氮肥对中筋小麦扬麦10号氮素吸收、产量和品质的调节效应

 研究了基、追氮肥用量对中筋小麦扬麦10号氮素吸收与运转、产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增加,成熟期植株含氮率和积累量都上升,籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量提高,呈极显著线性正相关;植株花前氮积累量与基施氮肥量、花后氮积累量与追施氮肥量呈极显著线性正相关;籽粒氮产量与花前氮积累量、花后氮积累量和花后营养器官氮输出量呈显著或极显著线性正相关,花前氮积累量与施氮量呈极显著线性正相关,花后氮积累量及花后营养器官氮输出量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系;氮肥利用率与施氮量呈极显著二次曲线关系,基、追氮肥平衡施用,氮素     

Effects of Nitrogen on Grain Yield, Nutritional and Processing Quality of Wheat for Different End Uses

The effects of nitrogen on grain yield, nutritional quality and processing quality of wheat for different end uses were studied in Yangzhou from 2000 to 2002. Increasing N application amount and/or the ratio of topdressing N after elongation stage could raise grain yield, protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation, falling number, development time and stability time. To produce strong-gluten and medium-gluten wheat, the suitable ratio of basis : tillering: elongation: booting N fertilizer was 3: 1: 3 : 3 or 5: 1 : 2: 2with 180 - 240 kg N ha-1. To produce weak-gluten wheat, the ratio of basis: tillering: elongation N fertilizer should be 7 : 1: 2 with 180 kg N ha-1 and 240 × 104 ha-1 seedlings.     

弱筋小麦郑麦004的氮、磷肥运筹模式研究

为了探讨弱筋小麦产量和品质同步提高的氮、磷肥最佳投入模式,选取弱筋品种郑麦004为试验材料,在弱筋麦适宜区信阳、罗山、息县三地进行了氮、磷肥施用模式试验。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加和追施氮肥时间的推迟,弱筋小麦产量和湿面筋含量有所增加,因此应"稳底控追",保证产量,稳定品质;增施磷肥和后期喷洒磷酸二氢钾均能提高弱筋小麦产量,但对品质指标影响较小。因此提出了"氮肥可‘稳底控追’、磷肥可‘增底补喷’"的弱筋麦高产优质氮磷运筹模式。通过优化氮磷肥配施模式,从而优化了弱筋麦的主要品质指标。     

Effect of Nitrogen Applied Before Transplanting on NUE in Rice

Nitrogen （N） application before transplanting, where N fertilizers are applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings, is a novel method proposed in this article aiming for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency （NUE） in rice. The effect of this method on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil was investigated in a field experiment with a japonica variety, Ningjing 2, in seasons of 2004 and 2005. There were four levels of N applied 16 h before transplanting： zero N （NO）, 207 kg ha^-1 （NL）, 310.5 kg ha^-1 （NM）, and 414 kg ha^-1 （NH）. The result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect of increasing mineral N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice. Generally, N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice tended to increase with the amount of N fertilizer before transplanting, with the NH treatment having the largest effect. Additionally, N fertilizer before transplanting had significant influence on rice NUE and grain yield. Compared with other treatments, the NM treatment showed the largest influence, with basal-tillering NUE, total NUE, and grain yield being 15%, 12%, and 529.5 kg ha^-1 higher than those of NO treatment. This result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil of rice, thus improving NUE and grain yield.     

钾素水平对小麦氮素积累和运转及籽粒蛋白质形成的影响

 【目的】试图阐明施钾对小麦植株氮素积累、运转和籽粒蛋白质形成的影响机理。【方法】在池栽条件下，以宁麦9号（低蛋白）和扬麦10号（中蛋白）两个蛋白质含量不同的冬小麦品种为材料，研究了不同施钾水平下植株氮素积累、运转和开花期叶片含钾量的特征及其与籽粒蛋白质和各组分含量的关系。【结果】与不施钾相比，施钾提高了籽粒蛋白质含量，极显著提高了球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量，由于对谷蛋白含量的作用甚微，因而显著降低了谷/醇比。施钾提高了开花期叶片含钾量进而显著促进了小麦植株花前氮素的积累和贮存氮素的运转，较高的开花期叶片钾营养水平显著提高了扬麦10号的花后氮积累，但对宁麦9号花后氮积累的促进作用较小。两种类型小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量对施钾的响应程度不同，扬麦10号大于宁麦9号。【结论】施钾条件下，因较高开花期叶片含钾量而显著提高的宁麦9号花前贮存氮素运转量和扬麦10号花后氮积累量，分别是这两种类型小麦籽粒蛋白质含量增加的重要生理原因。在本试验条件下，宁麦9号和扬麦10号的适宜施钾水平分别为K2O 150、225 kg·ha-1。     

The Variation ofβ-glucan and Protein Content in Barley as Affected by Agronomic Practices

The influences of N applicationrate, timing, sowing date and seeding rate on β-glucan and protein content in barley grains were studied through the field experiments in Hangzhou, China during 1997 -2001. Protein content increased with N application rate and with N proportion applied at late stage. β-glucan content also responded significantly to N application rate and timing, but with different pattern with protein content. Of three N rate treatments, the medium N rate (135 kg ha-1) had the highest β-glucan content, being significantly higher than low N rate (90 kg ha-1) and no difference with high N rate (180 kg ha-1). Among three N timing treatments, two times of N top-dressing at both tillering and booting stage had significantly higher β- glucan content than once N top-dressing at tillering or booting stage. Sowing date has the dramatic effect on both β-glucan and protein content. Protein content decreased with the delayed sowing, and kernel weight showed opposite tendency. Either earlier or later sowing caused increased β- glucan content relative to sowing in early November, which is the normal date for barley sowing locally. Seeding rate had no significant influence on both β- glucan and protein content.     

密肥互作对弱筋小麦产量与品质的影响

以弱筋小麦扬麦15为材料,采用大田试验,研究了种植密度、行距和施氮量及其互作对弱筋小麦产量和品质的调控效应。试验设计了2个密度处理150×104/hm2和225×104/hm2基本苗,2个行距处理24 cm和30 cm,3个施氮量水平150、210和270 kg/hm2。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量随施氮量和密度的增加而显著提高,穗数的增加是产量提高的主要原因。行距对产量没有明显的影响,但高密度扩行加剧群体竞争,降低产量。密度和施氮量对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和面粉面筋含量均有显著的同步调控效应,随密度的增加显著降低,随施氮量的增加显著升高。在中等施氮条件下,高密度处理无论何种行距均能使籽粒蛋白质含量和面筋含量符合国家标准。因此,采用225×104/hm2基本苗、24 cm和210kg/hm2施氮量可同步协调弱筋小麦产量和品质的关系,达到高产优质。     

Yield and Quality Response of Cucumber to Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Under Subsurface Drip Irrigation in Solar Greenhouse

The aims of this research were to compare subsurface drip irrigation scheduling and nitrogen fertilization rates in cucumber, and evaluate yield and quality of cucumber fruit, water (WUE), irrigation water (IWUE), and nitrogen use (NUE) efficiencies in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China. The irrigation water amounts were determined based on the 20 cm diameter pan (Ep) placed over the crop canopy, and cucumber plant was subjected to three irrigation water levels (I1, 0.6 Ep; I2, 0.8 Ep; and I3, 1.0 Ep) in interaction with three nitrogen fertilization levels (N1,300 kg ha-1; N2, 450 kg ha-1; and N3, 600 kg ha-1). The results showed that the cucumber fruit yield increased with the improvement of irrigation water. Irrigation water increased yields by increasing the mean weight of the fruits, and also by increasing fruit number. But the highest values of IWUE and WUE were obtained from 12 treatment. NUE significantly decreased with the improvement of N application, but increased by irrigating more water. The quality of cucumber fruit decreased with the improvement irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization. In conclusion, the optimum irrigation level and nitrogen fertilizer application level for cucunber under subsurface drip irrigation in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China were 0.8 Ep and 450 and 600 kg ha-1, respectively.     

皖麦55高产优质综合农艺措施数学模型及优化方案研究

[目的]优化淮北地区皖麦55实现高产栽培的农艺措施方案。[方法]以优质中筋小麦新品种皖麦55为材料,采用五元二次回归旋转组合设计,研究了基本苗、基施氮量、施磷量、施钾量和拔节期追氮量5项农艺措施对其产量和品质性状的影响,建立了籽粒产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量的回归模型。[结果]氮素运筹是影响产量和品质的首要因素,其次是密度;依据籽粒产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量的数学模型,确定淮北地区皖麦55实现高产栽培的优化农艺措施方案为:基本苗270.2~291.5×104株/hm2,基施氮量142.6~154.0kg/hm2,施磷(P2O5)量112.9~127.1 kg/hm2,施钾(K2O)量115.9~131.8 kg/hm2,拔节期追氮量76.1~85.0 kg/hm2。[结论]该研究为新品种皖麦55在淮北地区高产栽培科学化提供理论依据。     

灌浆期高温对小麦剑叶抗氧化酶及膜脂过氧化的影响

 采用人工气候室控温，研究弱筋小麦扬麦9号和中筋小麦扬麦12在灌浆最快时期（花后19～21 d）、温度（25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃）、大气相对湿度50%的条件下，对剑叶抗氧化酶及膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明，随着温度升高，剑叶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性呈下降趋势，膜脂过氧化产物（MDA）含量呈上升趋势。高温胁迫对中筋小麦扬麦12 SOD、CAT活性的伤害大于弱筋小麦扬麦9号，对扬麦9号POD活性的伤害大于扬麦12，扬麦12 MDA积累速率大于扬麦9号。高温胁迫导致千粒重下降。     

不同时期叶面追氮对小麦产量、蛋白质含量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究优化小麦籽粒蛋白质组成及提高氮素吸收利用的最佳叶面追氮时期，本试验以优质强筋冬小麦‘藁优2018’和‘师栾02-1’为供试材料，在总施氮量为210 kg/hm2的条件下，设置不同叶面追氮时期处理，研究不同时期叶面追氮对小麦产量、蛋白质含量及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明：‘藁优2018’在花后10 d叶面追氮地上部各器官吸氮量及氮素吸收效率均达到最高，而不同时期叶面追氮对师栾02-1地上部吸氮量并无显著影响。‘藁优2018’和‘师栾02-1’籽粒蛋白质含量均在花后10 d叶面追氮时最高，较其他时期叶面追氮处理最大增幅分别为9.6%和9.9%。进一步分析蛋白质组成发现，‘藁优2018’和‘师栾02-1’2个品种分别在花后10 d和开花期叶面追氮时醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量最高。‘藁优2018’在花后10 d叶面追氮提高地上部各器官吸氮量、籽粒蛋白质含量且优化蛋白质组成的同时不减产，而‘师栾02-1’后期叶面追氮导致减产6.9%～8.4%。综合考虑，‘藁优2018’和‘师栾02-1’优化小麦籽粒蛋白质组成及提高氮素吸收利用的最佳叶面追氮时期分别为花后10 d和开花期。     

稻田套播和氮素对中筋小麦产量和品质的调节效应

采用稻田套播与传统条播两种栽培方式系统比较的方法,研究不同氮肥运筹下稻田套播方式对中筋小麦扬麦10号籽粒产量和品质的调节效应。结果表明:稻田套播方式对中筋小麦籽粒产量和品质影响显著。与传统条播方式相比,在同一氮肥运筹下套播方式中筋小麦除籽粒总淀粉及其组分含量显著高于条播方式外,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、磨粉品质和面粉品质以及淀粉糊化特性的主要指标低于传统条播,且差异显著。稻田套播方式不利于中筋小麦扬麦10号优质的形成,在江苏淮南地区中筋专用小麦采用稻田套播方式宜适当增加施氮量且追氮适度后移。     

不同施氮下优质稻植株花后碳氮物质流转与籽粒生长的相关性

以桂华占、八桂香为材料,在高氮(NH,High nitrogen)、中氮(NM,Middle nitrogen)、低氮(NL,Low nitrogen)三个施氮水平下,研究了优质稻花后碳氮物质积累、运转与籽粒生长特征及其相互的关系。结果表明:①在不同施氮水平下,干物质转运效率为53.60%～62.23%,氮素转运效率为12.33%～37.95%,茎鞘和叶片干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累的贡献率为12.33%～37.95%,茎鞘和叶片氮素转运对籽粒氮素积累贡献率为47.93%～117.2%。②施氮水平影响桂华占和八桂香花后碳氮流转及籽粒的生长。高氮条件下增加叶片碳氮同化物的转运,不利于茎鞘碳氮同化物向籽粒转运。增施氮肥在一定程度上提高了地上总氮和籽粒氮的积累量,提高了籽粒氮收获指数,蛋白质含量上升。低氮处理虽能促进茎鞘碳氮同化物的转运率,但籽粒收获指数明显变低。③不同施氮水平下,桂华占和八桂香花后碳氮流转与籽粒的生长间存在密切的相关,花后茎叶干物质运转速度和转运率都与籽粒起始灌浆势呈正相关;籽粒最大灌浆速率与叶干物质运转速度和转运率呈正相关;叶片中总氮转运率与籽粒蛋白质产量呈正相关。花后茎叶氮素积累量的减少,伴随着籽粒氮素积累量的增加和籽粒蛋白质含量的升高是同步的;茎鞘花后同化物碳氮比与籽粒蛋白质含量及产量呈正相关,与籽粒直链淀粉含量及淀粉、蛋白质比呈负相关。不同施氮水平下氮素转运效率和贡献率表现出一定差异,这种差异与水稻植株自身对氮生理利用效率密切相关。     

Denitrification Losses and N2O Emissions from Different Nitrogen Fertilizers Applied to the Maize-Fluvo-Aquic Soil System

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the variations in denitrification losses and N2O emissions from 4 different types of nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium bicarbonate, and calcium nitrate) applied to the maizefluvo-aquic soil system in the North China Plain by the method of intact soil core incubation and acetylene inhibition, and the responses of nitrogen fertilizers to maize grain yields. Results show that the denitrification loss from different nitrogen fertilizers ranged from 0.38-1.20 kg N ha-1, with no significant differences among different fertilizer treatments, and the N2O emission from 0.05-0.95 kg N ha-1, with a significant difference (P＜0.05) among the treatments. The highest emission was from the treatment of ammonium nitrate, while the lowest from calcium nitrate. The nitrogen fertilizers increased the maize grain yield by 9.7-19.8% compared to control. But there were no significant differences in yield increase among the 4 types of nitrogen fertilizers. In comparison, urea had the best effect, whereas calcium nitrate had the least effect on increasing maize yield. The maize yield was 5.7% higher when urea was separately applied at 2 times than when it was applied at a time. In this case, however, the denitrification loss and the N2O emission were also increased by 4.05 and 1.84 kg N ha-1,respectively.     

氮素对棉花氮素利用率和产量的影响

[目的]研究氮素对棉花氮素利用率、产量及产量构成的影响,为棉花生产施氮量的合理调控提供依据.[方法]在大田栽培条件下,分别在长江流域下游棉区(江苏南京)和黄河流域黄淮棉区(河南安阳)设置棉花氮素水平试验.[结果]棉株氮素利用率随初花后棉花生育进程的推进,呈现为不规则的S型曲线的变化趋势;氮素对棉花产量形成有一定的调控作用,氮素水平过低或过高均导致产量降低.[结论]安阳试点以360kg/ha的施氮量为最优,南京以240kg/ha最高;棉花单铃重、单株铃数是产量的主要决定因素.     

硫肥施用方式对冬小麦灌浆期籽粒蛋白含量动态的影响

[目的]为冬小麦品质改良和优质高效栽培提供理论依据。[方法]在大田条件下,研究2种硫肥施用方式对冬小麦中筋力型品种豫麦49和强筋力型品种豫麦66灌浆期籽粒蛋白质含量和麦谷蛋白含量影响。[结果]施用硫肥能提高2种筋力型冬小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量和麦谷蛋白含量,尤其对中筋型小麦品种豫麦49效果更明显。[结论]针对不同筋力型品种,结合不同要求,采取合理硫肥施用技术可以起到提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和麦谷蛋白含量的作用。     

不同滴灌毛管布置模式棉花水氮耦合效应

 【目的】研究施肥量和灌水量对不同滴灌模式棉花产量、氮素利用效率（NUE）、水分利用效率（WUE）的水氮耦合效应的影响。【方法】试验设置1带4行、2带4行、2带6行3种滴灌模式,灌水量和施氮量采用二次通用旋转组合设计,进行大田小区棉花膜下滴灌试验。【结果】棉花产量的水氮耦合效应：灌水量和施氮量对棉花产量的影响,1带4行为灌水量＞施氮量,2带4行和2带6行为施氮量＞灌水量。在灌水量65.1～284.9 mm的范围内,3种滴灌模式棉花产量与灌水量呈显著正相关。棉花产量与施肥量,1带4行施氮量16.2～94.2 kg?hm-2呈显著的正相关,2带4行在施氮量为16.2～69.0 kg?hm-2呈负相关,施氮量为69.0～94.2 kg?hm-2呈正相关。2带6行施氮量为16.2～55.2 kg?hm-2呈正相关,施氮量为55.2～94.2 kg?hm-2呈负相关。棉花NUE的水氮耦合效应：灌水量和施氮量对棉花NUE的影响,3种模式均为施氮量＞灌水量。氮素利用效率与施氮量的关系,1带4行施氮量16.2～82.2 kg?hm-2,施氮量与NUE呈显著负相关,当施氮量为82.2～94.2 kg?hm-2呈显著正相关。2带4行施氮量16.2～69.0 kg?hm-2呈显著负相关,当施氮量为69.0～94.2 kg?hm-2呈显著正相关。2带6行在施氮量16.2～94.2 kg?hm-2呈负相关。在灌水量65.1～284.9 mm的范围内,3种滴灌模式氮素利用效率与灌水量呈正相关。棉花WUE的水氮耦合效应：灌水量和施氮量对棉花WUE的影响,1带4行和2带4行灌水量＞施氮量,2带6行为施氮量＞灌水量。施氮量与水分利用效率,1带4行呈正相关,2带4行施氮量为16.2～41.4 kg?hm-2呈负相关,施氮量为44.2～94.2 kg?hm-2呈正相关。2带6行在施氮量为16.2～55.2 kg?hm-2呈正相关,施氮量为55.2～94.2 kg?hm-2呈负相关。在灌水量65.1～284.9 mm范围内,3种滴灌模式棉花水分利用效率与灌水量均呈负相关。【结论】根据不同滴灌模式对水氮耦合效应,建立以棉花产量、NUE、WUE为目标的不同滴灌模式水氮管理策略,得出2带4行棉花滴灌模式为最能够促进水氮耦合效应发挥、有利于膜下滴灌棉花生长的田间水氮管理模式。     

Fertilization Management for Improving Quality Properties of Spring Wheat in Northeast China

Fertilization management to improve quality properties of spring wheat cultivars has received little research attention in Northeast China. In this study, the effects of different fertilization management regimes on the quality properties of spring wheat cultivar New Kehan 9 (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated for two years. The results showed that fertilization consistently increased wheat yield, and the highest yield was obtained with addition of N, P and NPK fertilizers. The NPK treatment resulted in 50% more yield than the unfertilized plot. The average increases in protein content from NPK and NP at seeding + N at anthesis over no fertilization and NP fertilizers at seeding were 2.7% and 0.90% respectively. The highest protein yields were achieved in NPK and NPK + N treatments, and the lowest protein yield was observed in the no fertilizer treatment due to both low protein content and grain yield. Fertilization increased gliadins content, but decreased glutenins content, thus the gliadins/glutenins ratios were higher in the fertilization treatments. The most obvious effect of fertilization on kernel quality was the significant increase of hardness percentage. Although the dough rheological properties were not strongly changed by fertilization, dry gluten and wet gluten were significantly increased, and the highest bread volume and bread score were found in the NPK treatment in both years. The application of 3% urea at anthesis, or applying 45 kg ha-1 of potassium sulphate at seeding, with urea and diammonium phosphate as basal applications, significantly increased protein yield and improved quality properties of this wheat cultivar.     

基于冠层反射光谱的水稻追氮调控效应研究

【目的】利用实时冠层反射光谱监测水稻(Oryza sativa)植株氮素营养状况并推荐氮肥追用量,以实现高产、优质、高效水稻生产。【方法】基于不同基施氮量处理,利用水稻拔节期的差值植被指数(differential vegetation index,DVI)实时估测植株氮积累量,进而根据构建的追氮调控模型精确估算穗肥用量,最后研究基于反射光谱的水稻追氮调控效应。【结果】不同基施氮量处理下的水稻植株在穗肥施用期的氮素积累状况差异较大,基于追肥调控模型,高施基氮量处理的追氮量较对照调低(高氮低调),中施基氮量处理的追氮量较对照微高(中氮微调),而低施基氮量处理的追氮量较对照显著调高(低氮高调)。追施氮肥后,各调控处理间的植株氮含量(PNC)和差值植被指数(DVI)逐渐趋于一致。而调控处理的叶片净光合速率(Pn)和氮肥农学利用率较各自对照明显提高,并获得了更高的经济效益。与常规高产施氮处理相比,低氮高调、高氮低调处理Pn、干物质积累量、氮积累量、产量以及氮肥农学利用率等均有所提高。【结论】与传统非定量经验施肥相比,基于反射光谱的水稻追氮调控技术根据植株氮积累量和土壤供氮量而精确量化氮肥追用量,是一种较好的追肥精确管理技术。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Seed Yields and Yield Components of Zoysia japonica Established by Seeding and Transplant

The study was conducted to determine the optimum fertilizer-N application rate for maximum seed yields of Zoysiagrass stands from seeding and transplant respectively,at Jiaozhou,Shandong Province,China from 2001to 2003.In the third year after establishment,seed yields and yield components for both stands showed a similar response to fertilizerN.Maximum fertile tiller numbers(3 342 heads m-2 and 2 941 heads m-2 from stands seeded in rows and transplanted,respectively)and the highest seed yields(844.50 kg ha-1 and 874.65kg ha-1 from stands seeded in rows and transplanted,respectively)were obtained at a N fertilizer rate of 20 kgha-1 in autumn and 10 kg ha-1 in spring(30 kg ha-1 N in total).The fertile tillers and seed yields decreased with further increasing of N fertilizer rate.Fertilizer-N application could increase the length of spike,spikelets per fertile tiller,seed number per spike,setting percentage and thousand seed weight.The 1000-seed weight and the length of spike from transplant plots were higher than that from seeding plots.The optimal harvest time of zoysiagrass at Jiaozhou was on the 36th day after peak anthesis,near June 15 th,when the seed moisture content was 26-28%.