棉花黄萎病研究进展

由大丽轮枝菌引起的棉花黄萎病已成为当前我国棉花可持续生产的主要障碍之一。该病害为土传种传维管束病害,具有病原菌寄主范围广,防治困难的特点。本文综述了近年来国内外有关其病原菌的致病力分化、全基因组测序与致病机制、微菌核形成与萌发机制,寄主的抗病分子机制以及病害防治措施等方面的最新研究进展。     

我国棉花黄萎病研究十年回顾及展望

棉花黄萎病是影响我国棉花生产可持续发展的主要障碍之一。近年来,国内外在棉花黄萎病菌的遗传多样性及致病机制、棉花抗病机制、棉花黄萎病的预警技术及综合防控等方面均取得新的研究进展,尤其是进一步明确了棉花黄萎病菌的侵染过程和分子调控机制;系统研究了我国主产棉区棉花黄萎病菌的遗传多样性与致病力和地理来源的关系,首次建立了病原菌的信息档案库。并对我国棉花黄萎病未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

一株棉花黄萎病拮抗芽孢细菌的分离鉴定及活性检测

 采用改良的琼脂平板扩散法,通过初筛和复筛,得到一株对棉花黄萎病病原菌大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae）具有较强的抑菌活性的拮抗细菌Z-5菌株。通过对该菌株的形态特征观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA的序列分析,确定拮抗细菌Z-5菌株为Bacillus malacitensis。盆栽实验表明Z-5菌株对大丽轮枝菌的防治效果达到76.05%,对棉花黄萎病具有明显的防治作用。     

Analysis of Cotton Secondary Metabolites under the Interaction between Verticillium dahliae and Upland Cotton

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate the cotton differential metabolites in the interaction between Verticillium dahliae and cotton plant, and to explore new clues for the further study on the defense mechanism of cotton against V. dahliae. [Method] To obtain the cotton root, stem and leaf samples of the pathogen treated and healthy controls, the upland cotton cultivar CCRI 24 was selected as tested cotton material in this paper, and inoculated with V. dahliae conidia or sterile water by injuring root at the 2-true-leaf stage. The 70% (volume fraction) methanol extracts of these samples were separated and detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), and the metabolite data were obtained by the online XCMS software. Through multivariate statistics and student’s t-test, the differential metabolites were investigated. The types of metabolites were putatively identified based on the comparison of the experimental molecular mass and the monoisotopic accurate molecular mass of cotton metabolites. [Result] The efficiency of negative ion mode was higher than that of positive ion detection mode in the cotton metabolites in UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. 576 ions mainly distributed in cotton root were found in the cotton seedling tissues including root, stem and leaf, which were the distinguished differential metabolites between V. dahliae treatment and healthy control. Among them, 77 ions were identified as sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, aliphatics and phenols. In addition to sesquiterpenes, 17 compounds, including caffeic acid, astragalin, isoastragalin, dillenetin, ent-catechin, gossypetin 8-rhamnoside, gossypicyanin, herbacetin 7-glucoside, leucocyanidin, quercetin 3'-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 7-glycosides, α,2',3,3',4,4',6-heptahydroxychalcone 2'-glucoside, melibiose, sucrose, sucrose 6-phosphate and 1-tetratriacontanol, had not been reported in the literatures on the interaction between V. dahliae and cotton, which may be the novel pathogenesis-related metabolites on cotton Verticillium wilt. [Conclusion] The putative pathogenesis-related metabolites of cotton Verticillium wilt may play an important role in the interaction of cotton defense against V. dahliae, which provides an important clue for exploring the new resistant mechanism of cotton to Verticillium wilt.     

新疆乌苏地区棉花黄萎病菌分离鉴定和致病力分析

为了研究新疆乌苏地区棉花黄萎病菌的致病型和群体间的变异性,从该地区不同棉株上分离8株病原菌,通过对病原菌的菌落培养形态、菌丝和孢子的显微结构、对寄主的致病性、ITS序列的克隆、菌株间的系统进化及营养亲和性分析等方面进行了研究。结果表明：分离的病原菌均属于非落叶型棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae),为大丽轮枝菌;系统进化树显示8株菌在系统进化上属于2个不同的进化方式;8株黄萎病菌在相同的寄主上致病性存在差,Vd-1菌株致病力最强,Vd-34致病力最弱;不同致病力的菌株之间的营养亲和性分为2个营养亲和群(VCGs)。新疆乌苏地区棉花黄萎病的致病菌是大丽轮枝菌,病原菌在进化上差异显著。     

陆地棉PPO基因全基因组鉴定及对黄萎病菌的响应分析

【目的】多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidases,PPO)广泛参与植物抵抗病虫害等生物逆境胁迫的过程。本研究旨在研究棉花中的PPO基因及其表达模式,验证多酚氧化酶与棉花抗黄萎病的关系。【方法】分析了黄萎病菌V991侵染下异源四倍体陆地棉TM-1根系中PPO酶活力变化,并利用TM-1的基因组数据库,鉴定相关基因,并进行生物信息学和表达分析。【结果】共筛选到13个候选GhPPO基因。这些基因都不含内含子,所编码的蛋白包含2个铜离子结合位点和PPO的保守序列(酪氨酸酶、DWL和KFDV保守结构域)。进化分析显示,陆地棉PPO基因的种内相似性大于种间相似性,并且相互之间形成了多对重复基因。GhPPO的表达量差异较大,少数基因具有组织特异表达的特性,多数基因在棉花不同组织中表达量都很低。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应分析结果表明:GhPPO6D在棉花根系中表达量较高,且在黄萎病菌V991侵染后上调。【结论】GhPPO6D可能参与了棉花与黄萎病菌的互作过程,与V991侵染后棉花根系PPO酶活力上升相关。     

棉花黄萎病菌VdSge1基因的敲除与功能分析

为了明确棉花黄萎病菌大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)的VdSge1基因功能,本研究利用基因同源重组原理,通过构建敲除载体,对棉花黄萎病菌落叶型强致病力菌株V592的VdSge1基因进行了敲除,获得了4个目标基因敲除的突变体;以野生型菌株V592为对照,通过对敲除突变体生物学性状和致病性测定,结果表明,突变体的菌落生长速度、产孢量明显高于野生型,并且丧失对棉花的致病性。利用q RT-PCR对其他基因在突变体中的表达情况进行分析,结果表明,VdSge1基因敲除后,VMK1、VGB和VdGARP1的表达量随之下降,而VDH1和PevD1的表达却明显上升。由此说明,VdSge1基因与大丽轮枝菌的菌落生长速度、产孢量及致病性密切相关,并且可以影响其他一些基因的表达。     

用相互嫁接和定量PCR分析棉花对棉花黄萎病的抗性

为了研究棉花对棉花黄萎病的抗性机制, 本文选用对棉花黄萎病表现抗病的海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)材料海7124和Pima 90及感病的陆地棉(G. hirsutum)材料冀棉11, 通过相互嫁接的方法构建试验系统, 用棉花黄萎菌对其人工接种, 利用Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)技术分析其在感病和抗病棉花中侵染的差别。相互嫁接试验中感/抗和抗/感组合的病情指数介于感/感和抗/抗对照之间, 且相互嫁接棉株各个部位的IC值(侵染系数)也多介于其对照相应部位之间; 并且病情指数与不同部位IC值显著相关, 说明棉花黄萎菌可以通过接口在抗-感之间扩展。感/抗嫁接组合试验说明抗病材料的茎基部在抑制病原菌扩展中起重要的作用, 而抗/感类型试验说明抗病材料接口以上部分也具有抑制病原菌增殖的作用。总之, 抗病海岛棉无论作为砧木还是接穗, 都能有效抑制病原菌的扩展, 说明抗病海岛棉对棉花黄萎菌具全株抗性, 但茎基部在抑制病原菌扩展中起重要的作用; 同样, 感/抗和抗/感组合试验也说明感病材料的各个部位均不能抑制病原菌的定殖和扩展。     

大丽轮枝菌混合侵染棉花的研究

利用绒毛型变异体 (B型 )的形态特征 ,采用不同形态类型的菌株混合接种、再分离后分别进行致病力和营养体亲和性测定的方法 ,证明不同致病力的大丽轮枝菌菌株可以共同侵染同一株植物 ,在菌株间不同浓度混合比例的接种中 ,混合侵染率约占总侵染率的 1 /1 5至 1 /3。是一种研究不同致病力的菌株在寄主体内互作动态和分布情况的简便方法。由此提出在黄萎病研究中为防止不同致病力菌株对研究结果的干扰 ,应以使用单孢菌株为宜 ;由于形态变异体容易识别 ,在研究棉花黄萎病的交叉保护现象中可加以利用     

棉花内生拮抗菌Paenibacillus xylanilyticus YUPP-1抗黄萎病研究

 在棉花现蕾期筛选到一个高抗黄萎病的内生菌菌株,根据16S rDNA序列同源性,将其命名为Paenibacillus xylanilyticus YUPP-1(解木聚糖类芽孢杆菌YUPP-1)。当把该菌标记后,每株棉花施用该菌株达到1×10⁶ cfu时,该菌能顺利定殖于棉花体内。室内盆栽抗病实验表明：当生防菌灌根处理的菌量为每株1×10⁶,1×10⁷,1×10⁸ cfu,其在结铃期的发病株率仅为8%,5%和2%,而此时对照的发病株率高达96%。2008－2009年的小区防治结果表明：当生防菌灌根处理的菌量为每株1×10⁸ cfu时,2008年处理区的棉花黄萎病发病株率和病指为14.8%和8.5,对照分别为53.3%和26.5,2009年处理区的棉花黄萎病发病株率和病指为9.4%和6.5,对照为37.8%和18.8。这些结果表明,解木聚糖类芽孢杆菌YUPP-1对防治棉花黄萎病具有巨大的应用潜力。     

连作对棉田土壤枯、黄萎病菌数量及细菌群落的影响

采用选择培养法测定新疆库尔勒不同连作年限棉田土壤枯、黄萎病病菌数量的变化,运用PCR-DGGE(Polymerase chain reaction-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis)技术分析棉花连作对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明,不同连作年限棉田的枯萎病菌和黄萎病菌量具有相似的变化特征,即在5~20年连作年限内,土壤中病原菌量随着连作年限的延长而增加,20年连作土壤病原菌数量达到最高峰;连作超过20年,土壤菌源数量开始下降。不同连作年限棉田土壤中枯、黄萎病病原菌的数量与发病株率呈显著正相关关系。连作棉田土壤细菌群落的DGGE图谱分析显示,连作棉田土壤细菌种群的组成、结构、丰富度均发生变化。连作5~40年的棉田土壤细菌种群Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、均匀度(EH′)和丰富度(S)指数均降低,且连作年限越长降低越突出。     

新型选择性培养基检测土壤棉花黄萎病菌效果初报

介绍了一种用于检测土壤棉花黄萎病菌的选择性培养基。该培养基成份为：鲜棉叶100g,蔗糖5g,琼脂17~20g,40%PCNB0.3g,氯霉素、链霉素和青霉素各0.05g,水1000ml,pH6.4~7.0。该培养基与其它常见分离培养基相比,成份简单、操作简便,检测率显著,抑菌效果好,病菌在其上生长快、菌落典型,是一种较为理想的选择性分离培养基。     

棉花黄萎菌间接ELISA方法的建立及其检测棉花体内带茵的应用

利用棉花黄萎病的病原菌的菌丝蛋白作为抗原,制备了该病原菌菌丝蛋白的多克隆抗体,建立了特异性检测棉花黄萎病菌的间接ELISA方法.该方法检测灵敏度达到5 ng/mL棉花黄萎菌菌丝蛋白.应用该方法可定量检测棉花组织及其根部土壤中棉花黄萎菌的含量,同时发现病株的茎、根及根部土壤的带菌量多少与病株发病程度有一定的相关性.本研究说明,该方法可在棉花黄萎病的早期检测和预报上具有重要的应用前景.     

重病田和无病田棉花根组织中细菌群落结构的差异

为了研究黄萎病菌侵染条件下内生细菌群落结构多样性变化,以不同时期健康棉株和感染黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)的棉株根部组织为材料,提取样品总DNA,扩增内生细菌16S r DNA的V3可变区,将扩增产物进行变性梯度凝胶电泳分析,并对21个优势条带进行切胶回收、克隆测序,构建系统发育树。结果表明:不同时期发病棉株和健康棉株样品可以聚成2大类,一是苗期和蕾期的根部样品,二是初花期和结铃期的根部样品;感染黄萎病棉株内生细菌种类多样性下降;BLAST比对结果发现21个克隆序列与Gen Bank数据库中已知16S r DNA基因序列同源性很高(99%~100%),绝大多数属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria),占总克隆序列的80.95%,其他不可培养细菌占19.05%。说明黄萎病菌的侵染能明显影响内生细菌群落结构多样性。     

Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Bacillus methylotrophicus LH-L3 Antagonist of Cotton Verticillium Wilt

The aim of this study is to obtain endophytic Bacillus with control effect on cotton Verticillium wilt. [Method] The cotton tissue grinding liquid was heated at 80 ℃, and spread onto the Luria-Bertani ager medium. The strains with better inhibitory effects on Verticillium dahliae Vd084, a strain with strong pathogenicity, was identified by the morphology, physiological and biochemical traits as well as 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoB sequences, and its control effect on cotton Verticillium wilt was determined by pot experiments. [Result] 61 similar Bacillus strains were isolated from cotton plants. Among them, 17 strains could inhibit Verticillium dahliae Vd084. A strain named LH-L3 with a relatively higher antagonistic activity and a broad inhibition spectrum was obtained in the second screening. LH-L3 was classified into Bacillus methylotrophicus. Compared with the control, the emergence rate, plant height, root length, fresh weight of aerial part and underground part of cotton with 106 mL^－1 LH-L3 suspension drenching for 3 times increased by 42.85%, 10.24%, 23.83%, 10.05% and 97.62%, respectively. And control effect on Verticillium wilt was 85.24%. [Conclusion] LH-L3 had good growth promotion and Verticillium wilt control effects and showed good potential for biological control.     

一个受黄萎病菌诱导的海岛棉功能基因GbVWR的克隆与表达

黄萎病是一种土传真菌维管束病害,严重影响棉花产量和品质。挖掘抗黄萎病相关基因对于棉花抗黄萎病遗传改良具有重要意义。本研究通过筛选黄萎病菌胁迫下的海岛棉全长cDNA文库和陆地棉SSH文库,获得一个与黄萎病菌胁迫相关的基因,命名为GbVWR。生物信息学特征和基因表达分析表明,GbVWR基因全长520 bp,开放读码框198 bp,编码65个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,理论等电点为5.32,包含一个信号肽和一个跨膜区,是一种分泌蛋白。GbVWR基因可以诱导表达7 kD的蛋白。在GbVWR基因起始密码子上游1500 bp的核苷酸序列区间预测到真菌激发子响应、激素响应、伤口响应及黄酮生物合成基因调节等应答元件。GbVWR基因在海岛棉根中表达最高,茎中其次,叶中最低。受黄萎病菌诱导后,GbVWR基因在接菌后2 h可对黄萎病菌作出应答反应。此外SA、ET和GA均可显著诱导GbVWR基因的表达。初步推断GbVWR是海岛棉抵御黄萎病菌过程中一个新的功能基因,通过参与多种激素信号途径发挥功能     

Identification of Pathogenicity Defective Mutants from a T-DNA Insertion Mutant Library of Verticillium dahliae

[Objective] Our research aimed to identify pathogenicity defective mutants from a T-DNA insertion mutant library of Verticillium dahliae strain Vd991 and to analyze pathogenicity-related genes. [Method] In total, 294 T-DNA insertion mutants of V. dahliae were tested for their virulence using a cotton infection assay. Southern blot assays were performed to identify the T-DNA insertion copy number of each pathogenicity defective mutant. DNA sequences flanking the T-DNA insertional sites of each mutant were analyzed by high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. [Result] Based on the virulence assay, the disease indices of cotton plants inoculated with each mutant decreased very significantly in comparison with the index of those inoculated with Vd991. The Southern blot assay revealed that only one mutant contained two T-DNA insertions, while the remaining eight mutants harbored a single T-DNA insert. An analysis of biological characteristics found that the growth and conidial production of these mutants were impaired by the T-DNA insertions compared with the wild type Vd991. The T-DNAs' insertion position and distribution in each mutant were identified by comparison with genome sequences of strain VdLs.17. Furthermore, the pathogenicity-related genes were cloned from strain Vd991. [Conclusion] The screening and identification of T-DNA insertion mutants is an effective method to identify the pathogenicity-related genes of V. dahliae on a genome-wide scale. This laid a foundation for the further breeding of disease-resistant cotton varieties and will promote the study of the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of V. dahliae.     

哈茨木霉TH-1对棉花枯萎病菌和黄萎病菌的拮抗机制研究

采用平板对峙法、杯碟法和显微观察法研究了哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)TH-1菌株对棉花枯萎病菌和黄萎病菌的拮抗作用及其机制.结果表明,哈茨木霉TH-1菌株与病菌对峙培养以及在培养基中加入TH-1菌株孢子悬浮液,对供试棉花枯、黄萎病菌均有较好的抑制效果;但TH-1菌株的代谢液对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制效果较差,对枯萎病菌几乎无抑制效果;显微观察发现,TH-1菌丝与枯、黄萎病菌的菌丝平行生长、产生附着胞结构附着于病菌菌丝上,或穿透病菌菌丝使病菌菌丝发生裂解.上述结果说明,哈茨木霉TH-1对供试棉花枯、黄萎病菌的拮抗机制主要是营养和空间竞争及重寄生作用.     

接种不同致病力黄萎病菌的F1代棉花的基因型抗性研究

 在乌兹别克斯坦,棉黄萎病对棉花造成严重损失。为了选育能抗强致病力菌系的棉花品种,需确定棉花对不同地域的强致病力菌系的基因型抗性和F₁代的抗性遗传度。研究发现,品种Omad和品系L-44,L-408,L-155,L-1708对所选菌系的抗性最好。当受到侵染时,它们表现出超敏感性,但不表现黄萎病症状。F₁代的黄萎病抗性为超显性和显性遗传,且与鉴定方法无关。同时,存在中间性遗传。遗传优势度取决于其亲本的配合力、F₁代受侵染时的基因反应型和不同地域菌系的致病力。其中,Omad,С-5621,L-44,L-1708的表型抗性高;在F₁代中,组合L-155×С-5621和L1708×С-5621的表型抗性较高,在50％～80％。黄萎病抗性遗传控制的特点是趋向于最好或最差亲本的负或正的超显性、显性遗传以及中间型遗传。对所选菌系,杂交组合L-155×С-5621 和 L-155×L-44的综合抗性最好。