三系两系杂交水稻比较研究

三系两系杂交水稻是提高水稻产量最有效的技术。比较三系两系不育系遗传、选育,恢复系选育以及杂交水稻组合选育,对于正确认识三系两系杂种优势具有重要意义。本文综述了三系两系不育系遗传和选育、三系两系恢复系选育、三系两系杂交水稻组合的选育理论与实践等方面进展,并比较了中国水稻数据中心三系两系杂交水稻新组合产量差异。笔者认为三系两系杂交水稻育种技术不同,但两系三系杂交水稻不存在优劣之分。讨论了存在的问题,包括杂交水稻杂种优势机理、三系两系杂交水稻材料创新与育种技术等问题。针对以上问题,建议进一步研究杂交水稻杂种优势机理;加强三系两系亲本改良,聚合更多的优良基因,有更强的配合力;采用常规育种技术结合分子育种,提高三系两系亲本育种效率。

Comparative Review on the Three-Line and Two-Line Techniques for Hybrid Rice

Three-line (cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line, maintainer line and restore) and two-line (thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) line and restore) techniques are most effective in increasing rice yield in the world.Understanding the genetics and breeding of CMS-line and TGMS-line, the breeding of their respective restores and the breeding of hybrid rice combinations would have great significance in realizing the heterosis of both the three-line and two-line hybrid rice.This paper reviewed the advances achieved in these areas.Furthermore, according to 133 new combinations released by Ministry of Agriculture of China in 2014-2016 (http://www.ricedata.cn/), yield of 73 two-line combinations was similar to that of 60 three-line combinations, although the breeding techniques of three-line hybrid rice were remarkably different from those of two-line hybrid rice.The review also discussed the existing problems and suggested solutions.In order to solve the problems, it is necessary to (a) study the molecular mechanism in order to understand how main genes interact in heterosis of hybrid rice, (b) enhance three-line parents and two-lines parents in order to improve new parents with good genes and strong combination ability, and (c) adopt both classical breeding techniques and molecular breeding techniques to increase breeding efficiency.