环吡酮胺纳米乳的制备及含量测定

【目的】对环吡酮胺纳米乳的配方及制备方法进行研究,并对其理化性质、稳定性、含量进行考察。【方法】利用伪三元相图优选配方,制备环吡酮胺纳米乳,通过透射电子显微镜、激光粒度测定仪、UV分光光度计对其形态、粒径和含量进行考察,通过高速离心试验和留样观察试验对其稳定性进行考察。【结果】以乙酸异丙酯为油相,聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油为表面活性剂,乙醇为助表面活性剂,在表面活性剂与助表面活性剂的质量比Km=3∶2时,室温下可形成稳定的水包油型纳米乳体系;乳滴呈球形,分布均匀,平均粒径为11.4nm,多分散系数(PDI)为0.132。稳定性试验显示,环吡酮胺纳米乳经10 000r/min离心20min及在-4,25,60℃贮藏6个月后,纳米乳液仍澄清均一,未出现分层、破乳现象。含量测定显示,在306.2nm处测定纳米乳液中环吡酮胺含量的专属性良好。【结论】获得制备环吡酮胺纳米乳的配方,且该配方制备工艺简单可行,制得的环吡酮胺纳米乳稳定性高。     

伊曲康唑纳米乳的制备及含量测定

【目的】研制伊曲康唑纳米乳并评价其质量,考察纳米乳中伊曲康唑含量。【方法】以伊曲康唑为主要活性成分,肉桂醛和乙酸乙酯为混合油相,EL-40为表面活性剂,异丙醇为助表面活性剂,通过绘制伪三元相图确定伊曲康唑纳米乳的最优配方。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、激光粒度分析仪等评价伊曲康唑纳米乳的质量,利用紫外分光光度计考察纳米乳中伊曲康唑含量。【结果】经筛选,伊曲康唑纳米乳配方中各物质的质量分数为:伊曲康唑1.24%,肉桂醛4.58%,乙酸乙酯4.58%,EL-40 24.44%,异丙醇12.17%,蒸馏水52.99%。在TEM下,伊曲康唑纳米乳乳滴为圆球形,分布均一,平均粒径为14.48nm,多分散系数(PDI)为0.014。制备出的纳米乳澄清透明、稳定性良好。测定伊曲康唑纳米乳中伊曲康唑含量的最佳波长为261nm,检测方法的专属性良好。【结论】伊曲康唑纳米乳稳定性好且制备工艺简单,用于测定伊曲康唑纳米乳中伊曲康唑含量的紫外分光光度法专属性好、精密度高。     

藏蒲公英多糖纳米乳剂的制备及性质研究

筛选出合适的油、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂,根据纳米乳区并结合肉眼观察,筛选藏蒲公英多糖纳米乳剂的处方,制备W/O藏蒲公英多糖纳米乳剂,并测定其形态、粒径分布、pH值、黏度及稳定性,从而为利用纳米技术开发藏药蒲公英多糖提供理论依据。结果显示,Tween 80/Span 80/石蜡油/乙醇/多糖水溶液配方的体积比为3∶1∶2∶1∶3,制备的藏蒲公英多糖纳米乳为淡黄色透明液体,透射电镜下呈圆球形,平均粒径为56.8 nm,pH值6.18,黏度3.80 s,理化性质较稳定。藏蒲公英多糖纳米乳剂制备简单,成本低,稳定性很好,具有较大开发应用价值。     

艾叶油纳米乳剂的研制及其质量评价

采用伪三元相图优化配方,表面活性剂选用吐温-80、助表面活性剂选用无水乙醇、油相选用肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM)制备出了艾叶油纳米乳,并对其进行质量评价。用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、激光粒度分析仪分别观察其形态和粒径,通过恒温加速实验考察其稳定性。艾叶油纳米乳在透射电镜下呈圆球形,分布均匀,平均粒径为18.3nm,PDI为0.172,恒温加速实验结果显示其未分层沉淀,仍为澄清透明纳米乳。艾叶油纳米乳制备工艺简单,稳定性好,有望应用于兽医临床。     

VC与VE复方微乳的制备及其质量评价

用合适的表面活性剂、VE油溶液和VC水溶液制备一种适合皮肤涂抹用药的VC和VE复方微乳,并用透射电子显微镜测定其粒径,高速离心法、温度梯度法和恒温加速试验检验其稳定性,紫外分光光度法测其有效成分含量,急性毒性试验、皮肤刺激性试验、眼刺激性试验检验其安全性。结果表明,制备的VC和VE复方微乳粒径为10~100 nm,符合微乳的粒径要求。样品经4 000 r/m in离心30 m in和37℃相对湿度为75%的条件下保存3个月均保持澄清透明,未见分层或絮凝,其稳定温度范围为4~60℃。样品中VC和VE的含量分别为(182.91±2.39)和(13.97±0.60)m g/mL,平均回收率分别为103.3%和96.7%。该VC和VE复方微乳无经口毒性、皮肤刺激性和眼刺激性,适合用于皮肤给药。     

黄连素口服纳米乳的研制、质量及安全性评价

研究选择适宜的油相、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂,利用伪三元相图,以新型纳米乳为载体,对黄连素的传统剂型进行改进,研制出适合口服的纳米乳制剂;以离心(13000r·min-1,30min)稳定性和乳滴粒径作为主要的评价标准,对纳米乳的黏度、电导率、折光率、粒径和初步稳定性等方面进行质量评价;用小鼠灌胃的急性毒性实验对纳米乳的安全性进行评价。结果表明研制出的黄连素口服纳米乳为澄清透明的液体,透射电镜下观察为球状液滴,平均粒径为56.8nm;高速离心稳定、高温和强光条件下考察10d,其含量和粒径均未发生明显变化;小鼠灌胃结果,纳米乳无毒性。由此证明研制出的黄连素口服纳米乳是一种质量稳定、安全性高的良好药物传递系统。     

红霉素纳米乳的制备及其药效学研究

【目的】研制红霉素纳米乳制剂,并检测其体外药效。【方法】利用伪三元相图法,以tween-80为表面活性剂、无水乙醇为助表面活性剂、乙酸乙酯为油相、红霉素原料药为主药,制备红霉素纳米乳,并对其形态特征、稳定性和体外药效进行检测。【结果】红霉素纳米乳的最佳配方(质量分数,%)为:红霉素1%,无水乙醇10%,Tween8030%,乙酸乙酯4.4%,去离子水54.6%。用该配方制备的红霉素纳米乳为澄清透明的液体,透射电镜下观察为球状液滴,粒径为10~100 nm,具有良好的分散性。红霉素纳米乳经高速离心和在-4℃、室温、60℃条件下留样观察,均未见纳米乳发生变化。红霉素纳米乳对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌的最小抑菌浓度分别是0.01563和0.125mg/mL。【结论】研制的红霉素纳米乳为澄清透明的淡黄色液体,稳定性良好,其对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌均有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用。     

替米考星纳米乳的制备及其质量评价

【目的】制备替米考星纳米乳,并进行质量评价。【方法】通过伪三元相图法优选处方,以吐温-80为表面活性剂、无水乙醇为助表面活性剂、IPM为油相制备替米考星纳米乳,并对其形态特征、稳定性和体外药效进行评价。【结果】替米考星纳米乳的最佳处方是:替米考星5.5%,无水乙醇18.5%,吐温-80 27.5%,IPM 5%,蒸馏水43.5%(各组分含量均为质量分数)。替米考星纳米乳在透射电镜下呈圆形,激光粒度分析仪测定其粒径为10~25nm。经高速离心和在-4℃、室温、60℃条件下留样观察,外观均未见发生变化。替米考星纳米乳对巴氏杆菌、无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度分别是1.95,3.9,7.81,3.9和1.95μg/mL。【结论】替米考星纳米乳为澄清透明的淡黄色液体,稳定性良好,对巴氏杆菌、无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌均有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用。     

恩诺沙星纳米乳的制备及其质量评价

为制备恩诺沙星纳米乳,首先通过滴定法绘制伪三元相图,研究不同表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂质量比(Km)形成纳米乳的区域,筛选出最佳制备处方,并对制备的恩诺沙星纳米乳进行质量评价.结果表明:最佳的纳米乳处方为肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM)、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油-40 (EL-40)、乙酸(HAc)和水,其中Km为3∶2,各成分的质量分数为恩诺沙星15％,IPM3％,EL-40和HAc 48％,蒸馏水34％;所制备的恩诺沙星纳米乳为O/W型,澄明均一,平均粒径为(22.45±2.92) nm,粒径呈正态分布,pH 4.36;该纳米乳对大肠杆菌ATCC25922和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)均为其原料药MIC的1/2;在离心试验和温度试验条件下,未见乳液分层、破乳和药物析出现象.结果显示,恩诺沙星纳米乳制备工艺简单、溶解度高、抗菌活性强、稳定性好.     

氟苯尼考纳米乳的制备及品质评价

为了制备出高效低毒稳定的氟苯尼考纳米乳,采用单因素筛选,通过相图优化制备工艺制备纳米乳,并对氟苯尼考纳米乳的稳定性、形态和粒径分布、含量等指标进行考察。结果显示,以吐温-80、甘油、乙酸乙酯和氟苯尼考为原料制备的氟苯尼考纳米乳品质较好,其最佳质量比为6:3:1,粒径为5～70nm,经高速离心、留样观察,外观和含量未发生明显变化,但对光不稳定。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。