我国超级杂交稻育种研究进展及展望

回顾了国内外超级稻育种历史,介绍了我国超级稻育种研究进展,指出我国超级稻育种在籼粳亚种优势利用及株型育种中取得了重大突破,超级稻在我国已处于大面积推广阶段。针对我国超级稻品种（组合）普遍存在适应性不广、结实率偏低、抗性及米质较差、双季超级稻品种（组合）较少及育种理论和技术还有待完善等问题,提出未来超级稻育种的策略。     

水稻超高产育种研究进展及存在问题

自20世纪60-70年代推行矮化育种和杂交水稻选育与推广以来,我国水稻单产水平有了大幅提高。为了增强单位面积土地的产出效能,80年代日本人率先提出水稻超高产育种的概念。我国水稻超高产育种始于90年代中期,并取得了一定的成果。目前超高产水稻育种已经成为稻作科学研究的一个热点。文章综述了水稻超高产育种的理论和方法研究进展:(1)新株型育种理论;(2)理想株型与杂种优势利用相结合是超高产育种的一大方向;(3)籼粳亚种间杂交是超高产育种的主要技术路线;(4)利用野生稻有利基因选育超高产组合。并指出当前水稻超高产育种存在的一些问题:(1)超高产和优质的统一问题;(2)不能实现传统育种方法与现代生物技术的有机结合;(3)超高产与抗性的统一问题。     

超级稻的分子设计育种

超级稻育种的目标是在水稻矮化育种和杂种优势利用取得突破的基础上,通过理想株型的构建结合籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用,来实现寻求水稻单产、品质、适应性的新突破。作物分子设计育种是通过各种技术的整合与集成,对作物从基因(分子)到整体(系统)不同层次进行设计和操作。将分子设计育种的知识和手段应用于超级稻育种,可以在尽可能短的时间里培育出更多、更好的超级稻品种或杂交组合。因此,对水稻分子设计育种的基本理论和相关领域的最新研究进展进行了综述,展望了分子设计育种对提升传统育种效率和培育超级稻新品种的前景,指出了未来超级稻发展的方向。     

天津稻区水稻超高产育种

综述了国内外水稻超高产育种的途径、方法;探讨了在超高产育种中常规技术与高新技术、优质与高产之间的关系;认为天津稻区水稻超高产育种的最有效途径是选育三系法次亚种间优质超高产杂粳组合。     

非洲长雄蕊野生稻的遗传特性及其固定杂种优势研究探讨

 非洲长雄蕊野生稻（O. Longistaminata）80-0001具有系统分离、系统遗传、固定杂种的遗传特性。把它作为一种遗传材料，能固定种间、亚种间、品种间的第二代或近似第一代杂种，特别是固定籼稻与粳稻之间杂种，并能直接利用，意义更为重大。固定水稻杂种的育种技术比常规稻育种技术可缩短育种周期2/3，克服了杂交水稻年年制种的限制，解决了优质与高产之间的矛盾。笔者选育的能多代利用的杂交水稻品种，具有使用性广、技术稳定、价格便宜的优点。这种育种技术可谓快速、优质、高产、多抗育种的新途径。     

超高产杂交粳稻育种研究与实践

阐述了超高产杂交粳稻育种的历史、生产应用现状和存在的问题,认为发掘与利用优异基因资源、进行杂种优势利用的技术创新是杂交粳稻取得突破的前提,提出了南方水稻主产区超高产杂交粳稻育种途径和株型模式,并育成产量潜力12t/hm2的超高产杂交粳稻组合。建议加强超高产杂交粳稻配套栽培技术研究和技术培训。     

Advances and prospects of super rice breeding in China

Super rice breeding in China has been very successful over the past 3 decades, and the Chinese government has made great efforts to support breeding and cultivation of both conventional and hybrid super rice. In this review, we focus on the progress in and potential of super rice breeding. After the establishment of the breeding theory and strategy of "generating an ideotype with strong heterosis through inter-subspecies hybridization, by using gene pyramiding to combine elite traits through composite-crossing to breed super rice varieties with both ideotype and strong hybrid vigor", a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in both conventional and super hybrid rice breeding. A number of new genetic materials with ideotype have been created successfully, and the Ministry of Agriculture of China has approved 156 novel super rice varieties and combinations for commercialization. During the Developing the Super Rice Varieties Program, great attention has also been paid to the integration and demonstration of the rice production technology. Collaboration between industry and university researchers has led to technological innovations and initiation of a demonstration system for super hybrid rice. With widespread cultivation of super rice with higher quality and yield, as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic or biotic stresses, the yield of rice production per unit has reached a new level. In addition to increased quality and yield, hybrid rice breeding has also led to improvements in many other agronomic traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases, resistance to lodging, and optimized light distribution in population. Achievements in super rice breeding and innovation in rice production have made major contributions to the progress in rice sciences and worldwide food security.     

北方粳型稻超高产育种理论与实践

 从育种理论、育种技术及育种实践等方面，综合评述了中国北方粳型稻超高产育种研究进展与前景，认为培育和推广超级稻是继株型育种和杂交稻之后，提高北方粳稻综合生产能力，实现北方水稻生产跨越式发展的重要途径。在“利用籼粳稻杂交创造新株型和强优势，通过复交优化性状组配，聚合有利基因，选育理想株型与优势利用相结合的超级稻”育种理论与技术路线确立之后，北方粳型超级粳稻在常规育种方面已取得重大突破，成功地培育出一批优质抗病的超级稻新品种并已广泛应用于生产，如沈农265、沈农606、吉粳88等。与常规超级稻育种相比，超级杂交粳稻育种研究进展则相对较缓慢。这一方面是由于北方气候与生态条件的限制，另一方面是育种技术相对落后。解决优势与生育期的矛盾、产量与品质的矛盾以及提高制种产量等问题，仍然是北方超级杂交粳稻育种所面临的严峻挑战。本文还讨论了与粳型超级稻育种有关的生理和遗传问题。     

超级杂交稻育种的创新思维与实践

超级杂交稻育种的创新思维提出了超级杂交稻育种三步法设想,即超级亲本选育——超级杂交组合选育——超级杂交制种,并详细阐述了各步骤的标准和实现其目标的技术路线;提出了水稻光温敏不育机理新设想:即水稻光温敏核不育系育性转换是主效不育基因与其位置相近的发育感光基因或(和)发育感温基因相互作用的结果,不育基因位点(微效不育基因)可影响两用核不育系的不育起点温度的高低.按照超级杂交稻育种三步法的技术路线,成功选育了父本996和两用核不育系C815S两个超级杂交稻亲本,利用前者选育出适合长江中下游稻区作双季早稻种植的超级杂交早稻组合陆两优996,用后者选配出C两优87和C两优396等增产幅度大、极有应用前景的超级稻新组合.遵循水稻光温敏不育系选育的技术路线,育成C815S,P88S和9771S等实用的水稻两用核不育系.     

水稻超高产育种的理论与实践

对国内外水稻超高产育种研究历史、现状和发展趋势进行了综合分析与评述,认为水稻单产水平已经历了由矮化育种和杂种优势利用带来的两次大的飞跃.进一步高产,难度将越来越大.第三次单产水平的飞跃将产生于以理想株型与优势利用相结合为导向的超高产育种.实践证明,利用籼粳稻亚种间杂交或地理远缘杂交创造株型变异和强优势,再通过优化性状组配将二者结合起来,是选育新株型超高产品种或杂交稻行之有效的途径.本文还简要介绍了北方粳稻超高产育种研究的进展情况.     

湖北省水稻育种的回顾、现状及发展趋势

20世纪50年代以来,湖北省水稻育种工作者通过采取矮秆育种、杂种优势利用等技术,培育出了一大批高产、优质水稻品种.并在优质、高产杂交早稻育种方面取得突破,但目前湖北省水稻育种仍存在自育品种覆盖率低、抗性较差等问题.湖北省水稻育种发展的趋势是超高产和优质并举.针对存在的问题和优势.发展对策是综合运用常规技术和现代生物技术,利用亚种间杂种优势,注重品种抗逆性改良.     

Hybrid Rice Research and Development in China and Its New Progress

HyBrid rice‘s history and its development up to date are described in the paper. Compared with the conventional rice. hybrid rice can increase grain yield by about 20%. Hybrid rice breeding in China has been advancing along the three-line method, to two-line method, to super high-yielding rive application strategically and its success in higher degree will be seen by the utilization of distant heterosis cooperated with bioteehnology.     

Hybrid rice achievements,development and prospect in China

This article reviews the history and progress of hybrid rice development. Hybrid rice research was initiated back in 1964, and commercialized in 1976. Three-line and two-line system hybrid rice were developed in 1974 and 1995, respectively. Research on super hybrid rice, which was first launched by Ministry of Agriculture, China in 1996, is discussed, and the great progress of super hybrid rice had been achieved with a new yield record by 15.4 t ha–1 in the 6.84 ha demonstration location in Xupu, Hunan Province, China in 2014. And the mechanism of heterosis, the techniques of hybrid seed production and the modern field managements in hybrid rice over the past decades are also discussed. Additionally, this article dealt with the intellectual property protection(IPR) and development of hybrid rice seed industry in China. Major factors that constrain hybrid rice development are analyzed and possible solutions to this problems are proposed. Finally, the authors present methods to further increase production yield, and propose an improvement for breeding super high-yielding hybrid rice based on these methods.     

杂交水稻超高产育种中性状选择的研究

水稻品种间及亚种间组合的单株产量及其他主要经济性状都还有很大的改良潜力。选育强优势的品种间组合仍是进一步提高杂交水稻产量的一条有效途径。根据研究结果,本文指出了选育品种间及亚种间强优势超高产组合的性状选择关键,并对亲本选配进行了讨论。杂交水稻超高产组合的选育,利用亚种间优势目前以主攻籼爪交为宜。待籼粳杂种的籽粒充实较差这一难题解决之后,再主攻籼粳交选育优势更强的超高产组合。本文还提出通过株型育种、生理育种提高籼粳杂种植株体内“源”和“流”的水平,是解决亚种间组合籽粒充实度差的可行途径。     

白叶枯病抗性水稻广亲和恢复系的鉴定和筛选

【目的】为采用分子标记辅助选择利用野生稻抗性基因提供科学依据,并为选育超级杂交水稻提供目标亲本和选育新的恢复系提供亲本。【方法】以白叶枯病抗性水稻中野5112为供体亲本、广亲和恢复系桂649为受体亲本进行有性杂交,将在分离群体中筛选的35份优良目标品系进行田间接菌鉴定,并用与水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa23紧密连锁的SSR标记引物RM206对中野5112、恢复系桂649及其35份优良杂交后代F4材料进行分子检测。【结果】从桂649×中野5112杂交后代的35个F4品系中,筛选出13个同时具有白叶枯病抗性和广亲和性潜力及其他优良农艺性状的品系,其中属偏粳型11个,属偏籼型的仅有两个;供体材料中野5112及其13份杂交后代材料携有Xa23的抗性等位点,受体材料桂649及其他22份杂交后代材料未携带Xa23的抗性等位点。田间接菌鉴定结果表明,在37个检测材料中,除中野5112外,对白叶枯病表现中抗以上的有18个品系,进一步证明这部分材料已携带有Xa23基因。将13份携有Xa23抗性等位点的材料与籼、粳稻品种及不育系配组,根据其F1代的育性表现,证明其中12个品系具有广亲和性。此外,与对照汕优63相比,初步鉴定出适合广西种植的具有超高产潜力的杂交稻组合3个,即龙特甫A×100-1-4、龙特甫A×08262-2-1和龙特甫A×08278-1-1。【结论】采用SSR标记引物与PCR检测方法进行Xa23基因分子标记检测是可行的,这为采用分子标记辅助选择利用野生稻抗性基因提供科学依据。筛选出的13份优良品系可用作选育超级杂交水稻的目标亲本或选育新恢复系的亲本。     

水稻超高产育种的分子生物学研究进展

水稻超高产育种杂种优势的有效利用、目标性状的选择和评价过程。水稻超高产育种理论落后于实践，这种局面长期制约了水稻更大范围内有效利用杂种优势。本文简要地分析水稻超高产育种现状和存在的主要问题，评述了水稻超高产育种的分子生物学基础研究进展。     

云南香型软米水稻资源及在水稻育种中的研究利用

结合云南香型软米杂种优势利用研究实践,综述云南香型软米水稻植物学形态、品质特点、分布范围以及在水稻育种中利用研究的现状。在香型软米杂交稻育种中如何利用云南香型软米水稻资源的有关问题进行讨论,提出要成功育成品质优异而产量高的杂交稻,应积极开展云南香型软米杂种优势利用,充分挖掘云南香型软米水稻资源;软米和香味性状是由隐性基因控制,配组双亲必须具有香味和软米性状,控制香味性状的基因必须等位;云南香型软米类型多样,以其创建杂交稻亲本时,须弄清其遗传背景,选择遗传简单,并且等位的单隐性香味基因控制的香型软米水稻资源作香味基因供体。     

三系两系杂交水稻比较研究

三系两系杂交水稻是提高水稻产量最有效的技术。比较三系两系不育系遗传、选育,恢复系选育以及杂交水稻组合选育,对于正确认识三系两系杂种优势具有重要意义。本文综述了三系两系不育系遗传和选育、三系两系恢复系选育、三系两系杂交水稻组合的选育理论与实践等方面进展,并比较了中国水稻数据中心三系两系杂交水稻新组合产量差异。笔者认为三系两系杂交水稻育种技术不同,但两系三系杂交水稻不存在优劣之分。讨论了存在的问题,包括杂交水稻杂种优势机理、三系两系杂交水稻材料创新与育种技术等问题。针对以上问题,建议进一步研究杂交水稻杂种优势机理;加强三系两系亲本改良,聚合更多的优良基因,有更强的配合力;采用常规育种技术结合分子育种,提高三系两系亲本育种效率。     

Advances and Prospects in Breeding Japonica Rice for Super High Yield in the Northern China

In this paper, advances and prospects in breeding japonica rice for super high yield in the northern China were analyzed comprehensively in terms of breeding theories, techniques and practices. The author holds that developing and spreading super rice is an important way to enhance the overall yielding ability of japonica rice and attaining immense expansion of rice production. After theories and technical guidelines for super rice breeding were formulated, which involved the creation of new plant morphology and strong hybrid vigor through crossing indica with japonica subspecies, the optimization of combination of desirable traits via multiple crossing or backcrossing, the assemblage of favorable genes and the integration of ideal plant morphology with the utilization of vigor-major breakthroughs have been made in conventional breeding of japonica super rice. A batch of new super rice varieties marked by superior rice quality and high disease resistance, such as Shennong 265, Shennong 606, and Jijing 88, etc., have been developed and released. In comparison with the advancement in conventional breeding ef super rice, progress in hybrid japonica super rice breeding is slower because of climatic and ecological constraint in northern China. Therefore, solving the contradictions between vigor and growth duration, between yield and rice quality, and boosting vastly seed production are still serious challenges for breeders of hybrid japonica rice. Physiological and genetic problems in japonica super rice breeding are also discussed in this paper.     

不同籼稻光(温)敏不育系配组的优势比较

采用安农S-1,衡农S-1,W6154S 及5460S 等4种籼稻光(温)敏不育系分别与14个水稻品种(系)配置杂交组合,在同一条件下栽培,进行杂种优势分析.结果表明:4种籼稻光(温)敏不育系杂种产量都具有明显的平均杂种优势与超亲优势,并且都有一定比例的竞争优势组合;安农S-1可作杂交早稻不育系利用;衡农S-1与5460S 只能用作晚稻不育系;W6154S 则主要用作晚稻不育系;结实率及千粒重是影响4种籼稻光(温)敏不育系杂种产量提高的主要因素,在两系杂交稻测交组合鉴定及不育系与父本品种选育中,应注意结实率及千粒重的改良;并提出两系亚种间杂交稻选育应以选育广亲和光(温)敏不育系途径为主,此外两系杂交稻选育还应注意亲缘隔离.