alkaloids in different solvent extracts of climbing groundsel herb and their antibacterial activity.     

36种植物甲醇提取物杀蚜虫活性的研究

[目的]筛选我国西南地区具有杀蚜活性的植物。[方法]以萝卜蚜虫作为供试靶标昆虫,采用浸叶法测定蛇足石杉、岩木瓜及珍珠莲等36种植物甲醇提取物对蚜虫的杀虫活性。[结果]36种植物甲醇提取物5g／L浓度处理蚜虫12和24h后．岩木瓜、珍珠莲和光叶铁仔3种植物甲醇提取物校正死亡率均大于60％。岩木瓜、珍珠莲和光叶铁仔甲醇提取物对蚜虫24h的LC50值分别为1．26、1．48和2．38g／L,表现出较强的毒力。[结论]岩木瓜、珍珠莲和光叶铁仔甲醇提取物的杀虫活性成分值得深入研究,     

褐多孔菌发酵代谢物的抑菌活性初步研究

采用滤纸片法和生长速率法分别研究了褐多孔菌发酵代谢物对7种常见细菌和6种植物病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明,发酵液乙酸乙酯部分对金黄色葡萄球菌、巨大芽孢杆菌抑制效果显著,最小抑菌浓度分别为2.50 mg/mL和1.25 mg/mL,浓度为0.5 mg/mL时对小麦赤霉病菌抑菌率达到100%,菌丝乙酸乙酯部分对蜡状芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌最小抑菌浓度分别为1.25mg/mL和0.625 mg/mL,对白菜黑斑病菌和小麦赤霉病菌抑菌率均高于70%,菌丝及发酵液正丁醇部分对几乎所有病原菌抑制作用都很明显。     

鸦胆子废渣抑菌活性成分分析

【目的】探究鸦胆子去油后废渣的抑菌活性成分,为开发生物药肥提供理论依据。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和滤纸片法等测定鸦胆子废渣粗提物及不同溶剂萃取物对禾谷镰刀菌、茄子黄萎病菌和西瓜枯萎病菌等18种供试植物病原真菌的生物活性,并通过生物活性跟踪对其乙酸乙酯萃取物的化学成分进行分离及鉴定。【结果】在10 mg/mL浓度下鸦胆子甲醇提取物仅对水稻纹枯病菌具有抑制活性,其抑制率为33.33%;但在5 mg/mL浓度下其石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物对供试病原真菌均具有一定的抑制作用,以乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑菌活性最明显,对12种供试病原真菌菌丝生长均具有一定的抑制作用,其中对火龙果溃疡病菌、苦瓜枯萎病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率分别达75.71%、56.47%和51.72%,对应的致死中浓度（EC₅₀）分别为2.65、3.48和2.10 mg/mL。乙酸乙酯萃取物对火龙果溃疡病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强,在浓度为2.5000 mg/mL时抑制率达100.00%;在紫外光和自然光条件下乙酸乙酯萃取物对火龙果溃疡病菌的抑菌活性稳定。从乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到catechol（1）、benzofuran-2-carboxaldehyde（2）、1H-Indazole（3）、vanillic acid（4）、cleomiscosin A（5）等5种化合物,其中,化合物2和3为首次从鸦胆子中分离获得,但化合物1、2、4和5对供试火龙果溃疡病菌、苦瓜枯萎病菌和水稻纹枯病菌均无显著抑菌活性（P>0.05）。【结论】鸦胆子废渣中含有抑菌活性成分,在植物病害防控上具有良好的应用前景。     

1株链霉菌对几种植物病原真菌抑菌活性的初步研究

为了研究链霉菌1#所产生生物活性物质对5种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。通过测定其次生代谢产物的抑菌活性,研究其发酵液对5种植物病原真菌的抑制效果。在链霉菌1#的同一批发酵液中,对小麦赤霉病菌的菌丝生长抑制率为60.8%,对棉花黄萎病菌和水稻稻瘟病菌的菌丝生长抑制率为20.0%和4.3%。100℃以下热处理15 min,拮抗成分仍有较强的活性,但随着温度和处理时间的增加,拮抗活性的丧失也就越明显。链霉菌1#粗发酵液活性作用在pH值3.8~9.0基本不变。在接近中性条件下,粗发酵液的拮抗活性最强。这株链霉菌的粗发酵液对几种植物病原真菌有很好的抑制效果,它具有一定的耐热性,抑菌效果在pH值3.8~9.0无明显差异。     

甘肃瑞香提取物对8种常见植物病原菌抑菌作用的研究

以串珠镰刀菌、瓜果腐霉、禾谷镰刀菌、细交链格孢、致病疫霉、尖孢镰刀菌、仁果丛梗孢、绿色木霉为供试真菌,用生长速率法和菌丝干质量法对甘肃瑞香提取物的离体抑菌活性进行测定.结果表明:在供试菌种的质量浓度为0.1 g·mL-1时,甘肃瑞香叶的丙酮提取物对8种供试菌菌落生长均有抑制作用,对其中的7种供试菌的抑制作用强,抑制率达...     

杜仲内生细菌拮抗小麦赤霉病菌研究

为明确杜仲内生细菌对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌活性,利用稀释涂布法对杜仲的内生细菌进行分离纯化;并以小麦赤霉病菌为指示菌,对杜仲内生细菌进行了对峙培养和盆栽防效等研究;通过分子鉴定确定拮抗菌株的分类地位,深入探讨拮抗菌株的抑菌机制。结果显示:杜仲中共分离获得104株内生细菌,其中内生细菌DZSG09、DZSJ16、DZSG23对小麦赤霉菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,且DZSG23对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制率达到69.04%;小麦盆栽试验结果表明,菌株DZSG23对小麦赤霉病的防治效果最佳,接种小麦赤霉病菌第10天,DZSG23处理组的防治效果达到40.89%;16S rDNA序列分析表明,DZSG23为芽孢杆菌属微生物,显微观察发现其可引起小麦赤霉病菌菌丝膨大、畸形;且DZSG23菌株的菌悬液、次级代谢产物对小麦赤霉病菌分生孢子萌发的影响较低,但致畸作用较明显,DZSG23菌悬液(1×10⁶ CFU·mL^-1)和次级代谢产物(10 mg·mL^-1)处理36 h,小麦赤霉病菌分生孢子的畸形率分别达到57.70%和36.67%,均能造成小麦赤霉病菌分生孢子膨大、畸形,导致芽管肿胀、扭曲。本研究结果为拮抗菌株DZSG23的应用提供了科学依据。     

两种中药提取物的抑菌活性研究

以小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)和玉米弯孢叶斑病菌(Curvu laria)为供试菌,采用菌丝生长速率法和悬滴法,对白术和白头翁2种植物提取物的抗菌活性进行了研究.结果表明:在供试浓度为10 mg·mL-1时,白术乙酸乙酯提取物对小麦赤霉病菌的...     

1株红树内生真菌Fusarium sp.代谢产物的研究

【目的】研究红树林镰刀菌属真菌Fusarium sp.R5的代谢产物。【方法】采用硅胶柱层析分离纯化代谢产物,波谱技术鉴定结构,滤纸片扩散法测试抗植物病原真菌活性。【结果】分离鉴定5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲醛(化合物1),(3R,4R)-顺-4-羟基蜂蜜曲菌素(化合物2),(3R,4R)-顺-4,7-二羟基蜂蜜曲菌素(化合物3),Clavatol(化合物4),酒渣碱(化合物5),麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3酮(化合物6),β-谷甾醇(化合物7)、3β-胆甾-5-烯-3-醇(化合物8)、丁二酸和顺丁烯二酸10个化合物。在250μg·m L~(-1)时,化合物5对香蕉炭疽菌Colletotrichum musae高度抗菌,化合物5和6对番茄枯萎菌F.oxysporum、小麦赤霉菌F.graminearum中度抗菌。【结论】从Fusarium属分离得到化合物1~8,其中,化合物5、6可作为相应农药抗菌先导化合物开展深入研究。     

黄顶菊提取物抑菌活性的研究

用黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)的6种溶剂提取物对7种真菌进行了抑菌活性测定。结果表明,黄顶菊乙醇提取物对供试的小麦赤霉病原菌、玉米大斑病原菌、玉米小斑病原菌、稻瘟菌、番茄灰霉病原菌、香蕉枯萎病原菌1号小种和4号小种都有一定的抑制作用,对小麦赤霉病原菌的抑制效果最好,菌丝生长抑制率达到近40%。     

中度嗜盐菌S61生防因子分析及其对马铃薯干腐病的防效

【目的】测定中度嗜盐菌S61对马铃薯干腐病病原菌的抑菌活性及对干腐病的防效，为马铃薯干腐病的生物防治及绿色防控提供科学依据。【方法】以来源于青海察尔汗盐湖的1株中度嗜盐菌S61为材料，采用形态学、生理生化特征及分子生物学方法对菌株S61进行鉴定。通过对峙培养法和马铃薯活体试验，进行菌株S61及其发酵液有机溶剂萃取物抑制马铃薯干腐病病原菌活性测定及对储藏期马铃薯安全性评价。采用平板透明圈法和排油圈法，分别测定菌株S61发酵液分泌抑菌蛋白和产生脂肽类物质的能力。【结果】结合菌株S61的形态特征、生理生化特征和系统发育进化树分析结果，将菌株S61鉴定为特氏盐芽孢杆菌（Halobacillus trueperi）。其发酵液能产生蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶，并能产生脂肽类物质。菌株S61及其有机溶剂萃取物对3株马铃薯干腐病病原菌（青9A-4-13、青9A-5-2和65B-2-6）均有不同程度的抑菌活性，其中对青9A-4-13的抑菌活性最强，对峙培养7 d后的抑制率为55.67%。菌株S61发酵液不同浓度（1、5、10和20 mg/mL）正丁醇萃取物对青9A-4-13的抑菌活性最高，抑制率分别为61.50%、63.00%、64.00%和66.00%。菌株S61发酵液及其正丁醇萃取物对马铃薯储藏安全。【结论】中度嗜盐菌S61在体外和马铃薯活体上均对干腐病病原真菌具有抑制作用，其发酵产物的正丁醇萃取物活性最高，并存在生防因子，能产生一些具有抑菌活性的次级代谢产物，具有较好的马铃薯干腐病生物防治潜力。