不同波长杀虫灯对鳞翅目害虫的诱杀效果

用几种不同波长的杀虫灯对鳞翅目害虫进行诱杀,其中,1～6号灯中心波长在紫外光区,7～9号灯中心波长在可见光区。结果表明,紫外光区杀虫灯对夜蛾、毒蛾和灯蛾的诱集效果明显高于可见光区杀虫灯。一盏紫外光区杀虫灯诱集夜蛾、毒蛾和灯蛾虫数分别达可见光区杀虫灯的4.1,8.0,5.6倍。对于枯叶蛾和天蛾,不同波长杀虫灯诱集的虫数差异不明显。气象因素会影响日诱虫量,日诱虫量与温度、相对湿度、风速、云量和月光相关,温度和相对湿度与日诱虫量的相关系数分别达到0.37和0.22。     

不同波长诱测灯对大豆害虫的防治效果

[目的]比较不同波长诱测灯对大豆害虫防治效果差异。[方法]利用3种不同波长的诱测灯在千亩大豆田进行了害虫防治试验。[结果]3种不同波长的诱测灯对大豆田害虫的诱杀效果有明显差异。其中,400～460 nm波长的2号灯诱杀效果明显好于其他2种方式;330～400 nm波长的1号灯和450～510 nm波长的3号灯之间的诱杀效果差异不明显。[结论]为诱测灯在生产上的推广应用提供了依据。     

基于PIC单片机的农田灌溉智能控制系统研究

以PIC16F877新型单片机为核心设计了全自动智能灌溉控制系统,该系统可根据土壤湿度传感器检测水分信息和天气环境温度来模糊决策灌水量,克服了以往以土壤湿度信息进行灌溉决策的不精确性,可以满足现代农业精量灌溉的需求。     

不同光源诱集烟粉虱的效果初探

烟粉虱具有趋黄性和喜光性,通过在温室中挂涂有不同黏虫剂的黄板,以及在实验室中用小荧光灯、灯泡和塑料杯等自制诱捕器研究了烟粉虱的趋性。结果表明:(1)两种黏虫剂差异显著,黏虫剂3号的诱集效果要好于4号。(2)不同颜色小荧光灯诱捕烟粉虱数量差异极显著,绿色荧光灯效果较好;不同颜色灯泡之间诱捕效果差异显著,黄灯效果偏好;(3)在本试验中15~60 cm距离间烟粉虱诱捕量差异不显著。     

LED水下集鱼灯光场分布数值模拟分析

为探究水下LED集鱼灯光色、功率、放置深度和海水叶绿素浓度对光场分布的影响,本文基于蒙特卡罗模拟方法建立了水下光束传输数值计算模型,通过控制变量法计算了不同条件下的水下光场分布,并提出以0.1~10 lx等值线所包围的面积与计算截面面积比值为相对有效光照范围(Relative effective illumination range,REIR)。以REIR为评价指标,对不同条件组合下的光场分布进行了分析,结果显示：(1)相同功率条件下,REIR依次为：绿光>白光>蓝光,以功率420 W、叶绿素浓度0.1 mg/m^3 为例三种光色的REIR比值为1.58:1.31:1;(2)相同光色条件下,当叶绿素浓度0.1 mg/m^3 时,灯具功率从420 W增至1200 W,蓝绿白三种光色灯具的REIR分别从31.68%、50.27%、41.78%增至38.59%、56.91%、50.15%,功率增加近3倍,但REIR增幅有限;(3)随着灯具放置深度增加,REIR先增加后稳定;以叶绿素浓度1.0 mg/m^3 、功率为420 W为例,绿光与白光灯REIR的最大值约为9.69%~9.84%,出现在水深20 m左右,而蓝光灯的REIR最大值约为5.60%,出现在放置深度为15 m左右;(4)当灯具功率为420 W,海水叶绿素浓度从0.1 mg/m^3 增至5.0 mg/m^3,蓝绿白三种光色灯具的REIR分别从31.89%、48.25%、42.05%减少至1.65%、2.09%、2.22%。研究结果可为水下灯具光色功率选型、深度放置以及有效光场分布范围估算提供参考。     

花青苷对低温弱光处理的番茄（L.esculentum Mill.）幼苗光合机构的保护作用

【目的】探索幼苗叶片花青苷对低温弱光处理的番茄幼苗的光合作用是否具有保护作用。【方法】利用硫灯和氙灯下生长的番茄幼苗真叶之间以及野生型(WT)和光敏素双突变体(phyB1phyB2)幼苗真叶之间花青苷含量的差异，以叶绿素荧光为指标，研究花青苷对低温弱光处理的番茄幼苗叶片光合荧光变化的影响。【结果】低温弱光(2oC, 100 µmol photons•m-2•s-1)对番茄幼苗叶片PSⅡ具有显著的抑制作用，但是对PSI活性影响不大。低温弱光处理硫灯和氙灯下的番茄幼苗及硫灯下的WT和突变体番茄幼苗3 h后，硫灯下富含花青苷的番茄 PSⅡ光化学效率Fv/Fm降低到处理前的76.3%，氙灯下的降低到63.3%；能合成花青苷的WT的Fv/Fm降低到处理前的64.3%左右，而不能合成花青苷的phyB1phyB2降低到处理前的53.7%；下降程度显著高于WT。在番茄幼苗叶片不能合成花青苷后，分别生长在硫灯和氙灯下的番茄植株叶片在经过低温弱光处理3 h后，叶片的PSⅡ光化学效率Fv/Fm的变化幅度没有显著的差别；同样，硫灯下WT和phyB1phyB2植株之间也没有显著差别。【结论】花青苷对低温弱光逆境处理的番茄叶片的光合机构具有保护作用，这种保护作用极可能与花青素对可见光和紫外光的吸收和屏蔽作用有关。     

花卉生产中花期调节补光灯配光方案设计研究

[目的]介绍各种光源特性,筛选最佳大棚花卉生产补光灯配光方案。[方法]选用菊花切花生产为试材,采用白光复合光照,在大棚里配置高压钠灯、荧光节能灯、LED农业专用灯,根据3种灯具的光形特点和植物生长需求,进行实地测试,比较各种灯具的实际应用效果。[结果]结果表明,LED新型光源在整灯实际应用中节能效果明显优于其他两种灯具;LED方形灯具设计呈蝙蝠翼光形配光曲线最有利于温室实施有效布灯。[结论] LED农业专用补光灯优于目前最常用的钠灯,具有节能易布灯等特点,具有实际推广应用价值。     

不同波长LED灯对铜绿丽金龟和暗黑鳃金龟的田间诱捕效果

【目的】 筛选对铜绿丽金龟和暗黑鳃金龟具有明显诱捕效果的光波波长,研究成虫夜间活动节律,优化金龟成虫的灯诱防控技术。【方法】 2014~2015年评价19种不同波长(375~748 nm)LED灯对2种金龟成虫的田间诱捕效果,2019年分时段监测385 nm、395 nm的LED灯以及黑光灯(365 nm±50 nm)的诱捕数量。【结果】 2014~2015年,395 nm的LED灯对铜绿丽金龟的诱捕效果显著高于其他18种波长,395 nm的LED灯对暗黑鳃金龟的诱捕数量同样最多,但与418 nm之间差异不显著。2019年385 nm的LED灯诱捕到的铜绿丽金龟、暗黑鳃金龟成虫数量均显著高于395 nm的LED灯,但与黑光灯之间无显著差异。2种金龟成虫的上灯高峰均在20:00~24:00,占整个夜晚(18:00~翌日06:00)诱捕量的68.9%~76.7%。【结论】 诱捕铜绿丽金龟和暗黑鳃金龟的最优波长是385 nm,最佳时段为20:00~24:00。     

4种集鱼灯在灯光罩网作业中的渔获效果分析

为分析LED集鱼灯是否适用于南海近海灯光罩网渔业,本研究进行了3种LED集鱼灯与1种传统金卤灯的生产对比试验。研究发现:(1)试验使用的LED白光灯的相对光谱功率分布有2个波峰,分别在蓝光波段,绿光、黄光波段,LED绿光灯有1个波峰为绿光波段,LED蓝光灯有1个波峰为蓝光波段,金卤灯有多个波峰,峰值波长主要在红光波段;(2) 3种LED集鱼灯的渔获率均高于金卤灯,其中LED白光灯渔获率优势明显;(3) 4种集鱼灯渔获的共同优势种为中国枪乌贼(Loligo chinensis),其中LED白光灯的渔获率明显高于其他灯具;(4)单因素方差分析结果表明LED白光灯与金卤灯捕获的中国枪乌贼的胴长、体质量均无显著性差异。研究认为LED灯尤其是LED白光灯适用于南海近海灯光罩网渔业。     

设施菜田频振式杀虫灯诱杀效果及害虫扑灯节律初报

用频振式杀虫灯(灯高0.8 m和1.3 m)进行了5 d诱杀设施菜田害虫的试验,结果表明:诱杀的害虫涉及6目21科34种;灯高0.8 m诱杀害虫数量显著大于1.3 m的;20:00~21:00害虫扑灯最活跃;高1.3 m灯下益害比值(0.0809±0.0146)显著大于高0.8 m灯(0.0542±0.0081)。提出了评价杀虫灯诱杀昆虫能力的时间参数"扑灯中时间MTDL50"和"扑灯黄金时间GTDL61.8",高0.8 m灯下害虫扑灯中时间是21:06:25,黄金时间22:10:08;高1.3 m灯下害虫扑灯中时间是21:02:46,黄金时间22:07:54。     

Methodology for measuring fAPAR in crops using a combination of active optical and linear irradiance sensors: a case study in Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)

The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 0.4–0.7 μm) absorbed by plants for photosynthesis relative to incident radiation is defined as the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR). This is an important variable in both plant biomass production and plant growth modeling. This study investigates the application of a newly developed, linear irradiance sensor (LightScout Quantum Bar Sensor, LightScout, Spectrum Technologies, Inc. USA), to quantify fAPAR for a demonstrator crop, Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). A protocol was devised for sensor placement to determine reflected PAR components of fAPAR and to determine the optimal time of day and sensor orientation for data collection. Coincident, top of canopy, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements were also acquired with a CropCircle? ACS-210 sensor and measurements correlated with derived fAPAR values. The optimum height of the linear irradiance sensor above soil or plant canopy was found to be 0.4 m while measuring reflected PAR. Measurement of fAPAR was found to be stable when conducted within 1 h of local solar noon in order to avoid significant bidirectional effects resulting from diurnal changes of leaf orientation relative to the vertically-placed sensor. In the row crop studied, averaging fAPAR readings derived from the linear irradiance sensor orientated across and along the plant row provided an R² = 0.81 correlation with above-canopy NDVI. Across row sensor orientation also gave a similar correlation of R² = 0.76 allowing the user to reduce sampling time.     

基于MSP430F149的便携式温湿度监测仪的设计

为了及时、方便地获取植物病害预测预报等所必需的气象数据,作者设计了一种便携式温湿度气象监测仪,并给出了其硬、软件设计方法。该监测仪以超低功耗单片机MSP430F149、智能传感器SHT15和U盘为主要元器件,能实时地进行温度、湿度和叶面湿度的采集、显示和存储。该监测仪具有体积小、重量轻、携带方便、性价比高和数据存储量大等特点,既可单独使用,也可作为下位机嵌入到系统中实现数据采集和处理的功能。     

1 kW国产金属卤化物灯光学特性及其应用

集鱼灯的基本性能等基础理论研究是光诱渔业的重要组成部分。对 1 kW国产金属卤化物灯的光学特性,包括配光特性、不同介质中衰减系数等进行了测量和分析。得到1 kW国产金属卤化物灯的配光曲线极坐标函数为：〖WTBX〗Iθ=-3375.6+12786.7×〖KF（〗〖WTBZ〗sin〖WTBX〗θ〖KF）〗,其在空气、淡水和海水中的衰减系数分别为0.128 1、0.395 4和0.180 9。当渔船分别配置130个和100个〖WTBZ〗1 kW型金属卤化物集鱼灯时,其30 m以下水中照度相差不大,等照度曲线所在水层差值约为2 m左右。加大渔船集鱼灯总功率不能很有效地增加水中光照强度,但能扩大表层的有效光诱范围,从100 kW增加到130 kW约能扩大50 m。1 kW国产金属卤化物灯在印度洋鸢乌贼的钓捕实践中获得较好的效果,且其经济寿命达3 000 h,能够满足渔业生产需要。     

基于PL3106的路灯控制器在农村路灯系统中的应用

研制的路灯终端控制器采用低压电力线载波通信技术来监控电力线状态,同时具备了向远方监控中心进行应答和报警的功能,并针对路灯分布的线型结构和低压电力载波通信的特点,提出了一种单灯传输通信方案。在该方案中采用一种较为合理的中继策略,使信号在电力线上的传输更加可靠、有效率。试验表明,这种通信方案能满足农村路灯的控制要求。     

单波长太阳能灯诱杀微红梢斑螟1）

为探索无公害防治微红梢斑螟（ Dioryctria rbu ell a）的方法,采用320～585 nm的单波长太阳能灯开展了林间诱杀研究,筛选了诱杀微红梢斑螟的最佳波长、最适时间以及诱杀容器的颜色和置放高度,测定了其对非靶标昆虫的诱杀作用,比较了不同时段诱杀微红梢斑螟的数量和比例。结果表明：380 nm太阳能灯诱杀微红梢斑螟的总量与368 nm的诱杀量差别不大,却显著大于其他波长灯的诱杀量;以21：00—23：00时段诱杀数量最多;蓝色容器的诱杀量最大;将盛水容器放在距地面1．2 m高度比放在地面对微红梢斑螟有更好的诱杀效果;380 nm灯对其他鳞翅目昆虫、鞘翅目和膜翅目昆虫的诱杀量与对照灯的诱杀量相比无显著差异。因此,波长为380 nm的太阳能灯可作为诱杀微红梢斑螟的最佳灯具。     

Fuzzy logic control of a multispectral imaging sensor for in-field plant sensing

The development of an in-field plant sensing system for a site-specific application can protect the environment from excessive chemicals and save management cost while maintaining productivity. A multi-spectral imaging sensor has been introduced and widely used for in-field plant sensing. In order for a robust performance of the spectral imaging sensor under changes in ambient illumination, image quality must be maintained for proper spectral image analysis. Image formation that is affected by camera parameters was identified, and a controller was developed to compensate varying image intensity and to obtain the desired image quality. A fuzzy logic control algorithm was applied to automatically adjust the camera exposure and gain to control image brightness within a targeted gray level. Slow convergence and oscillation were regulated by dynamic membership functions with different weights in each image channel. Images affected by illumination disturbance quickly converged into a desired brightness image within a maximum of five iterations over the entire range of camera gains in all three spectral image channels. An application of in-field plant sensing using the fuzzy logic image controller was evaluated on corn crops for nitrogen detection. The normalized spectral response of the sensor was inversely correlated to a chlorophyll meter with −0.93 and −0.88 in red and green channels, respectively. The development of an image quality controller using fuzzy logic enhanced the reliable performance of the in-field plant sensing system.     

A cost-effective canopy temperature measurement system for precision agriculture: a case study on sugar beet

Increasing agricultural efficiency in a sustainable manner will contribute to feed a growing population under limited land, nutrient and water resources. Water scarcity and the increasing social concern for this resource are already requiring more sophisticated irrigation and decision-support systems. To address the heterogeneity in crop water status in a commercial field, precision irrigation requires accurate information about crops (e.g., crop water status), soil (e.g., moisture content) and weather (e.g., wind speed and vapor pressure deficit). Numerous studies have shown that plant canopy temperature can be used to derive reliable plant water stress indicators, thus making it a promising tool for irrigation water management. However, efficient and cost-effective measurement techniques are still lacking. This paper assesses the potential of infrared thermometry and thermal imaging for monitoring plant water stress in a commercial sugar beet field by comparing canopy temperature data acquired from a conventional thermal camera with an inexpensive infrared sensor, both mounted on a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Measurements were taken at various phenological stages of the sugar beet growing season. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the key features for accurate temperature measurements and flight altitude. Experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in experimental and commercial sugar beet fields in Southwestern Spain to (i) develop an affordable infrared temperature system suitable for mounting on a UAV to obtain thermal information, (ii) compare sugar beet canopy temperature measurements collected with the low-cost platform with those obtained from a conventional thermal camera, both mounted on a rotary-wing UAV, (iii) identify the factors that will limit the use of the low-cost system to derive temperature-based water stress indices. To accomplish these objectives, well-watered and deficit irrigated plots were established. Results indicated that the lightweight canopy temperature system was robust and reliable, although there were some constraints related to weather conditions and delimitation of the area covered by the infrared sensor.     

LED集鱼灯在海中的光谱分布及使用效果分析

为进一步验证LED水上集鱼灯的使用效果,将300W型LED集鱼灯安装到"宁泰61"鱿钓船,赴东南太平洋秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔场进行实际生产,与使用2 kW型金卤灯的"宁泰62"鱿钓船进行对比试验,记录相关生产数据并对作业船周围集鱼灯形成的海面上、海面下光场及光谱进行实地测量。结果表明:右舷50盏LED集鱼灯在海面上照度为0.1lx的离船最远距离可达35 m,比使用50盏2 kW型金卤灯时少10m;50盏LED集鱼灯与50盏2 kW型金卤灯在海水中的照度分布接近;LED集鱼灯在海水中的光谱衰减速率明显小于金卤灯。使用LED集鱼灯不仅能大幅度减少燃油消耗,且诱鱼效果接近传统高功率金卤灯,能够在实际作业中发挥作用。     

Field performance in agricultural settings of a wireless temperature monitoring system based on a low-cost infrared sensor

Continuous measurement of plant canopy temperature is useful in both research and production agriculture settings. Industrial-quality infrared thermometers which are often used for measurement of canopy temperatures, while reliable, are not always cost effective. For this study a relatively low-cost, consumer-quality infrared thermometer was incorporated into a wireless monitoring system intended for use in plant physiological studies and in agricultural production settings. The field performance of this low-cost wireless system was compared to that of a typical research system based on an industrial-quality infrared thermometer. Performance was evaluated in terms of: reliability of data acquisition, quality of seasonal temperature measurements, seasonal stability of the consumer-quality infrared sensor, and the equivalence of temperatures measured by the consumer-quality and industrial-quality temperature sensors. Results indicate that for many common uses of plant temperature data, the two sensors provide functionally equivalent results. The cost savings and ease of use associated with the low-cost wireless temperature monitoring system present advantages over the higher-cost industrial-quality sensors which may make them a viable alternative in many agricultural settings.     

频振杀虫新技术应用探讨

利用频振杀虫灯诱杀害虫是一项物理方法防治害虫的新技术。为此进行了频振灯杀虫新技术在蔬菜田和果园的应用试验。结果表明：频振杀虫灯诱杀害虫效果较好。频振杀虫灯诱杀害虫种类多、数量大,不仅能大幅度降低害虫落卵量,压低虫口基数和密度,而且节能省电;同时能保护天敌,减少化学农药使用量,延缓害虫抗药性的发生,减少环境污染。频振杀虫新技术为蔬菜、果树、大豆等病虫害发生量大、用药频繁的农作物提供了有力的综合防治手段,具有较好的实用推广前景。