Effects of Rice Yield and Quality Across Accumulated Temperature Zone Planting in Cold Area

Five rice varieties were planted to determine the variation of the yield and quality traits in five different regions in a cold area of China. The results showed that the number of the panicles, the number of grains per panicle and percentage of head-milled rice displayed quadratic curves against the accumulated temperature, and the sterile rate decreased with greater accumulated temperature. However, 1 000-grain weight had no correlation with the accumulated temperature and protein content, amylose content and taste also had no obvious relation with the accumulated temperature. The results from the accumulated temperature differed with rice variety, so the temperature insensitive type variety should be proposed for production.     

叶菜型甘薯蔓尖产量构成分析(英文)

Total yields of vine tip of seven varieties of Leaf-vegetable sweetpotato during 2006-2007 were investigated; proportions of the weights of leaf, leaf stalk and stem in total vine tip yield and their changes among varieties and during topping stages were studied. The results showed that vine tip yields of sweetpotato were significantly different among either varieties or topping stages; leaf yield accounted for about 51% of total vine yield, and changes in leaf yield among topping stages were higher than that among varieties; while yields of leaf stalk and stem each accounted for 25% of total vine tip yield, their changes among varieties were higher than those among topping stages. These results revealed the yield composition of vine tip of Leaf-vegetable sweetpotato, which provided scientific references for breeding and cultivating new Leaf-vegetable sweetpotato variety and its industrialization.     

QTL Analysis of Major Agronomic Traits in Soybean

Soybean is a main crop, and most agronomic traits of soybean are quantitative; therefore, there is vely important studying and applying value to locating these traits. A F2：10 RIL population containing 154 lines, derived from the cross between Charleston as female and Dongnong 594 as male parent, were used in this experiment. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 164 SSR primers, which were screened with the two parents and amplified on the 154 lines. 12 agronomic traits different between the two parents were investigated, and QTLs of all the traits were analyzed using the software Windows QTL Cartographer V2.0. The agronomic traits included quality traits： protein content, oil content, and content of protein and oil; yield traits： pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100 seeds weight; and other agronomic traits： plant height, days to maturity, branches, nod number in main stem, average leaf length, and average leaf width. The results showed that 68 QTLs in total were found for the 12 agronomic traits. The number of QTLs per trait varied from 3 for the average leaf width to 11 for 100 seeds weight and plant height, and was 5.8 on average. Good accordance was seen in many QTLs between the results of this study and the results obtained by other similar studies; therefore, these QTLs may be valuable for molecular marker assistant selection in soybean. In this study, 68 major QTLs of 12 important traits of soybean were analyzed.     

Diversity of Antioxidant Content and Its Relationship to Grain Color and Morphological Characteristics in Winter Wheat Grains

The current interest in the health beneifts of whole wheat grain has prompted breeders to further increase the concentration of antioxidants in wheat. The objective of this study was to investigate the variation in antioxidant content among Chinese wheat grains and the relationship between antioxidants and grain color and morphological characteristics. A wide variation was observed in the total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activity （AOA）, of Chinese wheat varieties. Black wheat had the highest mean total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and the highest AOA, followed by red and white wheats. The grain color parameters were signiifcantly negatively correlated with total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and AOA among all of the wheat varieties examined, and grain weight was also signiifcantly negatively correlated with these traits. The same correlation between grain weight and antioxidant traits was also observed within individual groups of wheat, which indicates that grain weight may be used as an index for selecting wheat varieties with high AOA. Landraces had signiifcantly higher lfavonoid content than commercial wheat varieties. The results of this study may be useful for breeding nutrient-rich wheat varieties.     

Some Eco-Physiological Characteristics at R4-R5 Stage in Relation to Soybean Yield Differing in Maturities

Digital plant canopy imager and photosynthesis analyzer system were used to analyze the characteristics of canopy structure, photosynthetic physiology and micro-environmental factors at R4-R5 stage in different yielding soybean cultivars or lines with different maturities. The results showed that the common characteristics of high yielding soybean cultivars were high LAI, uniform foliage distribution in all horizontal directions, less variance of photosynthetic rate between top and bottom leaves in canopy and relatively higher photosynthetic rate of the whole canopy. All these characters combined in all resulted in higher canopy photosynthetic productivity, and pod number, seed number and seed weight per plant, especially pod and seed number in top and middle canopy were increased. The characters of high yielding canopy varied among maturities. Light interception was more important to early cultivars. Less foliage inclination angle was benefit to intercept more solar energy during yield formation. As late soybean cultivars had a more closure canopy and higher LAI, greater foliage inclination angle in all layers of high yielding canopy made more solar radiation penetrate into canopy, which was beneficial to yield formation.     

Seed Priming Influence on Early Crop Growth,Phenological Development and Yield Performance of Linola (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Reduced early crop growth and limited branching are amongst yield limiting factors of linola. Field response of seed priming treatments viz. 50 mmol L^-1 salicylic acid （SA）, 2.2% CaCl2 and 3.3% moringa leaf extract （MLE） including untreated dry and hydropriming controls was evaluated on early crop growth and yield performance of linola. Osmopriming with CaCl2 reduced emergence time and produced the highest seedling fresh and dry weights including Chl. a contents. Osmopriming with CaCl2 reduced crop branching and flowering and maturity times and had the maximum plant height, number of branches, tillers, pods and seeds per pod followed by MLE. Increase in seed weight, biological and seed yields was 9.30, 34.16 and 39.49%, harvest index （4.12%） and oil contents （13.39%） for CaCl2 osmopriming. Positive relationship between emergence and seedling vigor traits, 100-seed weight, seed yield with maturity time, 100-seed weight and seed yield were found. The study concludes that seed osmopriming with CaC12 or MLE can play significant role to improve early crop growth and seed yields of linola.     

Selection of Parents for Breeding Edible Varieties of Sweetpotato with High Carotene Content

Sweetpotato varieties with high carotene content have high value for human health. This work aims to improve the breeding efficiency of special varieties with high carotene content by combining molecular markers and agronomic traits to evaluate and screen the parents. The cluster analysis was carried out to identify and screen promising parents by utilizing phenotypic results of the agronomic and characteristic traits, and RAPD and ISSR markers of 15 parents and their offspring by group crossing. Among different parental materials, greater variations were observed in two important traits, the carotene content and the storage root yield. Negative correlation was found between the carotene content and both fresh and dried root yields. The most significant positive correlation was between the carotene content of parents and that of their offspring, with the coefficient of correlation value of 0.7932＊＊. The relationship based on the agronomic characters of the trial materials was not in agreement with the known genealogy, while that based on the molecular marker data showed better result. Each primer amplified 13.8 bands oflSSR markers on average, in which the rate of polymorphic loci was 89.6%. 9.4 bands of RAPD markers were arnplified per primer, in which the rate of polymorphic bands was 74.46%. Large genetic variation of carotene content was found among the parents. For analyzing the genetic diversity of sweetpotato, the molecular marker methods were better than morphological traits; ISSR markers were more efficient than RAPD markers. The combination of molecular markers and agronomic trait analysis may provide valuable theoretic basis for selection of parents to breed new varieties with high carotene content.     

Distribution of Rice Grains on Panicle Axis and Its Relationship with Seed-Setting Ability in Liaoning, China

Studies were conducted with rice varieties developed in recent years in Liaoning Province of China as test materials. Results showed that the varieties tested could be divided into three types： （1） the high-yielding （HYV）, （2） the mediumyielding （MYV）, and （3） the low-yielding （LYV）. The panicle population was in the order of HYV〈 MYV 〈 LYV, while the grain number per panicle and seed-setting rate were just opposite. There was no significant difference in the 1 000-grain weight. Biomass was higher in HYV than in MYV and LYV, while the harvest index was higher in HYV and MYV than in LYV. Yield was inversely correlated with panicle population, but positively correlated with the grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate, the number of primary and secondary branch grains, seed density and harvest index. Yield was most closely linked with the grain number per panicle which was determined chiefly by the number of secondary branch grains and to a lesser degree by seed density and the number of primary branch grains. The seed-setting rate of the secondary branches was positively correlated with that of the whole panicle and yield. The peak value of primary branches for HYV, MYV and LYV was 12-14, 10-13 and 8-12, respectively. LYV had fewer secondary branch grains, while MYV and HYV had more. Such grains distributed mainly in the middle and lower parts of panicle axis for LYV and in the middle and upper parts for MYV and HYV.     

Studies on Glutamine Synthetase Activity in Sugar Beet（Beta vulgaris L.） under Different Levels of Nitrogen

It was shown from the experiment that glutamine synthetase activity (GSA) in both leaf blades and roots under different nitrogen levels rose rapidly to reach its peak from seeding stage to foliage rapid growth stage and declined to its lowest level at the latter stage of root rapid growth,and then increased slightly,GSA in leaf blades had positive correlation with nitrogen level during the whole period of growth,GSA in roots showed the same tendency as it in leaf blades at the early middle stage of growth,but at the latter stage of growth,no positive correlation was established.GSA in leaf blades was the strongest compared with crowns,petioles and roots,and could represent the highest enzyme activity of the whole pant,GSA had quadratic curvilinear correlation with root yield and sugar production.GSA in leaf blades had significant positive correlation with α-NH2-N at the foliage rapid growth stage.     

Coronatine Induces an Accumulation of Anthocyanin and Starch in Purple-fleshed Sweetpotato （ Ipomoea batatas Lam.）

[Objective] The objective of this research was to examine the effects of COR on anthocyanin and starch content in storage roots of two PFS genotypes, and to explore the relationships between anthocyanin synthesis and starch accumula- tion. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to determine the changes in yielc components, yield, contents of anthocyanin and starch, activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） and adenosine 5-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase （AG- Pase） in two genotypes of PFS （Ipomoea batatas L., var. ＇Ayamurasaki＇ and ＇Jishu18＇）. [Result] The application of COR significantly increased starch and antho- cyanin content in storage roots of Jishu18 across developmental stages by inducing the activities of PAL and AGPase, and finally enhanced yield by promoting fresh weight of storage roots. Ayamurasaki was insensitive to treatment with COR al- though its PAL activity temporally increased. The starch and anthocyanin content of Aya, and the anthocyanin content of Jishu18 increased progressively across devel- opmental stages with or without COR application, but the starch content of Jishu18 increased initially, then decreased before increasing again without application of COR. Treatment with COR reduced downward trend of starch accumulation in Jishu18. Thus, the effect of COR on accumulation of anthocyanin and starch in storage roots of PFS differs according to genotypes. [Conclusion] The application of 0.05 μmol/L COR may increase starch and anthocyanin content in PFS genotypes with lower starch and anthocyanin content in storage roots.     

紫肉甘薯花色苷含量的变化规律及其与主要经济性状的相关分析

 【目的】研究紫肉甘薯块根花色苷含量在生育过程中和品种间的变化规律及其与主要经济性状的相关性。【方法】栽插后20、40、60、80、100、120及140 d调查13个紫肉甘薯品种的花色苷含量、最长蔓长，分枝数，结薯数，茎、叶、块根干物质含量，块根鲜重, 块根干重，茎鲜重、茎干重、叶鲜重、叶干重，茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重，分析整株鲜重、整株干重，茎、叶、块根干重占整株干重的百分比等20个经济性状以及花色苷含量变化与其余19个经济性状的变化和10个产量性状日增长量的相关性。【结果】（1）紫肉甘薯块根花色苷含量在生育过程中存在缓慢增加型、波动变化型和曲折上升型3种变化类型, 对最长蔓长、分枝数、块根鲜重、块根干重、光合产物的分配等经济性状的发育有不同的生物学响应。（2）品种间的花色苷含量在20 d以后逐渐产生显著差异，在40～100 d完成类型分化, 与品种的分枝数、块根鲜重、块根干重、光合产物在块根中的分配比例显著负相关，与块根干物质含量、最长蔓长、茎鲜重、茎干重、整株干重及光合产物在叶中的分配比例显著正相关。（3）花色苷日增长量与块根干重日增长量显著负相关，花色苷积累与块根膨大、干物质积累存在竞争关系，这种竞争关系在不同品种中得到不同解决。【结论】由于花色苷积累与干物质积累存在的竞争关系在不同品种中的协调不同，紫肉甘薯品种间的花色苷含量在生育过程中产生显著差异和分化，存在缓慢增加、波动变化和曲折上升3种变化类型。花色苷含量的这些变化与主要经济性状有不同的相关关系。     

橘红肉甘薯块根类胡萝卜素的变化规律及其与主要经济性状的相关性

【目的】研究橘红肉甘薯块根鲜薯类胡萝卜素含量在生育过程中和品种间的变化规律及其与主要经济性状的相关性。【方法】试验于栽插后50、64、78、92、106、120和134 d调查15个橘红肉甘薯品种的最长蔓长,分枝数,结薯数,茎、叶、柄、块根干率,茎、叶、柄、块根鲜重,测定鲜薯类胡萝卜素含量,薯干淀粉、可溶性糖和粗蛋白含量,分析茎、叶、柄、块根干重,整株鲜重、干重,茎、叶、柄、块根干重占整株干重的百分比等数值,以及类胡萝卜素积累量与其余产量性状的变化和品质性状积累量日增长量的相关性。【结果】橘红肉甘薯块根类胡萝卜素含量在生长发育过程中出现总体平稳型、一直增加型和曲折上升型3种变化类型,对最长蔓长、块根鲜重、块根干重、光合产物的分配等经济性状的发育有不同的生物学响应。大多数橘红肉甘薯,尤其是一直增加型品种,其类胡萝卜素含量与最长蔓长、块根鲜重和干重、光合产物在块根的分配比例显著正相关,与光合产物在叶、柄的分配比例显著负相关,而与其它性状的相关性不高。类胡萝卜素日积累量增长量与块根鲜重、块根干重、淀粉、可溶性糖和粗蛋白积累量等日增长量呈正相关性,类胡萝卜素积累与块根膨大、干物质及营养物质积累存在协同关系。【结论】由于类胡萝卜素积累与干物质积累存在的协同关系在不同品种中的反应机制不同,类胡萝卜素含量在橘红肉品种间产生差异和分化,存在3种不同变化类型。     

紫肉甘薯部分营养成分与食味的关联分析

【目的】明确紫肉甘薯的食用品质指标,为食用紫肉甘薯选育提供依据。【方法】测定276份紫肉甘薯品系的花青素含量、干物质含量、熟薯可溶性糖和还原糖含量、食味指标,分析研究紫肉甘薯营养成分与蒸熟后的食味关系。【结果】花青素含量变异系数大,高花青素育种并不困难;‘绫紫’与高糖非紫肉亲本杂交是改良‘绫紫’紫肉F₁代食味的最好方法。降低花青素含量群体水平有利于提高食用紫肉甘薯育种效率,花青素含量在90 mg·100g^-1FW以下仍有较好的高花青素食用甘薯育种效率;干物质含量在27.5%-38%有较好的食用紫肉甘薯育种效率,而最佳育种效率的干物质含量在32%-36.5%;提高熟薯可溶性糖含量群体水平可以有效提高食用紫肉甘薯育种效率。花青素给紫肉甘薯的甜度、香味带来极显著的不利影响,它对食味的不利影响达到熟薯可溶性糖对食味增量贡献的51.30%。干物质含量虽然与紫肉甘薯的质地、香味、粗纤维有极显著正相关,但与黏度呈极显著负相关,与甜度呈接近显著的负相关,因此,干物质含量对紫肉甘薯食味总评的影响很有限。熟薯可溶性糖对紫薯甘薯食味极其重要,它与甜度、黏度、质地存在极显著的正相关,其中的非还原糖与还原糖相比,在甜度、香味、质地上有较多的贡献,熟薯非还原糖对紫肉甘薯食味增量贡献是还原糖的2.3倍。甜度在紫肉甘薯食味评价中占据极其重要的地位,对食味增量的贡献率达到55.38%。【结论】花青素含量和熟薯可溶性糖含量是紫肉甘薯的重要食用品质指标。在食用紫肉甘薯育种上应兼顾营养与食用品质,控制花青素含量在90 mg·100g^-1FW以下;在亲本选择上,紫肉亲本与高糖非紫肉亲本杂交是食用紫肉甘薯常规杂交育种的最好方法。     

北方甘薯农艺性状与产量的相关性及灰色关联度分析

通过对14个甘薯品种(系)的随机区组试验,分析了其农艺性状与产量的相关性和灰色关联度,结果表明:在相关性分析中,鲜薯产量与干率、淀粉率和病情指数均呈极显著负相关关系,与大中薯率显著正相关,与小薯率显著负相关。薯干产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率呈显著正相关。淀粉产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率和淀粉率均呈显著正相关。在关联度分析中,单株茎叶重、大中薯率、单株结薯数、结薯集中性、茎粗和整齐度对鲜薯产量的关联度较高。茎粗、大中薯率、蔓长、单株结薯数、淀粉率和干率对薯干产量的关联度较高。而淀粉率、干率、蔓长、茎粗、单株茎叶重和单株结薯数对淀粉产量的关联度较高。因此,北方甘薯在高产栽培和品种选育方面,应该选择茎基部粗、蔓长较短、分枝数较少、薯块大小均匀、数量适中和大中薯率较高的品种。     

基因型和栽插密度对甘薯农艺性状及结薯习性的影响

以6个优质食用甘薯品种为研究对象,采用两因素完全随机设计方法,探讨不同基因型和栽插密度对甘薯主要农艺性状、结薯性及产量的影响.结果表明,茎粗、最长蔓长和蔓薯比(T/R)在不同基因型间差异显著,T/R在不同栽插密度下差异显著,基部分枝随栽插密度增高而降低.单株鲜薯重、薯块烘干率和单位面积鲜薯产量等产量性状,在基因型、基因型×密度间均表现出显著或极显著差异,单位鲜薯重随栽插密度增加逐渐降低,单位面积鲜薯产量则随栽插密度升高而增加.该试验6个甘薯品种的结薯性均表现出大薯数＜中薯数＜小薯数,且不同基因型大薯率呈极显著差异;大薯和商品薯数、大薯率随栽插密度的升高而降低,中、小薯数,中、小薯率在不同栽插密度间无显著差异.相关性分析表明,基部分枝和单株鲜薯重呈显著正相关;薯块烘干率与茎粗呈显著正相关,与最长蔓长呈显著负相关;单位面积鲜薯产量与单株鲜薯重呈显著正相关,与烘干率成显著负相关;大薯率与大薯数、单株鲜薯重呈极显著正相关,与中、小薯率呈极显著负相关.本试验表明,栽插密度为7.5×104株/hm2,6个甘薯品种的商品薯数和单位面积鲜薯产量均达最高.     

不同土壤类型和生态环境对紫色甘薯块根品质特性的影响

为研究紫肉甘薯主要块根品质性状在不同土壤类型和生态环境的变异,选用18个紫肉甘薯品系,在盐城和徐州2个试点进行异地鉴定试验,分析不同土壤类型和生态环境下紫甘薯块根品质的变化规律.结果表明,基因型(G)、环境(E)和基因型×环境(G×E)互作对紫肉甘薯块根花青苷、干率、淀粉、蛋白质、还原性糖和可溶性糖影响均达显著水平.花青苷含量的E效应大于G和G×E互作效应,其他品质性状则表现为G×E互作效应较大.蛋白质、还原糖和可溶性糖含量在徐州试点较高,租淀粉含量和花青苷含量在盐城试点较高.盐城和徐州两试点各品质性状变异系数变幅一致,均为:花青苷＞还原糖＞可溶性糖＞蛋白质＞淀粉,其中花青苷含量变异系数徐州较高,其他性状变异系数盐城试点较高.相关性分析表明,糖分含量与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关,与花青苷和蛋白质含量无显著相关性,干率和淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,花青苷含量和其他品质性状无显著相关性.     

遮荫对紫肉甘薯块根鲜质量、花色苷含量及产量的影响

以渝苏紫43等3个品种为材料,采用4种遮荫处理,并于栽后不同时间挖根测定块根鲜质量及花色苷含量,研究遮荫对紫肉甘薯块根鲜质量、花色苷含量及产量的影响.结果表明,不同品种栽后153 d,单层遮荫处理使块根鲜质量降低23.33%~76%,块根花色苷含量提高32.72%~49.07%,块根花色苷产量降低32.74%~66.28%;双层遮荫整体上增强了单层遮荫的效果.因此,紫肉甘薯最适宜净作.单层或双层遮荫时,渝苏紫43或渝紫263鲜薯或花色苷产量最高.在麦-玉-苕耕作制度下,以收获鲜薯为目的,渝紫263较适与玉米等作物套作,渝苏紫43次之;以获得花色苷为目的,渝苏紫43较适,渝紫263次之.遮荫处理对块根鲜质量和花色苷含量的影响主要表现在生长前期(栽后1~25 d).     

甘薯一段苗和二段苗生长和产量性状比较

甘薯一段苗（带顶尖的0～25 cm）及二段苗（25～50 cm）试验结果表明：一段苗的薯干粗淀粉含量极显著高于二段苗,一段苗有利于提高迷你薯比率,而二段苗有利于提高大中薯率。在3个甘薯品种中,广薯87一段苗的单株结薯数、薯干产量、淀粉产量和鲜薯产量分别比二段苗提高51.7%、38.7%、41.9%和20.2%,前三者达显著差异;广薯79一段苗的鲜薯产量、薯干产量和淀粉产量分别比二段苗提高15.3%、11.9%和20.0%;相反,普薯24二段苗的单株鲜薯重、鲜薯产量、薯干产量和淀粉产量分别比一段苗提高12.0%、12.0%、15.7和11.8%。因此,应针对不同甘薯品种一段苗和二段苗的生长特性以及市场目标来择优选用。     

甘薯叶菜型品种蔓尖产量构成分析

对7个甘薯叶菜型品种2006~2007年的蔓尖产量和叶片、叶柄、茎占蔓尖产量的比例及其在品种与不同采收期间的变化的研究表明:甘薯蔓尖产量在不同的品种和采收期间有显著差异,叶片占蔓尖产量的50%左右,它在采收期间的变化大于品种间的变化,而叶柄和茎各占25%,它在品种间的变化大于采收期间的变化。由于叶片营养成分高于叶柄和茎,因此,叶片在蔓尖的产量和品质中占有重要地位。对甘薯叶菜型品种蔓尖产量构成的分析为甘薯叶菜型专用品种的选育、栽培和产业化提供了一定的科学依据。     

甘薯品质特性与乙醇产量相关性

分别选用11个品种鲜甘薯和14个品种甘薯粉,对甘薯干率、淀粉、蛋白质、可溶性糖和还原糖含量等品质特性与乙醇产量进行相关性研究。结果表明,不同品种甘薯乙醇产量差异极显著（P<0.01）;乙醇产量与鲜甘薯的干率呈极显著正相关,与淀粉和蛋白质含量呈显著正相关;乙醇产量与甘薯粉各品质性状之间相关性未达到显著水平;乙醇产量与鲜甘薯品质性状之间线性回归分析呈显著水平,建立的回归方程为：Y=2.086+0.162X1+1.064X2+0.248X3(P<0.05)(Y为乙醇产量,X1为淀粉、X2为蛋白质、X3为还原糖);乙醇产量与甘薯粉品质性状之间线性回归分析未达到显著水平。