两种木薯乙醇发酵废醪渣产沼气试验分析

以中国木薯和老挝木薯发酵产乙醇后剩余的干酒糟为原料,在(35±1)℃条件下进行批量式沼气发酵试验,发酵料液的TS质量分数为4%。结果表明,中国木薯废醪渣和老挝木薯废醪渣的平均日产气量分别为158.2、149.3 mL/d。中国木薯醪渣的TS产气率和VS产气率分别为659、867 mL/g,老挝木薯醪渣的TS产气率和VS产气率分别为799、1 080 mL/g,沼气中的平均甲烷含量分别为50%和51%左右。     

甜瓜茎叶不同部位及其与玉米秸秆混合物的厌氧发酵特性

【目的】研究甜瓜茎叶厌氧发酵的产气特性和潜力。【方法】在温度(35±1)℃、总固体含量为80g/kg、菌种比例30%条件下,分别以甜瓜茎、甜瓜叶和甜瓜整株茎叶及其与玉米秸秆的混合物为原料,进行批量厌氧消化试验,测定厌氧发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷体积分数以及TS产气率和VS产气率。【结果】甜瓜茎的TS产气率和累积产气量均最高,分别为297.6mL/g和10 618.5mL,甜瓜叶的TS产气率和累积产气量均最低,分别为235.8mL/g和8 427.5mL,甜瓜整株茎叶的TS产气率和累积产气量居中,分别为256.9mL/g和9 173mL。添加玉米秸秆使甜瓜叶和甜瓜整株茎叶的累积产气量分别增加了22.9%和13.9%,甜瓜茎的累积产气量减少了15%;使甜瓜茎、甜瓜叶、甜瓜整株茎叶的发酵时间分别延长了7,11,10d。【结论】甜瓜茎叶不同部位均具有良好的产气潜力,添加玉米秸秆提高了甜瓜叶和整株的TS产气率,降低了甜瓜茎的TS产气率。     

聚合草厌氧发酵产气潜力的试验

以新鲜聚合草为发酵原料,在实验室自行设计的发酵装置上进行了厌氧发酵试验,通过测定发酵过程中发酵液和沼气的各项指标,对蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵的可行性及接种量对发酵过程的影响进行了研究.结果表明,聚合草用厌氧发酵工艺处理是可行的;在试验采用的10%、20%、30%和40%四个水平的接种量中,最佳接种量为20%时,聚合草TS=12.40%的产气率为95.43 mL/g,VS=83.9的产气率为1006.36 mL/g.明显高于其他3组实验.     

不同配比污泥对玉米秸秆产气特性的影响

[目的]研究玉米秸秆不同接种物浓度下的产气特性,为秸秆在大规模沼气工程中的应用提供参考.[方法]以玉米秸秆为发酵原料,接种不同比例的厌氧污泥,采用批量发酵工艺,在38℃左右条件下进行厌氧发酵.[结果]经过50d的发酵后,秸秆中大部分物质可以得到分解.当厌氧污泥和秸秆比例为10∶3(两者TS比0.57、VS比0.46)、总TS浓度为10.16%时,秸秆产气效果最佳,TS产气率为370 mL/g,沼气中甲烷含量为56.04%.[结论]玉米秸秆发酵过程中,随接种污泥比例加大,秸秆的产气量和产气率逐渐升高,但接种量达到一定比例时,原料产气量和产气率升高不再明显.     

酒糟与猪粪混合厌氧发酵产沼气的研究

为探索酒糟中添加猪粪对厌氧消化特性的影响,采用自行设计的小型厌氧发酵装置进行批量发酵试验。结果表明,酒糟与猪粪的干物质质量比为7∶3时,发酵过程中日均产气量、累积产气量、甲烷体积分数都最大;pH的降低幅度最小,抑制酸化效果最佳;总产气量和总固体产气量分别为31 885 mL、263.9 mL/g,与其他各组有显著差异。因此,合理调配酒糟与猪粪的比例,能够有效调节料液碳氮比,从而提高酒糟的产气率与利用率。     

水葫芦沼气利用新工艺研究

[目的]研究水葫芦沼气利用的新工艺。[方法]水葫芦经固液分离后,设计水葫芦渣批量干发酵以及水葫芦汁常温、中温批量发酵等系列厌氧消化试验。[结果]水葫芦渣可以进行干发酵,TS=20%的原料产气率为385 ml/g TS,明显高于TS=25%(343 ml/g TS)和30%(288 ml/g TS)的原料产气率;水葫芦汁常温批量发酵的产气潜力为2.2 ml/g,COD的降解率高达91.27%,COD产气值为332 ml/gCOD,发酵时间为32 d;水葫芦汁恒温批量发酵的COD降解率为86.43%,COD产气值为312 ml/g COD,发酵时间为25 d。[结论]水葫芦沼气利用的新工艺可有效避免直接发酵导致的问题。     

葡萄皮渣的沼气发酵潜力研究

[目的]为合理利用造酒工业的有机废弃物提供依据。[方法]以沼气发酵后的厌氧活性污泥为接种物,测定了葡萄干皮渣和湿皮渣发酵前后的总固体（TS）含量、挥发性固体（VS）含量、pH值和产气量。[结果]以干皮渣和湿皮渣为原料发酵第2天即产生沼气,干皮渣在15d和湿皮渣在20d后产生的沼气不能持续燃烧,甲烷含量较低。干皮渣和湿皮渣发酵至15d时的产气量均占总产气量的80%以上,湿皮渣的累积产气量大于干皮渣。前10d干皮渣的产气速率高于湿皮渣,后期则相反。干皮渣的TS利用率为12.61%,VS利用率为2.26%。湿皮渣的TS利用率为5.61%,VS利用率为3.97%。[结论]葡萄干皮渣的沼气发酵潜力为230ml/g（TS）、180ml/g（VS）,湿皮渣的沼气发酵潜力为1510ml/g（TS）、150ml/g（VS）。     

空心莲子草厌氧消化产沼气潜力及应用研究

设计对照组(120 mL接种物)和试验组(120 mL接种物+71 g空心莲子草),采用全混合批量式发酵模式,在中温30 ℃的条件下,进行沼气发酵试验,研究空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb.)的产沼气潜力.结果表明,试验组的沼气发酵历时27 d,净产气量为3080 mL.由试验结果计算得出,空心莲子草的TS产气潜力为319 mL/g,VS产气潜力为403 mL/g.     

木聚糖酶对牛粪厌氧干发酵产沼气的影响

为了提升牛粪产沼气性能,通过批式厌氧干发酵的方式考察木聚糖酶对牛粪产沼气的影响.在发酵温度55℃,总固体物(TS)浓度为40％,接种物含量30％,添加原料质量1％的木聚糖酶来进行牛粪厌氧干发酵.结果表明,木聚糖酶的添加不能缩短产沼气周期,但能提升沼气产量.试验组累计产气量为9.9 L,比对照组提升了22％,原料产气率为0.25 L/g,池容产气率为0.73 m3/(m3·d).产气过程与一般原料产气过程类似,但发酵周期较长.该试验结果为牛粪的高效利用提供了一个有效途径.     

巨菌草高温发酵产沼气的初步研究

巨菌草是一种光合作用效率很高的能源植物,用来发酵产沼气潜力很大。该研究以巨菌草为发酵底物,从菌群富集、堆沤预处理和发酵过程对其进行了高温发酵产沼气的初步研究。共富集得到了4个高温发酵巨菌草产沼气菌群,其中从牛瘤胃内容物中富集得到的4号菌群产气效率最高,15d的积累产沼气量达到了373.1 mL/g TS。实验结果表明:利用沼液对巨菌草进行堆沤处理效果较好,15d的积累产沼气量为406.5 mL/g TS;接种量为64%时产气持续性好,15d积累产沼气量可达442.6 mL/g TS;最佳起始碳氮比为21.5;添加氯化铵的巨菌草发酵启动早于添加尿素的发酵1～2d。该文为规模化利用巨菌草高温发酵产沼气提供了参考。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。