广西斑点叉尾鮰爱德华氏菌的分离鉴定

在广西2处网箱和2处池塘发病斑点叉尾鮰中分离到4株呈β溶血的革兰氏阴性杆菌,经细菌形态、培养特征、生理生化特性鉴定3株为钻鱼爱德华氏菌、1株为迟钝爱德华氏菌,通过PCR检测、PCR产物核苷酸序列测序及Blast比对,进一步确定3株为钻鱼爱德华氏菌、1株为迟钝爱德华氏菌;致病性试验结果显示,这4株分离菌株具有较强的致病性,能引起斑点叉尾鮰发生爱德华氏菌病;药敏试验结果显示,4株分离菌株对氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、氟哌酸等高度敏感。     

斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症病原菌的分离与鉴定

近两年来,一种严重的传染性疾病在广西斑点叉尾鮰养殖业中流行,造成鱼苗100%死亡;成鱼损失也高达30%~80%不等。为确定该病病原,对广西南宁、合浦两地患病斑点叉尾鮰脑、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织进行了细菌的分离、鉴定及致病性试验。结果从中分离到两株(NN和HP)G-短杆菌,人工感染试验表明,腹腔注射感染可引起健康斑点叉尾鮰100%死亡,浸泡感染可引起30%~55%死亡,并且感染发病的症状与自然发病症状相似。两株细菌的形态特征、培养特性和生理生化反应指标均与国外报道的鮰爱德华氏菌参考菌株(JCM1680)相同;两株细菌的16S rRNA基因序列与JCM1680菌株16S rRNA基因序列同源性均为99.3%。由此证实,NN和HP两株细菌为致病性鮰爱德华氏菌,其引起的传染性疾病为斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症。     

斑点叉尾鮰鲇鱼爱德华氏菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]研究爱德华氏菌的鉴定方法,为爱德华菌病的快速诊断及防治提供参考依据。[方法]选取患病斑点叉尾鮰的表皮、肝脏和肾脏组织进行细菌分离,对选择性培养基上生长出来的疑似菌株进行革兰氏染色、氧化酶试验、葡萄糖发酵及生化特性试验鉴定菌株。[结果]共分离得到3株形态不同的肠杆科细菌,经过鉴定其中1株为鲇鱼爱德华氏菌。[结论]患病斑点叉尾鮰感染了爱德华氏菌。     

鲍曼不动杆菌斑点叉尾鮰株的分离与鉴定

从湖北省宜昌市清江水库网箱养殖发病的斑点叉尾鮰肝脏分离到1株细菌CH016,该菌可在淡水琼脂平板上生长,单菌落圆形白色,表面圆滑,边缘整齐。经腹腔注射回归感染试验,复制出与自然发病相同的病症,且从人工感染病鱼体内再次分离到与自然发病相同的细菌,表明该菌对斑点叉尾鮰具有致病性。经生理生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列及其系统发育分析,结果均显示该菌为鲍曼不动杆菌。     

斑点叉尾鮰套肠症病原分离与鉴定

为鉴定四川省乐山市某池塘养殖患病斑点叉尾鮰的病原菌,从其肝脏组织分离纯化得到一株优势菌,采用形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定以及16S rRNA、gyrB基因序列检测对该菌株进行了鉴定,并通过人工感染实验和药敏实验对菌株的致病性和药物敏感性进行了分析。结果显示,分离菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,其生理生化特征与气单胞菌相似,结合16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列分析,最终确定该菌株为嗜水气单胞菌。人工感染实验显示,该菌株对斑点叉尾鮰具有较强的致病性,症状主要表现为急性充出血和套肠症,与斑点叉尾鮰发病症状一致,证明该病原为引起斑点叉尾鮰发病的主要病原。药敏实验显示,菌株仅对氧氟沙星和氟苯尼考敏感,而对其他药物低敏感或不敏感。本研究鉴定了可引起斑点叉尾鮰套肠症的病原,并对其当前的致病性和药物敏感性进行了分析,为斑点叉尾鮰该病的防治提供了理论参考。     

斑点叉尾鮰气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

集约化养殖中,气单胞菌属细菌已成为危害渔业生产的重要致病菌。本研究自患病斑点叉尾鮰体内分离出5株气单胞菌,经形态学观察、生长特性及生理生化反应测试、鉴定,其中AHIA02、AHIA04、AHIA05为嗜水气单胞菌;AHIA01、AHIA03为豚鼠气单胞菌。用20种常规抗生素分别对分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验,结果表明:所有分离菌株仅对奥复星、复方新诺明、先锋必素等3种抗生素敏感,交叉耐药性和多重耐药性现象严重。     

患爆发性败血症斑点叉尾鮰病原的分离与鉴定

从患爆发性败血症斑点叉尾鮰肝、脾和肾分离到大量形态和色泽一致的细菌。随机挑选5株细菌注射健康斑点叉尾鮰,感染鱼72 h内全部死亡,且患病症状与自然发病症状一致,确认分离株为斑点叉尾鮰败血症的致病菌。依据其菌落形态、生理生化特征,结合其16S rRNA和gyrB基因序列分析,鉴定5个分离株为蜡样芽孢杆菌。用20种抗微生物药敏纸片对分离株进行药敏实验,发现5株菌均对7种喹诺酮类药物、5种氨基糖苷类药物,麦迪霉素,克林霉素和新生霉素敏感,而对2种头孢菌素类药物和复方新诺明有耐药性。     

斑点叉尾鮰暴发性海豚链球菌病的研究

于2006-2007连续两年在广西横县、邕江及合浦等网箱养殖的斑点叉尾鮰Ictalurus punctatus中暴发一种流行性传染病,该病波及面广、传染性强,死亡率为30%～100%.鱼的主要发病症状为:浮头、转圈、狂游,发病后期鱼的单边眼睛浑浊、突出,且全身大面积弥漫性出血.作者先后从症状较为典型的斑点叉尾鲴的脑、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织等部位取样,分离到7株代表性菌株(CMS003～CMS005、CMS009～CMS012).人工感染试验结果表明,分离菌株对健康斑点又尾鮰具有很强的致病力,发病症状与自然发病斑点叉尾鮰的症状相同.采用常规形态、生理生化及海豚链球菌Streptococcus iniae特异性PCR诊断和16S rRNA基因序列系统发育进化分析的方法,对分离菌株进行分类鉴定,结果表明,分离的7株细菌均为海豚链球菌.目前,海豚链球菌已成为广西斑点叉尾鮰网箱养殖的高致病性病原菌.     

斑点叉尾鮰细菌性病原的分离与鉴定

报道从湖北省宜都市和长阳土家族自治县内清江河内养殖网箱中患病斑点叉尾鮰体内和体表分离致病菌的初步鉴定结果。从患病斑点叉尾鮰上共分离19个菌株,经分别采用注射和浸泡法人工感染试验,证明其中11个菌株能导致试验鱼80%~100%的死亡。根据对菌株的形态和生化特性的测定结果,11个菌株中的BH-001、BH-005、BH-009和BH-011等4个菌株属于叉尾鮰爱德华菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri),而BH-002、BH-015、BH-017和BH-019等4个菌株属于嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。而BH-004、BH-013和BH-016等3个菌株尚未能鉴定其种类。     

斑点叉尾鮰套肠症的病原鉴定及其药敏特性

从患败血症并出现肠套叠的斑点叉尾鮰Ictalurus punctatus肝脏、肾脏及脑组织中分离到一株细菌（TE090214）,经人工感染试验证实,该菌为斑点叉尾鮰病鱼的病原且具有高度致死性。对分离菌进行了形态特征、理化特性等较系统的表观分类学特征鉴定。结果表明：该菌经革兰氏染色为阴性,形状为两端钝圆的短杆菌,无荚膜及芽孢,氧化酶阳性,鸟氨酸脱羧酶阴性;能发酵葡萄糖产气,能利用甘露醇、蔗糖、阿拉伯糖和水杨苷产酸,能水解七叶苷等。对该菌的16SrDNA进行PCR扩增、克隆测序,得到1条长度为1537bp的核苷酸序列（GenBank登录号GQ184148）;在以该菌16SrDNA序列和GenBank数据库内同源性较高的细菌16SrDNA序列构建的系统发育树中,菌株TE090214与嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonashydrophi—Zo聚在一簇,结合形态及生理生化特点,可将该菌株鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。药敏试验结果显示：在供试的15种抗菌药物中,菌株TE090214对头孢哌酮、卡那霉素、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星敏感,对链霉素、阿米卡星、复方新诺明中度敏感,对氨苄青霉素等7种药物存在不同程度的耐药性。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.