水稻籽粒灌浆特性及品质对孕穗巅弱光胁迫的响应

以3个不同直链淀粉含量的水稻品种为材料，研究了孕穗期弱光对水稻籽粒灌浆及稻米品质的影响，并用Richards方程拟合籽粒的灌浆过程。结果表明，孕穗期弱光处理后，籽粒终极生长量（A）有所降低，起始灌浆势（R0）、最大灌浆速率（Gmax）、平均灌浆速率（G）的变化则因品种而异；糙米率、精米率显著下降，整精米率、垩白率、直链淀粉及蛋白质含量的变化因品种而异；精米率、糙米率与籽粒A值呈显著或极显著正相关，直链淀粉含量、整精米率与籽粒的R0、Gmax、G呈显著或极显著负相关，垩白率与籽粒的G、R0、Gmax呈显著或极显著正相关。在弱光区，可以采用育种、栽培技术、化学控制等手段来改变与稻米品质密切相关的籽粒灌浆参数值，以减轻弱光胁迫对稻米品质的危害程度。     

水稻食味品质性状间相关性分析及其与叶片光合作用的关系

为明确优质稻米品质性状及其与叶片光合作用的关系,培育筛选优良食味水稻新品种,以河南省沿黄稻区8个优良食味水稻品种为试验材料,在大田栽培条件下,对稻米的直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、加工品质指标（糙米率、精米率和整精米率）和外观品质指标（垩白粒率和垩白度）等性状进行测定和分析,并对籽粒灌浆期水稻剑叶的光合速率进行检测。结果表明,8个供试优良水稻品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均较高,品种间的变异系数较低;稻米外观品质垩白粒率和垩白度在品种间差异较大,变异系数分别为39.73%和36.49%;影响稻米食味品质的直链淀粉、蛋白质含量和食味值在品种间变异系数相对较小,均低于5%。相关分析表明,蛋白质含量与食味值呈显著的开口向上的左偏抛物线关系（r=0.827*）,直链淀粉含量与食味值呈极显著的直线负相关关系（r=-0.905**）,糙米粒厚与食味值呈显著的开口向下的抛物线关系（r=0.747*）;外观品质指标、蛋白质含量和食味值与灌浆中后期的叶片光合速率均呈负相关关系,直链淀粉含量与之呈正相关关系。说明蛋白质和直链淀粉含量越低稻米的食味越好,在一定范围内,随着糙米粒厚的增加食味增加,而糙米粒厚大于2.1 mm,食味值反而下降;提高水稻灌浆中、后期叶片的光合速率,有利于改善稻米的外观和营养品质,而稻米直链淀粉含量增加,食味值下降。因此,水稻叶片的高光合效率在优质食味米选育方面存在一定的选择压力,合理调控水稻中后期叶片的光合速率对提高和改善稻米食味品质具有重要意义。     

不同水稻品种(系)稻米品质性状分析

为了探讨不同水稻品种(系)稻米品质差异,改良稻米品质,以吉林省近年育成的水稻品种(系)为试验材料,进行了品种类型间的比较研究。结果表明,糙米率与精米率呈极显著正相关(r=0.968**);长宽比与整精米率、粒长呈显著正相关(r=0.643*、r=0.699*);垩白粒率与垩白度呈极显著正相关(r=0.869**)。垩白率、垩白度、整精米率、直链淀粉及胶稠度为影响稻米品质的主要因子,其对稻米品质的累积贡献率为86.977%,应重视垩白粒率、垩白度和碾磨品质的关系,以达到有效地改善稻米品质的目的。     

粳稻垩白指标与其他品质性状间的关系

采用随机区组设计,以高垩白、低垩白各4个水稻品种为材料进行稻米品质比较试验。结果表明:高垩白品种的平均糙米率、精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、糙米直链淀粉含量、食味评分均高于低垩白品种,低垩白品种的平均整精米率、糙米蛋白质含量相对较高;高垩白、低垩白品种间的垩白粒率、垩白度的差异均达显著水平;各品质指标的垩白度、垩白粒率的变异系数最大,高垩白品种精米率的变异系数最小,低垩白品种糙米率的变异系数最小;高垩白品种垩白指标与糙米率、精米率、整精米率、糙米直链淀粉、食味评分均呈正相关,与糙米蛋白质含量呈负相关;低垩白品种垩白指标与其他品质性状间均呈正相关。由此可知,可通过育种手段提高食味值,改善稻米品质,保证稻米商品性。     

日本产包膜控释氮肥对稻米品质的影响

应用日本产2种不同释放类型的包膜控释氮肥(直线型和S型)在3种不同类型水稻上(扬粳4038、扬稻6号、扬两优6号)进行田间试验,研究其对水稻品质的影响。结果表明,施肥有利于提高稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率;与常规氮肥相比较,施用控释氮肥并没有明显提高糙米率、精米率、整精米率,2种控释氮肥处理间的糙米率、精米率、整精米率因品种不同而有所差异;施肥能降低稻米的垩白率、垩白度,与常规氮肥相比,控释氮肥处理在一定程度上增加了稻米的垩白率、垩白度;与直线型控释氮肥相比较,S型控释氮肥更能增加稻米垩白率、垩白度;施肥处理明显降低了稻米的直链淀粉含量,增加了粗蛋白的含量,对胶稠度没有显著的影响;与常规氮肥相比,控释氮肥也没有明显增加直链淀粉含量、胶稠度,但是显著增加了粗蛋白的含量,尤其是S型缓释肥显著增加了粗蛋白的含量。     

北方杂交粳稻品质指标的相关分析及主成分分析

对北方杂交粳稻100个杂交组合的米质进行相关分析及主成分分析,结果表明:整精米率、垩白率、垩白度、胶稠度、透明度变异系数大,除垩白率、垩白度外,配组的杂交组合变异系数父本大于母本;糙米率、精米率与粒长、长宽比,糙米率与透明度,精米率与直链淀粉含量,整精米率与碱消值呈显著或极显著的负相关,糙米率、精米率与粒宽,蛋白质含量与精米率,粒长与垩白度呈显著或极显著正相关;粒长、长宽比、碱消值、胶稠度与直链淀粉含量,蛋白质含量与垩白率、垩白度、碱消值、直链淀粉呈极显著正相关;整精米率、垩白度、蛋白质含量受遗传控制小,粒长、垩白率、碱消值父本效应大于母本效应,粒宽母本效应大于父本效应,直链淀粉含量受遗传与环境共同影响;米质主成分因子为粒型→外观→加工→蒸煮因子;综合分析结果,选育出米质优良的北方杂交粳稻组合是可能的.     

灌浆结实期短日照对稻米品质的影响

选用奶皇后(粳稻)、星丰(籼稻)为材料,通过人为控制短日照长度,设置13 h、12 h、11 h日长,探讨灌浆期短日照对稻米品质的影响.结果表明:灌浆期短日照条件下,籽粒直链淀粉含量达最大值的天数明显缩短,直链淀粉积累速率增加,直链淀粉含量最大值降低,稻米直链淀粉含量、胶稠度显著降低,垩白率、垩白度、蛋白质含量显著增加,粒型无显著变化.相关分析显示:日照长度与精米率呈显著正相关(r=0.744 4),与垩白率、垩白度、蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著负相关(r依次为 -0.913 8、-0.927 6和 -0.733 5).灌浆期短日照使稻米外观、加工、食味品质下降,营养品质提高.     

东北主要粳稻品种品质的若干性状

以东北地区55个水稻品种为试材,对稻米的碾磨品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质进行测定与分析,并做出聚类分析.结果表明:供试品种的整精米率偏低、垩白率偏高是制约东北稻米品质的主要因素.龙稻3的优质米达标率最高,6项重要指标达到了国家部颁优质米1级指标;长白9的碾磨品质最好;莎莎妮的垩白率和垩白度最小;龙稻3的蛋白质含量最低,成分分析仪显示的食味值高;沈稻1的品尝食味值最高.相关分析结果表明,整精米率与垩白率、胶稠度及蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关,与食味仪测定的食味值极显著正相关.垩白率与直链淀粉含量及蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与食味仪测定的食味值极显著负相关.聚类分析结果显示,辽宁省的水稻品种的品尝综合食味值较高,但垩白率偏高,整精米率偏低.     

吉林省稻米品质性状的变化规律及相关性研究

以吉林省种植的58份不同熟期品种为试材,根据农业部优质米标准,对不同熟期品种的品质性状进行比较,采用相关分析方法,探讨稻米品质性状及与食味的相关性。研究结果表明,碾米品质性状中,整精米率与精米率呈显著正相关;外观品质性状中,垩白率和垩白度呈显著正相关,与精米率呈极显著负相关;食味品质性状中,胶稠度与食味呈显著正相关;直链淀粉含量与食味呈微弱负相关;蛋白质含量与食味呈极显著负相关,今后优质米育种中应注意改善稻米品质的垩白和蛋白质含量。     

日本粳稻品种品质性状的相关分析

利用统计分析系统SPSS软件 ,对引进日本的 89个粳稻品种的品质性状进行变异系数分析、主成分分析和相关分析。结果表明 :①垩白性状、整精米率、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量变异系数较大 ,具有较大的优选潜力 ;②糙米率、精米率、长宽比、垩白率、垩白度、碱消值、胶稠度和蛋白质含量是评价稻米品质的主要指标 ;③各性状相关性复杂。垩白大的品种整精米率低 ,粒长长和长宽比大的品种直链淀粉含量高 ,蛋白质含量低     

Response of grain-filling rate and grain quality of mid-season indica rice to nitrogen application

Nitrogen is one of the important factors for high yield of rice. Apart from high yield, high quality has become the current urgent demand for rice production. Grain-filling stage is crucial for rice yield and quality formation. However, the effect of nitrogen on grain-filling characteristics and the relationship of grain-filling characteristics and rice quality of mid-season indica rice were still unclear. A field experiment was carried out to ascertain the critical grain-filling characteristics that contribute to rice milling quality, appearance quality and cooking and eating quality under nitrogen applications. The results showed that nitrogen applications prolonged the duration of superior and inferior grain filling. The mean grainfilling rate(G_(mean)) and the maximum grain-filling rate(G_(max)) of the inferior grains were positively correlated with chalky kernel rate, chalkiness, and amylose content. The time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate(T_(max) G) of the inferior grains was positively correlated with brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head milled rice rate. Chalky kernel rate and chalkiness were negatively correlated with peak paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Less amylose content and more crude protein content were detected in nitrogen application of Liangyoupei 9 and Y Liangyou 2 both in 2016 and 2017. According to the correlation analysis, better cooking and eating quality of Y Liangyou 2 which had less amylose content might result from its higher G_(max) and G_(mean) of inferior grain than that of Liangyoupei 9 in the treatments of nitrogen application. These results indicated that the prolonging grain-filling duration and increasing grain weight at the maximum grain-filling rate of inferior grains contributed to the improvement of milling quality, appearance quality, and cooking and eating quality of mid-season indica rice under appropriate nitrogen applications.     

水稻结实期不同粒位籽粒相关内源激素含量和关键酶活性的差异及其与品质的关系

 【目的】研究灌浆期水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素含量和关键酶活性的差异及其与籽粒品质形成的关系。【方法】以中熟籼稻扬稻6号和中熟粳稻扬粳9538为材料,按照一次枝梗数将稻穗分为上、中、下三个部位,以穗中部一、二次枝梗不同粒位籽粒为研究对象。【结果】灌浆前期开花较早的籽粒中玉米素（Z）+玉米素核苷（ZR）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、脱落酸(ABA)含量以及淀粉合成酶（SSase）、淀粉分支酶（Q酶）活性明显高于同枝梗上开花较迟的籽粒,灌浆后期则相反;籽粒开花越早,其内源激素含量以及酶活性到达最大值的时间越早,峰值也越高。灌浆前期ABA、Z+ZR、IAA含量、ABA/（Z+ZR+IAA）比值以及SSase酶和Q-酶活性与千粒重、直链淀粉累积速率、直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与垩白度呈显著或极显著负相关,灌浆后期则相反;灌浆前期SSase和Q-酶活性与胶稠度呈负相关,中、后期则相反;与粗蛋白含量的相关两品种存在差异,与整精米率相关不显著。【结论】灌浆期水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒内源激素含量与关键酶活性存在差异;不同粒位间籽粒米质差异的形成与籽粒内源激素含量与关键酶活性密切相关。     

水稻产量构成因子与稻米品质性状关系的研究

结果表明,大部分产量构成因子显著地影响着稻米品质。单位面积有效穗数分别与整精米率、蛋白质含量呈显著和极显著正相关,与垩白度、直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关;总粒数与整精米率呈极显著负相关;实粒数与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关;千粒重与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关;因此,水稻栽培过程中以提高有效穗数为重点,可达到优化稻米品质的目的。     

种植方式对陆稻和水稻籽粒灌浆及垩白的影响

 【目的】揭示种植方式对籽粒灌浆及垩白的影响。【方法】连续2年以中旱3号（陆稻）和武香粳99-8（水稻）为供试材料，设置覆膜旱种和裸地旱种2种旱种方式，以水层湿润灌溉为对照进行对比试验。【结果】与水种（对照）相比，陆稻覆膜旱种的产量显著低于对照，而水稻覆膜旱种的产量与对照无显著差异，裸地旱种的产量均较对照显著降低。陆稻旱种（覆膜旱种和裸地旱种）后强、弱势粒的相对起始灌浆势（R0/W）、最大灌浆速率（Gmax）、平均灌浆速率（G）均大于对照，活跃灌浆时间（D）小于对照，粒重均高于对照，垩白粒率显著低于对照。水稻旱种后强、弱势粒的R0/W、Tmax和粒重与陆稻旱种的结果相反。水稻覆膜旱种的垩白粒率与对照无显著差异，裸地旱种的垩白粒率显著下降。水稻和陆稻旱种的垩白度均显著减小。稻米的垩白粒率与籽粒的Gmax和G呈极显著和显著负相关。【结论】水稻和陆稻旱种可以增大籽粒的灌浆速率，改善稻米的外观品质。     

水稻产量构成因子与稻米品质性状的关系

对水稻不同栽培条件下的产量构成因子与稻米品质性状之间的相关性分析表明,大部分产量构成因子明显地影响着稻米品质。单位面积有效穗数分别与整精米率、蛋白质含量呈显著和极显著正相关,与垩白度、直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关;总粒数与整精米率呈极显著负相关;实粒数与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关;千粒重与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关;因此,水稻栽培过程中以提高有效穗数为重点,可使稻米品质实现优化,达到优质的目的。     

Changes in Activities of the Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis in Rice Grains During Grain Filling and Their Relationships with the Filling Rate and Cooking Quality

With 10 rice cultivars (lines) as materials, the changes in activities of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPase), starch synthase (SSase) and starch branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) in the grains during grain filling, and their relationships with the filling rate, gel consistency (GC), alkali spreading value (ASV) and amylose content (AC) were studied. The results showed that changes in activities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme exhibited a single peak during grain filling, and the time of the activity peaks for the former two enzymes was earlier than that of the maximum grain-filling rate (Tmax), and the time reaching the peak for Q-enzyme was synchronous with Tmax. The activities at early grain filling stage, and the mean and maximum activities of each enzyme during grain filling period were positively and significantly or very significantly correlated with the mean and maximum grain filling rate and starch content (mg grain-1) in the grains.Activities of ADPGPase at all grain filling stages and those of Q-enzyme at the early and mid filling stages were not significantly correlated the cooking quality (GC, ASV and AC). SSase activities at the early filling stage were significantly and negatively correlated with GC and ASV, and positively correlated with AC. Activities of SSase at mid and late grain filling stages and Q-enzyme at the late filling stage were significantly and positively correlated with GC and ASV, and negatively correlated with AC. Spraying zeatin or abscisic acid at early grain filling stage could obviously regulate the activities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme in the grains.     

Changes in Starch Accumulation and Activity of Enzymes Associated with Starch Synthesis of Rice at Different N Supplying Dates

The changes in grain-filling, starch accumulation and activity of enzymes associated with starch synthesis in two different hybrid rice varieties were analyzed at different N supplying dates (earlier-date-emphasized, mean-date-emphasized and later-date-emphasized). The results showed that the N application of later-date-emphasized could promote grain-filling rate, increase grain weight and amylopectin content. The peak of activity in three enzymes of ADPglusoce pyriphosphorylase (ADPG), starch synthesis enzyme (SSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) in grains of two different rice varieties was not changed obviously, but the mean and maximum activity of these three enzymes changed, and the changes of SSS and ADPG were bigger than that of SBE as N supplying date changed. The N application of earlier-date-emphasized increased SSS activity and the N application of later-date-emphasized increased ADPG and SBE activities. The mean SSS activity during whole grain-filling period, and ADPG and SBE activities at middle and late period of grain-filling were significantly or very significantly correlated with grain-filling rate and accumulating rate of amylose and amylopectin. Both of ADPG and SBE played an equal important role in the changes of amylose and amylopectin content. The N application of later-date-emphasized increased amylose and amylopectin accumulating rate.     

两系杂交水稻稻米品质性状及相关性研究

选用8个两用核不育系作母本，30个恢复系作父本，共配制两系杂交组合147个，分析了所有杂种一代植株上的F2种子10个品质性状的表现和相关性．结果表明：两系杂交水稻优质率低，10项指标同时达到三等优质稻米标准的组合有16个，占10．2％，同时达到二等优质稻米标准的组合有1个，占0．68％，没有1个组合10项指标同时达到一等优质稻米标准．各品质性状中，垩白粒率和垩白度两项指标达到优质标准比例最低，达到三等优质稻米标准的组合分别占21．09％和18．37％，达二等优质稻米标准组合比例仅为12．24％和12．24％，达一等优质稻米标准的组合仅为4．08％和4．76％．两系杂交水稻品质性状之问存在相关性，出糙率与精米率、垩白粒率、垩自度呈极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．4317，0．3414，0．3060；精米率与胶稠度呈极显著负相关，相关系数为-0．3048；垩白粒率与直链淀粉含量、千粒重呈极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．3705和0．3267；垩白度与长宽比呈极显著负相关，相关系数为-0．3081；直链淀粉含量糊化温度和千粒重呈正相关，相关系数分别为0．3217和0．3216．     

不同施氮时期对水稻剑叶光合特性及稻米品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了相同施氮总量下不同施氮时期对扬稻6号和扬粳9538剑叶光合特性及稻米品质的影响.结果表明:孕穗肥能提高稻米精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量,降低垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量;后期施氮能显著提高剑叶的叶绿素含量即SPAD值,使叶片保持浓绿状态的时间延长;后期适当施氮肥能显著提高剑叶净光合速率,延缓剑叶的衰老,延长光合时间,提高品质;在颖果发育过程中,后期施氮能降低颖果中可溶性糖、直链淀粉和总淀粉的积累量,显著提高蛋白质积累量,但对支链淀粉积累量影响较小.