转异质型ACCase复合基因对油菜含油量的影响

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)是脂肪酸生物合成的限速酶,在油料作物脂肪酸代谢和调控基因工程中具有重要的应用价值。本研究利用同尾酶反复酶切的方法,构建了拟南芥Rubisco SSU小亚基转运肽与大肠杆菌异质型ACCase各亚基基因的融合串联种子特异表达载体,在根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的下胚轴转化甘蓝型油菜高油品种CY2,研究异质型ACCase转入油菜对含油量的影响。经过抗生素筛选获得11株转化再生植株,PCR、Southern分子检测证明四个目的基因已整合到T0代再生植株油菜基因组中。RT-PCR检测其中4株,说明在转基因株系中目标基因在籽粒中特异表达。对T2代转基因油菜含油量进行测定,研究表明转基因株系的含油量比对照提高了约5.7%。     

棉花accD基因植物表达载体的构建与遗传转化的研究

摘要：乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)催化脂肪酸合成的第一步,是脂肪酸合成的限速酶。本研究采用PCR方法分别从陆地棉和拟南芥基因组中扩增出ACCase羧基转移酶β-CT亚基编码基因accD,ACCase羧基转移酶α-CT亚基编码基因CAC3的定位于叶绿体的转运肽序列。将CAC3基因转运肽序列与accD基因进行体外重组,构建融合植物表达载体pBI-CAC3tp-accD。重组质粒通过冻融法转化根癌农杆菌GV3101。渗透法转化拟南芥,收种子,在含卡那霉素的MS培养基中发芽筛选。用叶盘法转化烟草,经不定芽诱导、生根培养,获转基因烟草植株。T1代转基因拟南芥和转基因烟草植株经卡那霉素检测、PCR、RT-PCR检测后,初步表明目的基因已在植株中转化成功,并可以正常转录。     

Napin启动子特异性表达油菜BnGPAT9基因

甘油三磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAT)基因编码参与植物油脂生物合成的酶。为了提高油菜籽含油量,促进油菜增产增油,改善菜籽油脂肪酸组分,克隆甘蓝型油菜Napin启动子与三酰甘油合成相关基因BnGPAT9,构建pBI121-Napin-BnGPAT9植物过表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥,采用气相色谱法分析种子中脂肪酸组分,通过索式抽提法测定种子中油脂含量,研究在种子中过表达BnGPAT9基因对种子油脂合成的影响。Napin启动子在线分析表明,克隆到的启动子具有大量TATA-box、CAAT-box以及ABRE、GCN4等特征元件,完全具备种子特异性表达功能;种子中脂肪酸组分分析显示,拟南芥种子中油酸(C18∶1)含量提高0.70～1.01百分点,亚油酸(C18∶2)和芥酸(C22∶1)含量降低;拟南芥种子含油量测定结果显示,种子中含油量显著增加1.91～2.56百分点。综上,甘蓝型油菜BnGPAT9基因对植物油脂合成具有重要作用,利用Napin启动子在拟南芥种子中过表达BnGPAT9基因可提高种子含油量并改善脂肪酸组成成分,为BnGPAT9基因应用于油菜油脂改良方面打下一定基础。     

蓖麻RcWRI1基因表达分析及生物信息学分析

WRINKLED1(WRI1)是成熟拟南芥种子中油脂积累的重要调节蛋白,是植物特异转录因子家族(AP2/EREBP)的一个成员,其靶基因主要参与脂肪酸合成和糖酵解,因而在植物脂肪酸合成和积累中起着重要的作用。通过半定量分析了蓖麻中与拟南芥WRI1同源的RcWRI1、RcWRI3和RcAIL5基因在叶片及种子不同发育时期的表达量。结果显示在叶片中RcWRI1和RcAIL5基因有少量表达,RcWRI3无表达;在种子发育过程中,RcWRI3基因仅在种子发育前期表达,RcWRI1和RcAIL5基因在发育过程中表达量先增大后减小,其中RcWRI1的表达量较高。并进一步对RcWRI1、RcWRI3、RcAIL5进行生物信息学分析。     

基于FAE1和FAD2基因的油菜种子脂肪酸生物合成遗传调控

脂肪酸延伸酶1基因FAE1和Δ~(12)-脂肪酸脱饱和酶基因FAD2是植物脂肪酸生物合成途径中的两个关键酶基因,在同一甘蓝型油菜品种CY2中对这两个关键酶基因进行单表达和双表达遗传调控获得五种不同类型的具有相同遗传背景的转基因株系。本研究分析比较了种植于相同环境条件下的五类转基因株系及野生型对照的种子脂肪酸组成和含油量,结果表明,两基因单独和双重调控可显著改变油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸和芥酸等多种脂肪酸含量,其中两个内源目标基因同时沉默种子中的油酸含量从20.5%提高到了82.8%,拟南芥FAE1基因籽粒特异表达种子中的芥酸含量由43.9%增加到了60.2%。与野生型对照相比,五类转基因种子中的十八碳不饱和脂肪酸相对比率和油酸脱饱和比例均发生了显著变化。此外,增强FAE1基因表达后种子含油量有所提高,而沉默两个目标基因的表达则使种子含油量降低,表明两个关键酶基因调控对油脂合成与积累也产生一定影响。     

转录调控基因GmLEC1的cDNA克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

以高油大豆中豆32 开花后30 d的种子为材料,根据已报道的拟南芥脂肪酸合成相关转录因子LEC1序列设计简并引物,采用同源序列法从大豆种子中分离了大小为850 bp的cDNA片段,测序结果表明,该片段与拟南芥中已克隆的脂肪酸合成基因高度同源,包含完整的读码框,采用酶切连接和gateway技术构建了该基因的超量表达和RNAi植物表达载体.为借助农杆菌介导法将LEC1基因转化到大豆再生植株中,对分离的LEC1基因进行功能验证,培育高油大豆新品种奠定了基础.     

棉花4个脂肪酸合成相关基因的克隆和表达特征分析

脂肪酸合成相关代谢在控制油的合成和抗非生物胁迫中均起着重要作用。其脂肪酸合成相关基因的时空表达水平直接影响油的含量和脂肪酸合成相关酶的活性。本研究克隆了4个脂肪酸合成相关基因,分别命名为GhKASII、GhKASIII、GhFAD和GhGPAT,其中GhKASIII、GhFAD和GhGPAT基因cDNA全长通过电子克隆和同源克隆得到。而GhKASII通过筛库和5'-RACE途径得到。组织表达分析表明, 上述4个基因在根、茎、叶及纤维发育不同时期均有表达,属于组成性表达基因。其中GhKASII、GhKASIII在25 DPA种子中表达量最高,GhGPAT在0 DPA胚珠和15 DPA纤维中表达量很高,GhFAD在0DPA胚珠, 15 DPA种子,20 DPA纤维中表达量均很高。不同非生物胁迫的诱导表达分析表明,上述4个基因均不同程度被茉莉酸甲酯,ABA,创伤和冷害等逆境诱导表达。     

RNA干涉技术与棉花高油育种

 棉子脂肪酸既是重要的食用油,又是重要的工业原料。但是关于棉子遗传改良的研究报道甚少。研究表明,PEPcase和ACCase的相对活性决定种子的蛋白质与油脂的含量,应用RNAi技术抑制PEPcase催化活性,可以提高脂肪酸总量。本文概述了棉花油分与RNAi技术的研究现状,并阐述了应用RNAi技术改良棉花高油分育种的技术路线。     

紫苏FAD3基因的克隆与表达分析

ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶(ω-3 FAD)是植物脂肪酸合成途径的关键限速酶,通过调节该酶的过量表达,可以使植物中的α-亚麻酸(ALA)含量增加。本研究采用RT-PCR的方法,以紫苏L1品系为材料,克隆得到一个ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶基因PfFAD3。生物信息学分析结果显示PfFAD3开放阅读框为1 176 bp,编码319个氨基酸,推测其蛋白分子量为44.7 k D,等电点为9.19;PfFAD3较为保守,具有四个富含组氨酸的保守区域。q RT-PCR结果表明,PfFAD3基因具有组织表达特异性,在种子中的表达量远高于其它器官。同时,研究了外源Me JA和温度对紫苏茎和叶中PfFAD3基因表达的影响,结果显示外源Me JA能够快速诱导叶片中PfFAD3基因表达量的上调,而抑制PfFAD3基因在茎中的表达;低温能够诱导叶片中PfFAD3基因表达量上调,而高温则抑制叶与茎中PfFAD3基因的表达,表明PfFAD3基因可能参与紫苏的防御反应。     

植物种子油脂的生物合成及代谢基础研究进展

植物种子油脂是由脂肪酸和甘油合成的高级脂肪酸甘油酯.以三酰甘油的形式储存于种子中.在种子发育过程中首先在质体中合成16或18碳饱和脂肪酸及油酸(C 18:1),接着这些脂肪酸进入内质网,脂肪酸碳链可延伸生成超长链脂肪酸或在脱饱和酶的催化下继续脱饱和生成多不饱和脂肪酸,最后各种脂肪酸与3-磷酸甘油结合生成三酰甘油.油脂合成和蛋白质合成所需的原料均来源于糖类物质的分解.油脂代谢与蛋白质代谢是否存在底物竞争及两者能否相互转化依种子的类型而定.此外,光照可以促进绿色油料种子中油脂的积累.     

不同萌发率胡杨种子萌发前后同工酶动态变化分析

对不同萌发率的胡杨种子萌发前后酯酶同工酶、过氧化物酶同工酶和超氧化物歧化酶同工酶电泳谱带的动态变化进行分析.研究表明:对于吸胀的种子,过氧化物酶同工酶没有表达;酯酶同工酶得到表达,且萌发率中等的种子表达最高;超氧化物歧化酶同工酶也得到表达,但萌发率高的种子几乎没有表达;对于干种子,酯酶同工酶没有表达,过氧化物酶同工酶得到表达,且萌发率中等的种子表达最高;超氧化物歧化酶同工酶得到充分的表达.     

Expression of heritable biochemical markers from various pecan tissues

Summary Isozyme expression of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) were examined from 12 tissues of pecan by starch gel electrophoresis. Tissue type, stage of development, and extraction method had little effect on isozyme expression of MDH or PGM but did influence PGI expression. Additional PGI bands were observed from seed tissue and soaked pollen. A direct relationship was observed between PGI expression from seed tissue and eventual expression from the germinated seedling. Additional PGI bands from soaked pollen were thought to be produced from structural changes and not due to more efficient extraction. The genotype of immature pecan seeds could be determined for Mdh-1, Pgi-2, and Pgm-1 provided cellular endosperm had developed. Watery endosperm did not contain detectable levels of the study enzymes. The advantages of uniform isozyme expression among various tissues and ability to determine the genotype of immature pecan seed are discussed.     

阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶活性变化的研究

[目的]研究阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶的活性及酶谱变化规律,为阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程生理调控机制的分析探讨奠定基础.[方法]以赤霉素浸种前、浸种后、培养10 d、种子露白、胚芽长至1 cm时各阶段的阳春砂种子为材料,测定其种子中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术研究建立过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及酯酶(EST)同工酶的电泳酶谱.[结果]阳春砂种子在休眠和萌发过程中,POD、SOD、CAT和EST同工酶的活性及酶谱带的数量均发生了一定的变化,其中POD和SOD同工酶活性均呈先减弱后增强的趋势;CAT同工酶在萌发前期变化不明显,后期酶的活性增强,且酶的种类也增加;EST同工酶的酶活性呈先减弱后增强再减弱的变化趋势,且在种子露白时活性达到最强.[结论]阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶谱的变化特点一定程度上可反应出种子休眠与萌发不同阶段的生理特性,这些同工酶基因的差异表达导致了阳春砂种子打破体眠和最终的萌发.     

Association of isozyme markers with quantitative trait loci in random single seed descent derived lines of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Summary Polymorphism at isozyme loci was used to locate factors responsible for variation in quantitative traits of lentil. Eight sets of random single seed descent (RSSD) derived lines were developed by advancing individual F₃ plants of interspecific (L. culinaris Medik. × L. orientalis Boiss.) hybrids to the F₆. The RSSD lines in each of the eight sets differed for alleles at 2–8 isozyme loci. In each set, association of isozyme loci with variation in seven quantitative traits (days to flower, days to mature, plant height, biomass, seed yield, harvest index, seed weight) was determined for each pairwise combination of a quantitative trait with a marker locus. Loci affecting variation in all seven quantitative traits were detected by their association with 14 isozyme markers (Aat-c, Aat-m, Aat-p, Adh-1, Fk, Gal-1, Gal-2, Lap-1, Lap-2, Pgd-p, Pgi, Pgm-c, Pgm-p, Skdh). The known position of 10 the 14 isozyme loci on the lentil genetic map was used to mark the genomic regions for possible location of associated quantitative trait loci (QTL). Detected QTL were found to be located in six of the seven linkage groups on lentil genetic map. Regions of the genome represented by linkage groups, 1, 5 and 7 appeared to affect a greater number of traits than other genomic regions represented by linkage groups 2, 3 and 4. Results indicated that the mean expression of quantitative traits at segregating marker locus classes can be used to locate the genetic factors in lentil which influence the behavior of economically important traits.     

大豆种子萌发中过氧化物酶同工酶的动态研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳对浙春3号和浙春2号大豆种子萌发过程及幼苗生长中的过氧化物酶（POD）同工酶进行了研究。结果表明，浙春3号和浙春2号在种子萌发过程中随着时间的推进，两品种间POD同工酶谱带的差异逐渐增大，在萌发14d后2个品种间子叶POD同工酶酶谱的差异较为显著。2个品种的子叶，根，茎，叶POD同工酶酶谱之间也都表现出一定差异。     

过氧化物酶及种子蛋白分析鉴定甜椒杂交种纯度

用聚丙烯酰胺均匀胶和等电聚焦电泳技术，分析了甜椒种子及种苗的过氧化物同功酶谱和种子水溶蛋白图谱。在过氧化物酶谱带的两个位点ＰＲＸ－１和ＰＲＸ－２上，自交系亲本与Ｆ１杂交种有明显的差异。水溶蛋白的一个位点ＰＲＯＴ亲本与Ｆ１有明显差异。供试甜椒组合的过氧化物酶和蛋白的图谱，分别具有这些位点。     

Association of isozyme genotypes with agronomic and seed composition traits in soybean

Summary Two crosses between Glycine max (L.) Merr. and G. soja Sieb. & Zucc. parents were used to study the association between isozyme marker loci and agronomic and seed composition traits in soybean. The parents possessed different alleles at six isozyme loci for Cross 1 (A80-244036 × PI 326581) and at eight isozyme loci for Cross 2 (A81-157007 × PI 342618A). A total of 480 BC₂F_4:6 lines from the two crosses was evaluated for 13 traits in two environments. Lines were grouped in locus classes from 0 to 5 according to the number of loci homozygous for the G. soja alleles that they possessed. Within each locus class, each isozyme genotype was represented by five random lines.Selection for G. max alleles at the isozyme loci was not effective in recovering the recurrent parent phenotype in either cross. In cross 1, however, BC₂F₄-derived lines in the 0- or 1- locus class more closely resembled the G. max parent than lines in the 4- or 5- locus classes for most of the agronomic and seed composition traits evaluated. Significant associations were found between particular isozyme genotypes and every trait analyzed. The estimated effect of genes linked to the Pgm1 locus was a delay in maturity of 6.0±3.4 days. In cross 1, the Idh2 locus was associated with a significant effect on linolenic acid content. The percentage of variation accounted for by the models of estimation varied according to the heritability of the trait. The R² was high (up to 78%) for maturity, lodging, and vining, and low (up to 21%) for seed yield. Most of the variation was associated with the BC₂F₁ family from which the lines were derived. There was little evidence that digenic epistasis was an important source of variation.Journal Paper No. J-13505 of the Iowa Agric. Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Ames, IA, Project 2475.     

西瓜同工酶及可溶性蛋白分析

对京欣一号西瓜的亲本及杂种一代的几种同工酶系统及可溶性蛋白进行了分析。结果表明，在种子萌发过程中，过氧化物酶、酯酶和可溶性蛋白随发育阶段或营养状况的改变而改变；而在相同萌发时期，过氧物酶工酶、酯酶同工酶、过氧化氢酶同工酶和淀粉酶同工酶在亲本及杂种间未见差异，杂种的可溶性蛋白图谱表现与母本相同，而与父本有差异。此外，对６个品种的西瓜、非洲西瓜和瓠瓜的分析结果表明，非洲西瓜和瓠瓜的过氧化物酶酶谱、酯酶     

分子标记技术在蔬菜作物品种鉴定与纯度检测中的应用

品种鉴定与遗传纯度检测是蔬菜作物种子品质检验极为重要内容。本文综述了以蛋白质、DNA为基础的分子标记,如蛋白质与同工酶、RELP、RAPD、SSR、ISSR等分析技术应用于蔬菜种子检测的基本原理与进展。利用标记分析技术成功进行F1种子纯度检测的关键是亲本与杂交种间稳定差异位点的获得。已获得的重要园艺性状紧密连锁的遗传标记将有利于F1种子纯度鉴定。由于分子标记客观、稳定、快速、高效,这些技术将在今后种子检测中起到重要作用。     

Utilization of isozyme polymorphism for cultivar identification of 45 commercial peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Forty five Pisum sativum cultivars were analysed by isozyme electrophoresis with the objective to find protein markers for exact and reproducible discrimination of individual genotypes. The combination of six enzyme systems (acid phosphatase, amylase, esterase, leucine aminopeptidase, shikimate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase) with two electrophoretic techniques (NATIVE-PAGE, isoelectric focusing) and use of seed and leaf tissue enabled to identify all 45 studied cultivars. Critical factors which may affect utilization of isozyme electrophoresis for commercial applications in pea breeding and seed production and testing are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.