减钾对华南早晚兼用型水稻源库特性的影响

【目的】分析低氮磷水平下减钾对不同早晚兼用型水稻品种源库特性的影响,为水稻精确减量化施肥及营养物质的高效利用提供参考。【方法】在大田低氮低磷条件下,设置3个钾肥处理(常规施钾(K2O 135.0kg/hm2)、减钾处理(较常规施钾减22%,K2O 105.3kg/hm2)和不施钾肥),探讨不同钾肥处理对不同基因型水稻("粤晶丝苗2号"、"桂香占"、"华优8305"和"天优998")品种源库特性的影响。【结果】与常规施钾相比,减钾处理有利于"华优8305"和"天优998"增产,产量分别提高7.44%和19.39%;减钾处理降低了"桂香占"产量,但与常规施钾处理差异不显著。与常规施钾相比,减钾处理有利于提高"粤晶丝苗2号"库容,但降低了库容有效充实度、部分叶源(后期叶面积指数、前期叶绿素含量和叶片老化指数),最终导致产量显著下降了14.67%。【结论】在低氮低磷条件下,适度减钾通过维持源库协调可以使水稻增产或稳产。     

不同施肥水平对杂交水稻氮、磷、钾吸收积累的影响

为探索不同施肥量下2个杂交水稻植株氮、磷、钾的吸收积累特性,采用田间小区试验研究了两个杂交稻品种抽穗期和成熟期的植株氮、磷、钾吸收积累。结果表明,2个杂交水稻品种在不同施肥水平下,抽穗期和成熟期茎+叶鞘、叶、穗各器官内的氮、磷、钾的含量无显著差异;抽穗期,叶的氮含量最高,茎+叶鞘的磷、钾含量最高;成熟期,叶的氮含量、茎+叶鞘的磷含量、穗的钾含量均下降。抽穗期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量红泰优996高于粤优589,磷吸收量粤优589高于红泰优996;成熟期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量粤优589高于红泰优996,磷吸收量2品种差异不明显。2个杂交水稻品种地上部植株对氮、磷、钾积累量比例的变幅范围均在高产水稻积累变幅范围内。     

增施有机肥及配方施肥对中低产水稻田地力的影响

定点定位试验，两年四造持续增施有机肥，能显著提高土壤有机质及速效磷、钾含量，降低石灰性稻田中的ＣａＣｏ３含量及ｐＨ值，明显提高水稻产量。在增施有机肥的基础上，化肥配方施肥，不仅能增加当季作物产量，还有助于提高土壤全氮及速效磷、钾的含量，降低石灰性田中的ＣａＣｏ３含量及ｐＨ值。     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响

粳稻品种武运粳23号种植于大田,对农田进行了施用水葫芦(将晒干的水葫芦按4500 kg/hm2施入农田)和不施用水葫芦处理,施氮量为120、240 kg/hm2等处理.结果表明:施用水葫芦使水稻产量显著提高;施用水葫芦使水稻成熟期氮、磷、钾的吸收量均极显著高于对照;在水稻抽穗期和成熟期,农田施用水葫芦使稻田土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分物质含量均极显著高于对照;增施氮肥,使水稻成熟期氮、磷、钾的吸收量及稻田土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分物质含量都显著或极显著提高,农田施用水葫芦与施氮处理的互作效应对水稻成熟期氮、磷、钾吸收量及稻田土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分物质含量的影响未达到显著水平.农田施用水葫芦显著提高水稻抽穗期和成熟期稻田土壤速效养分物质含量是水稻产量和成熟期养分物质吸收量显著提高的重要原因.     

化肥与紫云英不同配比对水稻养分吸收及产量的影响

在大田试验条件下,设计5个不同化肥与紫云英配比处理,连续2年在江西省丰城市研究了养分总供应量相同时紫云英NK代替等量化肥NK对水稻养分吸收及其产量的影响。结果表明:等氮钾条件下,与单施化肥相比,20%~40%紫云英氮钾替代等量化肥氮钾有利于土壤中有机质含量的提高,促进水稻地上部对氮钾的吸收与累积,从而有利于水稻产量的提高。但是,60%~80%紫云英氮钾替代化肥氮钾,水稻地上部氮钾含量和水稻产量显著下降。因此,化肥/紫云英适当配比施用有利于提高土壤有机质含量,促进水稻对氮钾养分的吸收累积,最终提高水稻产量。     

氮、钾、硅肥对水稻苗生长和抗瘟性的影响

通过温室稻瘟病菌人工接种法,研究了氮、钾、硅肥5个不同用量对3个不同抗瘟水平的水稻品种幼苗生长及病情指数的影响。结果表明,与未施肥的对照相比,增施氮、钾肥能明显促进水稻的生长,增加叶长和叶宽。氮肥用量与水稻品种特优627(R)、D奇宝优527(MR)和汕优63(MS)苗瘟病指有显著的正相关关系,钾肥和硅肥用量与品种汕优63苗瘟病指有显著的负相关关系,3个水稻品种的叶宽与苗瘟病指有极显著的正相关关系。增施氮肥有利于苗瘟的发生,而增施钾肥和硅肥能提高中感品种的抗瘟性。     

不同有机肥与化肥配合施用对水稻增产效果研究

不同有机肥与化肥配合施用对水稻增产效果研究结果表明,NPK+有机肥+秸秆还田+紫云英处理产量效果最好;增施有机肥能够提高稻田土壤的有机质与氮素,减缓磷与钾的流失;化肥与不同有机肥配施较单施化肥,稻谷中氮含量增加,磷钾含量无明显变化。     

磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮磷钾钙镁含量的影响

以当地冬春茬保护地品种寒秀、鲁圣顶峰1号为试材,研究了磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量的影响。结果表明:叶片生长发育期间,黄瓜叶片氮、磷含量呈单峰曲线变化;钾、钙、镁含量呈双峰曲线变化。磁化水处理后,寒秀叶片内磷、镁含量极显著高于对照,钙含量显著高于对照,氮、钾含量差异不显著;鲁圣顶峰1号磷、镁含量极显著高于对照,氮、钾、钙含量差异不显著。     

沼液氮替代化肥氮对水稻产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为实现畜禽粪污的资源化利用，降低环境污染风险，设计了沼液氮50%替代化肥氮、沼液氮75%替代化肥氮、沼液氮100%替代化肥氮以及农户习惯施肥4个处理，研究了不同沼液施用量对水稻产量及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明，与常规施肥相比，合德镇和临海镇水稻试验田沼液氮50%和75%替代化肥氮处理能维持或显著提高水稻产量，沼液氮不同比例替代化肥氮处理土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾含量虽然出现了一定程度的增加，但均未达到显著差异，有效磷含量在临海镇水稻田土壤中有一定程度的增加，而在合德镇水稻试验田显著增加。     

沼肥在水稻生产上的应用效果分析

研究了单施化肥及沼肥配施化肥对水稻产量及其构成因素、品质性状、稻田主要病虫害、植株养分吸收和土壤养分供应的效应。结果表明:在等氮、磷、钾大田施肥条件下,与单施化肥相比,沼肥配施化肥能优化水稻主要性状,提高单位面积产量,改善稻米的食味品质和营养品质;施用沼肥可以减轻水稻主要病虫害的发生和危害;施用沼肥促进了稻谷对氮、磷养分的吸收,提高了氮素和磷素的利用率;提高了土壤有机质含量,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量有所累积。综合考虑,施用沼肥有利于节省水稻生产成本,减轻环境污染,生态、社会效益好。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。