伊犁种植鲜食、酿酒葡萄气候适宜性分析

通过对伊犁气候资源与国内外著名葡萄产区气候等生态因子对比分析表明,影响伊犁鲜食、酿酒葡萄发展的气候因子有温度、光照、降水量、日较差等。伊犁葡萄果实成熟期8、9月份有效积温1992.9℃,水热系数K值0.2-0.4,K<1.5,日光能系数IH值6.9,IH>4.5,气候条件指标接近或超过国内外优质葡萄产区,具备生产优质鲜食葡萄和酿酒葡萄所需的气候条件,属优质葡萄产区。     

基于模糊数学的柑橘种植土地适宜性评价

将模糊数学理论引入柑橘种植的土地适宜性评价中,以湖北省通山县为例,在当地的农用地中采集207个土壤样本点,将气候、土壤和地形数据转换为模糊隶属度数据,然后在ArcGIS软件环境中结合层次分析法和模糊数学方法,建立包含15项指标的柑橘种植土地适宜性评估模型。结果表明,该区域有26.94%(652.37 km²)、32.85%(795.51 km²)、23.14%(560.42 km²)和17.07%(413.40 km²)的土地分别非常适合、适中、勉强适合和不适合柑橘生产。研究结果与当地生产实际相吻合,说明建立的研究方法可行,可为提高土地利用效率,以及更好地指导柑橘生产提供参考。     

Management zones delineation using fuzzy clustering techniques in grapevines

Precision viticulture aims at managing vineyards at a sub-field scale according to the real needs of each part of the field. The current study focused on delineating management zones using fuzzy clustering techniques and developing a simplified approach for the comparison of zone maps. The study was carried out in a 1.0 ha commercial vineyard in Central Greece during 2009 and 2010. Variation of soil properties across the field was initially measured by means of electrical conductivity, soil depth and topography. To estimate grapevine canopy properties, NDVI was measured at different stages during the vine growth cycle. Yield and grape composition (must sugar content and total acidity) mapping was carried out at harvest. Soil properties, yield and grape composition parameters showed high spatial variability. All measured data were transformed on a 48-cell grid (10 × 20 m) and maps of two management zones were produced using the MZA software. Pixel-by-pixel comparison between maps of electrical conductivity, elevation, slope, soil depth and NDVI with yield and grape composition maps, set as reference parameters, allowed for the calculation of the degree of agreement, i.e. the percentage of pixels belonging to the same zone. The degree of agreement was used to select the best-suited parameters for final management zones delineation. For the year 2009 soil depth, early and mid season NDVI were used for yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa, early and mid season NDVI were utilized. For the year 2010 ECa, elevation and NDVI acquired during flowering and veraison were used for the delineation of yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa and NDVI acquired during flowering and harvest were utilized. Results presented here could be the basis for simple management zone delineation and subsequent improved vineyard management.     

葡萄酒质量影响因素的实证研究

从葡萄酒和酿酒葡萄的理化指标入手,综合分析其对葡萄酒质量的影响。通过t检验、模糊聚类分析、相关性分析等多种方法,综合分析了评酒员对葡萄酒品尝评分的结果、葡萄和葡萄酒的理化指标以及葡萄和葡萄酒的芳香物质数据,建立了葡萄和葡萄酒的理化指标对葡萄以及葡萄酒质量的影响关系多元线性回归数学模型,运用SPSS、Matlab软件得出了酿酒葡萄和葡萄酒之间的理化关系。最终,建立起一个以葡萄和葡萄酒的理化指标来判断其质量等级的数学模型,为判断酿酒葡萄和葡萄酒质量提供一个相对完善的理化评判标准。     

基于高通量测序技术的酿酒葡萄产区土壤微生物多样性

【目的】研究新疆4大酿酒葡萄产区土壤中的微生物群落结构及多样性,为构建新疆酿酒葡萄主产区的微生物菌库奠定基础。【方法】分别从新疆酿酒葡萄主产区采集土壤样品,提取总DNA,通过Illumina MiSeq高通量测序结合生物信息学分析,得到新疆酿酒葡萄主产区的土壤微生物群落结构及多样性。【结果】在12份土壤样品中,伊犁河谷土壤中细菌的群落多样性最高,天山北麓土壤中细菌群落多样性最低;吐哈盆地中真菌群落多样性最低,焉耆盆地中真菌的群落多样性最高。节杆菌属细菌和耐冷酵母属真菌是吐哈盆地和天山北麓葡萄园土壤中的优势菌属;芽单胞菌属细菌和刚毛四枝孢属真菌是伊犁河谷葡萄园土壤中的优势菌属;节杆菌属细菌和赤霉菌属真菌是焉耆盆地葡萄园土壤中的优势菌属。土壤pH值对细菌群落组成的影响最显著,Mn元素含量对真菌群落组成的影响最显著。【结论】揭示了新疆酿酒葡萄主产区土壤中细菌和真菌群落组成,新疆酿酒葡萄产区的微生物多样性存在差异。     

酿酒葡萄膜下滴灌土壤水分分布规律的研究

[目的]研究膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉定额对酿酒葡萄土壤水分的动态变化规律的影响.[方法]通过田间试验,以不覆膜为对照,研究覆膜条件下酿酒葡萄不同生育期土壤水分动态变化规律.[结果]覆膜能有效保证土壤水分不易散失.土壤水分大多集中在20～60 cm的深度.7～8月是葡萄生长发育旺盛和葡萄果实膨大、着色、成熟的关键时期.[结论]膜下滴灌是保证葡萄增产节水的重要措施.保持20 ～60 cm土层适宜的土壤含水量是葡萄生产的重要因素.7～8月应适时加大灌溉量并缩短灌水周期,满足葡萄生长的需要.     

Evaluation of vegetation indices and apparent soil electrical conductivity for site-specific vineyard management in Chile

Spatial variability of Chilean vineyards, in terms of yield and quality, is high, which fully justifies site-specific management, particularly differential harvest. In this study, the most common zoning tools (NDVI and ECa measurements) were evaluated and compared. Comparisons also included a calibrated GVI. Two contrasting large field experiments (pruning, irrigation, and N fertilization treatments) were established in vineyards to (1) evaluate two vegetation indices: (i) a non-calibrated airplane-based NDVI and (ii) calibrated satellite-based GVI and to (2) evaluate the ECa measurements. The GVI was also assessed at the commercial level, in different vineyards and valleys. The GVI was more sensitive in discriminating grape yields and quality while the NDVI failed to adequately sense vigor patterns and fruit quality in the more homogeneous site. Thus, a calibrated GVI can be recommended as a better tool than NDVI for defining management zones as well as making spatial and temporal comparisons among fields and seasons. In general, ECa explained few differences in the alluvial soil properties and did not predict differences in plant vigor as measured by either vegetation indices, therefore ECa by itself was not a good estimator of the most commonly measured soil properties for establishing management zones in these fields with low variability in terms of EC and other soil characteristics.     

土壤肥力对酿酒葡萄品质的影响

以赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L.)为例,研究酿酒葡萄(Vitaceae)品质和土壤条件(主要是肥力条件)之间的关系。通过对北方5个酿酒葡萄主产区连续2年采集的酿酒葡萄和土壤样品进行分析化验,应用相关分析和回归分析等方法,研究酿酒葡萄总糖、总酸、单宁、pH值及糖酸比等化学品质因子和土壤条件(土壤有机质、pH、全盐、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾,主要是肥力条件)之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)采收期土壤全氮、全磷、、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾5个肥力因子对葡萄总糖含量有明显影响,其中以氮元素(包括全氮和碱解氮)的影响程度最大,并且随着土壤肥力增高,葡萄总糖含量逐渐降低;(2)葡萄单宁含量和采收期土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷7个因子的关系比较密切,其中以有机质、碱解氮对单宁含量的影响最显著;(3)酿酒葡萄的pH值及糖酸比和采收期土壤有机质含量的关系较为密切,葡萄pH值及糖酸比均随着土壤有机质含量的增加而逐渐降低;(4)葡萄总酸含量和土壤条件的关系不密切。为优化酿酒葡萄田间管理提供理论依据,也为优质酿酒葡萄区划提供参考。     

酿酒葡萄丰产性和生态适应性研究

对华北地区１２个主栽欧洲酿酒葡萄品种和４个传统品种的历年产量建立的计算机信息数据库，用作产量预测。对品种不同生态区的适应性和农艺性状研究表明，现有品种的单产（６．３５±１．２８）ｔ／ｈｍ２低于最适生态区（８．０４ｔ／ｈｍ２）约２０％，果实含糖量低２０ｇ／Ｌ或酒精低１％。其差异主要来自灾害性气候与传统栽培方式的影响，因此提出了葡萄优质高产栽培的合理措施。     

Near infrared spectroscopy as a tool for intensive mapping of vineyards soil

The wine industry has always been particularly interested in the influence of the terroir characteristics on the features of a wine. Over the past few years, a growing interest has spurred on the mechanisms by which a particular soil influences the vine’s growth, grape variety characteristics and ultimately wine quality. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid, non-destructive, low-cost and robust analytical method for chemical and physical property determination. Its use for soil characterization, discrimination and compound determination is rapidly increasing. In this work, NIRS data were collected in two vineyards, one in the Dão Wine Region (centre of Portugal) and one in the Vinhos Verdes Wine Region (North of Portugal) previously characterized in terms of soils. Wet, dried and dried-ground soil samples collected from specific vineyard locations were scanned on a Fourier-transform near infrared spectrometer (FTLA 2000, ABB, Quebec, Canada) in diffuse reflectance mode. Spectra were analysed with chemometric tools, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Results revealed that dried, ground soil samples gave better results, but not substantially so when compared with wet or dried samples. Discriminant models showed that the NIRS method is able to discriminate the different vineyard soil types, reproducing very accurately the mapping generated by pedology methods. Variations within the same soil type (present at different locations in the vineyard) were also detected by NIRS. The NIRS technology was shown to be suitable for correlating, complementing and perhaps eventually replacing costly, time-consuming vineyard soil mapping methods.     

山地土壤养分及其对酿酒葡萄生长发育的影响

对陕西省耀县山地不同海拔高度三个酿酒葡萄园0￣60cm土层土壤的养分及葡萄生长发育进行了研究。结果表明:各葡萄园土壤pH均在8.0左右,属石灰性土壤;土壤有机质和N、P、K等大量元素含量偏低,各种微量元素除了有效B含量很低以外,其它元素含量均丰富。植株生长量以海拔最低的葡萄园大于其它两地。果实糖酸比随海拔升高而降低,总酚和单宁含量以海拔居中处的最高。     

Evaluation of the use of LIDAR laser scanner to map pruning wood in vineyards and its potential for management zones delineation

Vine vigour assessment has been a major concern of precision viticulture studies in order to identify areas of uniform vine performance within vineyards. Moreover, the counting and weighing of winter dormant canes is considered as the most informative measurement to indicate vine balance and is commonly performed manually by grape growers for management purposes. The main concern of this measurement is that it is time consuming and laborious and it cannot accommodate detailed sampling density. In the present study, the potential of using laser scanner technology as an automated, easy and rapid way to perform mapping of the winter pruning wood across the vineyard was investigated. The study was conducted during 2010 and 2011, in a one hectare commercial vineyard in central Greece, planted with cv. Agiorgitiko, a traditional Greek variety for the production of red wine. Parameters of topography, soil depth, soil texture, canopy properties (NDVI), yield, and grape quality were mapped and analysed in conjunction to winter canes weighing at pruning time. The mapping of the dormant canes was carried out using a 2D laser scanner sensor prior to pruning and manually measuring the pruning weight on a 10 × 20 m grid. Laser scanner measurements showed significant relationship in both 2010 and 2011 with pruning weight (r = 0.809 and r = 0.829 respectively, p < 0.001), yield and early season NDVI, showing the potential of using laser scanner measurements to assess variability in vine vigour within vineyards. These results suggest that laser scanners offer great promise to characterize within field variability in vine performance.     

天津地区酿酒葡萄生育需肥特性及合理施肥技术

简述酿酒葡萄在天津地区土壤、气候条件下的生育特性、需肥特点,各葡萄生产基地的土壤养分评价,以及相应的施肥技术措施。     

太原市尖草坪区葡萄园测土配方施肥技术

太原市尖草坪区自然条件优越,生产的葡萄品质好,深受市场欢迎。葡萄年产量达1 200万kg,是尖草坪区重要的产业支柱。通过对该地葡萄园基本情况和农户施肥情况进行调查,分析了该区葡萄园施肥中存在的问题,结合果园土壤化验,在试验示范基础上,提出了尖草坪区葡萄园的施肥原则和不同品种的施肥方案。     

句容葡萄园健康土壤培育措施探析

为了提高句容葡萄园土壤质量,实现葡萄产业的稳定发展。2012—2016 年对句容8 个葡萄园土壤进行跟踪调查,同期在每个葡萄园取不同土层土壤化验分析。结果表明：2012 年0~20、20~40 cm土层土壤,有机质含量分别为1.58%和1.02%,4 年后0~20 cm土层,有机质含量只有1.12%,在4 年的时间,由于耕作方式不当,用肥不合理等原因,导致0~20 cm土层有机质总体上减少了1/4。土壤是农作物的生存载体,而有机质是土壤活力的核心,人类通过调节土壤有机质而影响土壤质量。句容葡萄生产要想持续稳定的发展,提高土壤有机质含量,培育健康土壤生态系统势在必行。而生草栽培、秸秆利用是健康土壤培育最有效的持续、生态方法,也是最行之有效的发展方向。     

生物有机肥对酿酒葡萄生长、养分吸收及产量品质的影响

针对贺兰山东麓大面积酿酒葡萄园因土壤瘠薄、过度依赖化肥而导致产量低且不稳等问题,采用田间试验结合室内分析,研究生物有机肥不同施用量(0、3、6、9、12、15t/hm2)对该区酿酒葡萄生长、养分吸收及产量品质的影响。结果表明:在一定生物有机肥施用量范围内,随施用量的增加,酿酒葡萄叶绿素含量比对照提高,新稍长增加3.19%～24.41%,百叶鲜质量增加2.91%～13.26%,而百叶干质量增幅为11.71%～26.30%,有利于干物质累积;施有机肥促进了叶部全氮、全磷、全钾含量的吸收,叶片全氮、全磷、全钾分别增加0.60%～12.93%、46.94%～82.65%和6.94%～17.14%;叶柄全氮、全磷、全钾分别增加9.04%～48.59%、112.50%～226.14%和5.87%～40.47%,有利于干物质合成,从而比对照增产360.05%～554.14%,果实总糖含量提高1.11～1.94个百分点,总酸度下降0.18～0.27个百分点,糖酸比增大10.04～16.13个百分点;但有机肥施用量超过12t/hm2时,对3年生酿酒葡萄生长、氮磷钾吸收和产量等产生明显抑制作用。经肥料效应方程计算得出,该区3年生酿酒葡萄最高产量和最佳经济效益的生物有机肥施用量为11.45t/hm2和10.01t/hm2。     

云南高原区酿酒葡萄果实香气物质的积累规律

【目的】香气是衡量酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒品质的重要因子,地域条件显著地影响果实香气物质的种类和含量,开展云南高原区酿酒葡萄果实香气物质积累规律研究,有助于揭示高原气候区酿酒葡萄香气品质的形成机理,为云南高原区优质酿酒葡萄生产提供指导。【方法】以2010和2011年采自云南省德钦县梅里石（海拔约为2 300 m）和说日（海拔约为2 900 m）葡萄园的赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon)果实为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取直接提取葡萄汁中游离态香气物质,依次采用Cleanert PEP-SPE柱分离、糖苷酶AR2000水解和顶空固相微萃取方法提取糖苷结合态香气物质,运用气相色谱与质谱联用技术,分析游离态和糖苷结合态香气物质的种类和含量,根据合成途径,将其分为脂肪酸来源、氨基酸来源和异戊二烯来源的香气物质,探究果实成熟过程中这3种来源的香气物质在年份及产地之间积累规律的异同。【结果】无论是梅里石还是说日,来自同一产地的果实pH值变化和可溶性固形物积累受年份影响较小,但香气物质受年份的影响较大。2011年的果实中,脂肪酸来源的游离态直链脂肪醇、酸和酯类,以及异戊二烯代谢产生的游离态、结合态降异戊二烯类和游离态萜烯类物质含量均显著高于2010年;对于氨基酸来源的香气物质,2010年果实中结合态芳香族类香气物质含量显著高于2011年,而游离态芳香族类香气物质则明显低于2011年。年份也影响果实中直链脂肪醛、直链脂肪醇、芳香族类和支链脂肪族类以及萜烯类物质的种类,结合2个年份气象参数的分析,认为较少的降雨量和较长的日照时数有利于降低直链脂肪醛含量、增加萜烯类物质水平。就产地而言,海拔较高的说日葡萄园的果实在成熟过程中脂肪酸来源香气物质总量呈现持续上升的趋势,而梅里石葡萄园的果实则呈现先升后降的趋势,在2010年果实采收期,说日果实中游离态和结合态直链脂肪醛类含量均显著高于梅里石葡萄,而游离态和结合态直链脂肪醇类物质含量则显著低于梅里石葡萄;此外,说日葡萄果实中降异戊二烯物质和吡嗪类物质总量也明显较高。【结论】年份间气候的较大变化对葡萄果实香气物质积累的影响比葡萄园海拔高度更为明显;随葡萄园海拔升高,葡萄果实应适当晚采,以降低吡嗪类和直链脂肪醛类物质含量,减少生青气味。     

A Web-based system for vineyards management, relating inventory data, vectors and images

A Web-based system is presented, integrating spatial information from remote sensing images, GPS measurements and inventory data. Monitoring, research and management of the grape production at Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (624,000 metric tons in 2006) can be done through a system entirely based in open-source codes. Information from three different sources are integrated: Information on production comes from the State’s Viticultural Inventory, detailing the regional yearly grape production; positional information comes from field GPS measurements of vine parcels and the system’s capabilities of making maps; imagery information comes from aerial or satellite images. Further capabilities on image classification leads to the identification of vine areas; this allows crossing this data with information provided by owners. This system allows both the monitoring of grape production for administrative purposes and investigations either on regional land and soil cover, or in other applications derived from image classification. The system concept can be readily extended to other applications in land use monitoring.     

葡萄与葡萄酒生产可持续发展研究进展

 【目的】分析中国葡萄与葡萄酒生产现状以及存在问题,探索可持续发展葡萄园与葡萄酒生产的管理模式,为葡萄与葡萄酒生产的可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】采用实例访问、案例调查和文献查询等方法,从葡萄和葡萄酒生产以及葡萄园废弃物循环利用和生态农业一体化等方面进行综述。【结果】提出了可持续发展的理念,对国内葡萄与葡萄酒生产的健康发展提出了建议和方向。【结论】真正实现中国葡萄与葡萄酒生产的可持续发展仍面临巨大的挑战,各方面都要做好自己的本职工作,使中国葡萄酒产业健康、稳定、长久地发展。