甜高粱分蘖去留与糖产量及氮素利用的比较分析

大田条件下采用人工去除分蘖的方法,研究了两种种植密度下甜高粱高产品种分蘖特性对糖产量及其干物质生产和氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明, 常规种植密度(每公顷75 000株)下,保留分蘖较单茎秆植株对主茎和分蘖茎含糖量影响较小;在较低种植密度(每公顷37 500株)下,保留分蘖植株主茎含糖量明显下降,分蘖茎含糖量与单茎秆植株接近。在不同种植密度条件下,保留分蘖植株较单茎秆植株开花前和开花后茎秆、叶片和穗各器官干物质积累量均显著增加,保留分蘖显著提高了总生物量,达21.9%和81.6%,总糖产量分别增加了17.1%和63.8%。保留分蘖植株开花后氮素向茎秆分配比高,同时,保留分蘖植株叶片氮积累及分配比例明显提高,叶片干重占植株总干重比例显著增加,单位氮素糖生产效率下降,但未达显著水平。常规密度和较低密度下分蘖茎糖产量的补偿效应分别可达20%和62%以上,说明常规种植密度下保留分蘖利于增加甜高粱糖产量,并能够达到简化栽培管理和降低经济人力投入的目的。     

甜高粱与粒用高粱茎秆生长过程中糖及其代谢相关酶活性的比较

以粒用高粱和甜高粱为材料,对甜高粱与粒用高梁不同时期茎秆的可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量、果糖含量及SS、SPS酶活力进行比较,结果表明:茎秆中的可溶性糖含量、果糖含量在完熟期甜高粱高于粒用高粱,乳熟期茎秆中蔗糖含量甜高粱高于粒用高粱;两种高粱类型的SPS酶活力变化趋势基本相似,从乳熟期到完熟期粒用高粱茎秆中的SPS酶活力明显增高,SS酶活力在粒用高粱茎秆中随生育期呈上升趋势,甜高粱茎秆中SS酶活力到乳熟期达到最大,明显高于粒用高粱.对糖含量与其相关代谢酶活力的相关性分析表明:甜高粱茎秆中利用SPS酶合成蔗糖的效率要高于粒用高粱;两种类型高粱的SS酶活力与其茎秆中的果糖含量存在明显差异,SS的作用模式不同.     

甜高粱蔗糖合酶表达与蔗糖积累的相关分析

以甜高粱为原料生产酒精是一种有潜力的生物能源途径,了解甜高粱蔗糖积累机理对生物能源开发具有重要意义。以两个甜高粱品种为材料,利用Western blotting技术检测高粱叶片和茎秆中蔗糖合酶(Sucrose Synthase, SS)的表达,分析其与蔗糖积累的相关性。结果表明,甜高粱叶片和茎秆中的SS蛋白质表达量在发育早期(拔节期、抽穗期)较低,发育后期(开花期、灌浆期和腊熟期)明显升高,在开花期最高。同2个普通高粱品种相比,在发育后期2个甜高粱品种叶片和茎秆中SS的表达明显增加,且与茎秆中的蔗糖积累相关,推测这是甜高粱与普通高粱蔗糖含量差异的重要原因。试验结果为选育甜高粱品种和提高茎秆蔗糖含量提供了一条可能的策略。     

Effect of Deheading on Juice Quality Characteristics and Sugar Yield of Sweet Sorghum

A field experiment involving 10 sweet sorghum cultivars was undertaken to study the effect of panicle removal at anthesis on juice quality characteristics and sugar yield in sweet sorghum; control plants were left intact. The plants were harvested at grain maturity, and juice extracted from the millable stalk was analysed for sucrose contact (Pol percentage), brix and purity. Deheading treatment resulted in significant increases in millable stalk and sugar yields over those of the intact control plants. As a result of panicle removal, stem dry matter accumulation increased and side tillers were generated. The amount of juice extracted increased in the treated plants, but sucrose (Pol percentage), brix and purity levels in the juice were reduced in comparison with the intact plants.     

不同贮藏方式对甜高梁茎秆含糖量的影响

作者旨探讨可作为再生能源的甜高粱贮藏期间的糖的种类及含量变化和减少糖分损失的贮藏方法,为科学合理贮藏甜高粱茎秆方法提供理论依据。采用甜高粱品种新高梁4号茎秆在捆扎竖立堆垛和捆扎横放堆垛两种条件下贮藏至157-199天期间其总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖及纤维素含量的变化。结果表明: 横放条件下的甜高粱茎秆总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖含量比竖放的甜高粱高;竖放与横放的甜高粱茎秆纤维素含量无变化。     

中期喷施多效唑对甜高粱生长及生理特性的影响

为了研究中期喷施多效唑对甜高粱生长发育与生理特性的影响,本文采用不同浓度的多效唑在伸长期初期对甜高粱进行叶面喷施处理。结果表明,适宜浓度的多效唑处理可以有效的提高甜高粱叶片的可溶性糖、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质等的含量,显著的增强了甜高粱叶片的蔗糖合成酶活性,对气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率有明显的增强效应,有效的降低了甜高粱的株高和茎长,而对茎杆的增粗有促进作用,从而提高了甜高粱的抗倒伏能力,最终使茎杆产量提高。多效唑比较适宜的使用浓度为0.75g/L。     

高粱雄性不育系7050A的选育与应用

7050A具有不育性稳定、花期长、配合力高、综合抗性好、A2细胞质和适应性广等特性,用7050A组配的杂交种类型齐全,包括食用、酿造用、能源用和饲草用。目前,以7050A为母本配制的9个高粱杂交种已占据晚熟区高粱生产市场的较大份额,累计推广面积达80万hm2,增产粮食12亿kg,产鲜草3.5亿kg,增加经济效益13.2亿元。高粱雄性不育系7050A的育成与应用,解决了在高粱生产中长期存在的产量低、抗性差、遗传单一等多种难题,全面提高了高粱雄性不育系的配合力和抗性水平,成为我国高粱科研和生产的骨干雄性不育系。     

不同品种甜高粱苗期耐寒性分析研究

低温胁迫是影响甜高粱产量和品质的主要非生物因素之一,为更好地了解低温胁迫下苗期甜高粱耐低温的机制,并服务于甜高粱耐低温品种的选育,本研究以6 个甜高粱品种为材料,对其在低温胁迫及恢复处理后苗期叶片中的各项生理指标进行测定,并以各项指标的抗冻系数作为衡量抗冻性的指标,采用主成分分析法以及聚类分析对抗寒性做出综合评价。研究表明,低温胁迫后,6 个甜高粱品种Pro 含量均不同程度上升;而SOD、POD、CAT活性以及可溶性糖含量却呈现不同的变化趋势,部分品种表现为下降趋势。通过主成分分析以及聚类分析最终将6 个品种分为3 类,‘BJ0603’和‘EN-11’为强抗寒类型,‘EN-12’、‘IMP-2’和‘KFJT-1’为中度抗寒类型,‘BJ0602’为弱抗寒类型。本研究结果为甜高粱抗寒品种的选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

甜高粱茎秆贮存过程中蔗糖代谢及其相关酶活性的变化研究

为明确甜高粱茎秆贮存过程中蔗糖降解的关键酶,以期通过对蔗糖降解关键酶的分子调控解决甜高粱茎秆贮存过程中蔗糖易降解的难题。采用高效液相色谱法和酶学测定方法对3个品种甜高粱在采后75天贮藏期内,茎秆中的蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量和可溶性酸性转化酶(SAI)、中性转化酶(NI)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)分解蔗糖的酶活性变化进行了测定。结果表明：在采后75天贮藏期内,‘辽甜1号’、‘辽甜4号’和‘辽甜6号’甜高粱的茎秆中,糖分降解迅速,总糖损失近一半,分别为68.2-31.9（g/100g干基）、43.0-18.1（g/100g干基）和59.6-25.3（g/100g干基）。3个品种果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量呈总体下降趋势,并呈现贮藏期开始时糖分降低很快,而后缓慢降低的趋势。可溶性酸性转化酶活性在茎秆贮藏15天时增幅较大,而后以微小幅度持续增加,一直保持较高的酶活性。中性转化酶活性一直以微小幅度持续增加,酶活性较低,变化不大。蔗糖合成酶分解方向的活性则更低,且变化不大。这表明可溶性酸性转化酶可能与甜高粱茎秆贮存过程中蔗糖降解密切相关。     

甜高粱蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因(SPS3-1)的克隆与序列分析

以甘蔗蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因(SPSⅢ-2,NCB1登录号为EU278617) cDNA序列为探针,对高粱EST数据库进行同源检索、筛选和拼接,后经基因组PCR、分子克隆、序列分析验证分离了甜高粱蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因组DNA序列(SPS3-1,GeneBank登录号为FJ750250).该序列全长6 325 by,包含13个...     

A3 CMS在甜高粱育种中的可行性研究

以5个高粱不育系、6个甜高梁杂交种和甜格雷兹为材料,通过对茎秆含糖量和鲜重的测定分析,研究利用A3CMS选育不育化甜高粱杂交种的可行性。结果表明：同核异质不育系在茎秆含糖量方面差异不显著,同核异质杂交种在茎秆产量上差异不显著,但茎秆含糖量差异显著,A3杂交种的含糖量明显优于A1杂交种。认为,利用A3CMS选育不育化甜高粱杂交种是可行的。     

去除分蘖对甜高粱主要农艺性状的影响

目前我国甜高粱栽培以去除分蘖栽培为主,去蘖栽培需耗费大量人力,已成为甜高粱生产和大面积推广的重要限制因子之一。用7个甜高粱杂交种,对7个主要经济性状进行调查分析,研究去除分蘖和自然生长对甜高粱主要农艺性状和经济性状的影响。结果表明:去蘖处理使穗长显著变短,鲜重极显著降低。甜高粱留蘖栽培不仅可免除栽培中去除分蘖造成的人力财力浪费,同时可获得更高的产量。     

重金属铅镉对甜高粱生长的影响及其积累特性研究

旨在为甜高粱在修复土壤重金属污染领域的应用提供理论支撑。以甜高粱品种‘辽甜1 号’为供试材料,采用土壤盆栽试验研究不同浓度铅、镉及其复合污染作用下甜高粱的生长响应及重金属吸收、富集和迁移特征变化。结果表明：低浓度Pb(≤100 mg/kg)、Cd(≤1 mg/kg)处理促进了甜高粱的生长,高浓度Pb(≥1000 mg/kg)、Cd(≥10 mg/kg)则呈现出抑制效应,根长、株高、穗长和生物量均显著减小。甜高粱各部位重金属含量随着土壤Pb、Cd处理浓度的升高而增加,其中重金属Pb的含量大小顺序为根＞叶＞茎＞穗,重金属Cd的含量大小顺序为根＞茎＞叶＞穗,且甜高粱对Cd的富集系数和转运系数均显著高于Pb。由此可知,甜高粱品种‘辽甜1 号’对重金属Pb、Cd具有较强的抗逆性和较好的吸收积累和转运能力,其在Pb、Cd单一及其复合污染土壤修复方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

重金属Cd和 Pb在甜高粱幼苗体内的积累特性研究

为了确认在苗期甜高粱对土壤重金属污染的响应和吸收特性,通过室内盆栽实验,研究了在不同程度土壤重金属污染条件下‘新高粱3号’(XT-2)和‘辽甜1号’2个甜高粱品种幼苗体内镉、铅含量的分布特征,并分析了富集系数和转运系数等指标.结果表明:甜高粱幼苗各部分的重金属积累量随着土壤中重金属含量而增加.在根部、叶部和茎部积累的重金属含量之间的差异均达到极显著水平.2个品种对重金属Cd的积累含量大小顺序为根部>茎部>叶片,对Pb的积累含量大小依次为根部>叶片>茎部;2个品种根部的富集系数均大于茎和叶,茎和叶的富集系数差异不明显.‘辽甜1号’茎部对Cd的富集系数均高于XT-2.2个品种的茎部对Cd的转运系数均高于叶片的转运系数.‘辽甜1号’和XT-2各部分在苗期的转运系数和富集系数均小于1.     

Potential Yields and On-Farm Ethanol Production Cost of Corn, Sweet Sorghum, Fodderbeet, and Sugarbeet

Field experiments were conducted during 1980-82 at the Agronomy Farm of the University of California, Davis, to compare fermentable carbohydrate production and cost of potential ethanol from fodderbeet, sweet sorghum, sugarbeet, and corn in relation to the requirements of these crops for fertilizer nitrogen and irrigation. The response of hexose yields of these crops to fertilizer N varied in the two experiments. When all crops responded, sweet sorghum and sugarbeet required 36 % and fodderbeet 68 % of the fertilizer N needed for corn. Twelve weeks following a mid-season irrigation cut off, hexose yield of sugarbeet was decreased by 18 % as compared to an adequately watered crop. Water stressed sweet sorghum extracted higher amounts of soil moisture, increased in hexose concentration and produced 29 % higher hexose yield than when adequately watered. Stressed sugarbeet, however, had a higher hexose yield due to its higher sugar concentration.
When fertilized and irrigated adequately, fodderbeet produced 13.4, sugarbeet 11.9, sweet sorghum 10.0, and corn 8.15 Mg hexose ha⁻¹. Comparative on-farm ethanol production costs of these four crops were very close ($0.38 to 0.40 L⁻¹). Thus, growing established crops like corn and sugarbeet for which processing facilities and alternative markets already exist would be preferred.     

A major QTL for plant height is linked with bloom locus in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits in sorghum with its relevance for biomass, grain yield, fodder and lodging. To understand its genetic basis, the quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 168 RILs derived from the cross between the two sorghum inbred lines 296B (dwarf) and IS18551 (tall) over six seasons. Two major QTL were identified one each on chromosomes SBI-06 and SBI-07 corresponding to the Dw2 and Dw3 gene loci together accounting 41 % plant height variation. In addition, a morphological bloom trait locus which remained unlinked in the linkage map was found to be significantly linked with plant height in single marker analysis explaining 22 % of the trait variation. By comparing the map positions of Dw1, Dw2 and Dw3, the new locus for plant height linked with bloom is proposed as Dw4 locus. Both SSR and the morphological bloom loci linked with height QTL of the present study can be employed as effective tools in marker-assisted breeding for rapid conversion of selected inbred parent lines either as dwarf seed (male sterile) parents or taller pollinators for hybrid seed industry, or for developing high biomass lines in sweet sorghum for exploitation as high bio-fuel crop.     

贵州新老两代糯高粱品种（系）干物质及氮素积累转运差异分析

以贵州省新老两代酒用糯高粱品种（系）为研究对象,采用随机区组设计,对其产量、干物质及氮素积累转运进行分析,结果表明,随着年代更替,贵州省酒用糯高粱产量、干物质和氮素积累总量逐步提高,新品种较老品系2年平均分别增加25.5%、23.4%和35.2%;新品种花后干物质和氮素积累占比平均分别为32.6%和31.2%,显著高于老品系;新品种花后干物质和氮素积累对籽粒产量的贡献平均分别为65.2%和49.6%,较老品系分别提高10.2%和12.2%;新品种的干物质、氮素转运量分别较老品系增加12.1%和32.5%,其中新品种的叶干物质和氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献分别较老品系提高3.0%和4.1%。同时贵州糯高粱花后干物质、氮素积累量和转运量与产量之间存在显著正相关关系。综上所述,花后氮素积累与转运能力的增强促成了干物质积累量的增加,从而提升了贵州糯高粱新品种的产量。     

滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长和地上部干物质积累特性的研究

摘 要：【研究目的】明确不同密肥水平下滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长特性、干物质积累特征,为盐碱地甜高粱高产栽培提供理论基础。【方法】以甜高粱ST008为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究不同种植密度及氮肥用量水平对盐碱地甜高粱农艺性状、产量及茎秆糖锤度的影响,利用通径分析,对甜高粱不同生育阶段干物质积累与生物产量、糖锤度之间的相互关系进行了相关性分析。【结果】甜高粱ST008在种植密度120000株/hm2、氮肥用量300kg/hm2条件下获得的生物产量、籽粒产量和茎秆含糖量较高,株高、叶片数、茎粗等较为适宜。通径分析表明,拔节至抽穗期地上部干物积累量和生物产量、茎秆含糖锤度之间呈极显著的正相关关系,对提高生物产量、茎秆糖锤度的贡献最大。【结论】盐碱地甜高粱在密度120000株/hm2、施氮量300kg/hm2水平下生物产量最高。提高拔节至抽穗阶段甜高粱植株的光合生产是提高甜高粱产量、含糖量的关键。     

甜高粱茎秆含糖量遗传研究进展

甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)是普通粒用高粱的一个变种。与粒用高粱相比,甜高粱育种研究进展相对缓慢,特别是茎秆含糖量高的亲本系创造比较滞后。开展甜高粱茎秆含糖量的遗传研究,对甜高粱亲本系选育及杂交种组配具有重要意义。本文从茎秆含糖量的评价指标入手,分别对茎秆含糖量的遗传与子粒产量及其他性状的关系、基因定位等方面的相关研究结果进行了系统地概括和归纳,并分析了当前茎秆含糖量研究的热点和亟待解决的问题。     

An assessment of the genetic relationship between sweet and grain sorghums, within Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor (L.) Moench, using AFLP markers

Compared to grain sorghums, sweet sorghums typically have lower grain yield and thick, tall stalks which accumulate high levels of sugar (sucrose, fructose and glucose). Unlike commercial grain sorghum (S. bicolor ssp. bicolor) cultivars, which are usually F₁ hybrids, commercial sweet sorghums were selected as wild accessions or have undergone limited plant breeding. Although all sweet sorghums are classified within S. bicolor ssp. bicolor, their genetic relationship with grain sorghums is yet to be investigated. Ninety-five genotypes, including 31 sweet sorghums and 64 grain sorghums, representing all five races within the subspecies bicolor, were screened with 277 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Cluster analysis separated older sweet sorghum accessions (collected in mid 1800s) from those developed and released during the early to mid 1900s. These groups were emphasised in a principle component analysis of the results such that sweet sorghum lines were largely distinguished from the others, particularly by a group of markers located on sorghum chromosomes SBI-08 and SBI-10. Other studies have shown that QTL and ESTs for sugar-related traits, as well as for height and anthesis, map to SBI-10. Although the clusters obtained did not group clearly on the basis of racial classification, the sweet sorghum lines often cluster with grain sorghums of similar racial origin thus suggesting that sweet sorghum is of polyphyletic origin within S. bicolor ssp. bicolor