棉仁高油分材料筛选及其脂肪酸发育分析

对2个主要栽培棉种共61个棉花材料的棉仁油分含量测定表明,棉花种间的棉仁油分含量差异较大。陆地棉和海岛棉材料的平均棉仁油分含量分别为30.42%和37.25%。陆地棉材料中棉仁油分含量变幅较大,从25.27%到35.42%;海岛棉材料的棉仁油分含量相对一致。分别以海岛棉‘Pima90-53’和陆地棉‘徐州142’、‘T586’为材料,考察了棉子发育过程中,油分含量及成分的发育变化进程。研究发现,棉仁油分含量在开花后20d时已达到棉仁干重的25%左右,棉子完全成熟时油分相对含量达到最高。气相色谱分析表明,棉仁脂肪酸主要包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸等,其中亚油酸的含量可达50%以上。随着棉子的发育,棉仁亚油酸含量逐渐减少,而棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量逐渐增加。棉花种间和种内材料的棉仁油分含量差异较大,说明对棉花材料的棉仁油分含量进行遗传改良具有较大的潜力。     

中国棉花主栽品种棉子营养品质及播种品质研究

为了明确中国棉花主栽品种营养品质及播种品质的状况,揭示中国当前的棉花育种现状,为合理利用棉副产品及棉花特定目标育种提供参考。对当前中国三大主产棉区的142份棉花主栽品种棉子的营养品质性状(蛋白质、油分含量)、播种品质性状(发芽率)及3个物理性状(子指、仁指和仁子比)进行检测分析。结果表明:当前主栽棉花品种的营养品质非常接近,油分含量集中于27.1%~33.0%,棉子的蛋白质含量集中区域为41.0%~45.0%,高油和高蛋白含量的棉花品种较少;蛋白质和油分总量变异较小,且两者呈高度负相关关系。棉种播种质量的4个必检项水分、净度、发芽率及纯度的平均值分别9.6%、100.0%、87.8%和97.1%,在连续3年的监督抽查中水分和净度的合格率均为100%,不合格项主要出现在纯度及发芽率上。研究结果较真实地反映了棉籽营养品质性状与播种品质的现状,适时开展棉花多目标育种十分必要,但对油分与蛋白质含量进行同步改良的难度较大。     

棉花种子发育过程中脂肪及脂肪酸积累模式研究

通过对徐州142及其无绒无絮突变体不同发育时期棉子脂肪和脂肪酸组成含量的测定,分析棉子发育过程中脂肪及脂肪酸组成的积累模式。发现2个材料的棉子从开花后20 d到成熟这一阶段脂肪积累呈上升趋势,其中成熟种子含油量达到最高,且无绒无絮突变体材料各时期棉子脂肪含量都高于野生型。2个材料棉子发育过程中先后有8种脂肪酸成分出现,其中成熟棉子中油酸(C18:1)与亚油酸(C18:2)含量占脂肪酸总含量的72%左右,是棉子脂肪酸的重要组分。对棉子发育过程中各脂肪酸组成含量做相关分析发现徐州142中C18:1与C18:2呈一定正相关但不显著,而突变体材料中则呈极显著正相关。棉花的溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶基因(Gh LPAAT1和Gh LPAAT2)在不同发育时期棉子中的表达水平与棉子脂肪积累趋势基本一致,推测其参与了棉子脂肪的积累。     

棉子含油量研究进展与高油棉花育种可行性分析

本文综述了棉子含油量的遗传特性、棉子含油量与棉纤维产量和品质性状间的关系,讨论了我国开展高油棉花育种的必要性和可行性,为开展高油棉花种质资源筛选与创新应用研究提供参考.     

陆地棉种子品质性状与棉花产量性状的遗传相关性分析

采用包括基因型与环境互作的双子叶作物种子遗传模型和农艺性状遗传模型，分析了陆地棉五个亲本及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２棉子仁的油分含量、油分指数、蛋白质含量和蛋白质指数、棉子的子指、容重、仁壳比和仁指以及棉花植株单株产量、革株铃数、单铃重的两年实验资料，估算了棉仁营养品质性状及棉子物理性状与棉花在艺性状间的各项近传协方差分量。结果表明，棉子仁营养品质和种子物理性状与单株产量遗传相关均不显著，油分含量、油分指数、蛋白质指数、子指、容重和仁指的细胞质效应、母体遗传效应与单株铃数的相应遗传效应存在显著的负向协方差，其互作协方差也为显著的负值。这６个种子性状与单铃重的遗传关系列相反，这些效应均为负相关。衣分与大多数种子性状不存在明显的遗传相关性，仅与蛋白质指数、子指和仁指有明显的细胞质和母体效应的正相关。     

低酚棉棉子品质性状的遗传分析

利用ＡＤＭ模型对棉子品质性状的遗传分析结果表明，壳指、仁指、仁壳比、种仁率和种仁蛋白质指数存在母体效应，其中蛋白质指数的母体效应还大于加性和显性效应。子指主要受显性效应控制，且不存在母体效应，其它四个棉子物理品质性状的显性效应大于加性效应，但年度间存在差异。蛋白质含量、油分含量和油分指数不存在母体效应。所有棉子品质性状的狭义遗传率均较低。仁指可作为棉子物理品质性状改良的选择指标；棉子营养品质的选择在很大程度上取决于快速、可靠的检验方法的建立和完善。ＩＳＡＢＣ４ｇｌ可用于棉子物理品质性状的改良，浙棉９号可用于棉子营养品质性状的改良。这两个品种的杂种后代，棉子品质有较强的杂种优势。     

转基因技术在棉花育种上的应用

综述了转基因技术在棉花遗传改良中的应用,包括棉花抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂、抗逆以及品质改良等方面的最新进展,并对棉花转基因研究中存在的主要问题和今后的研究与应用前景进行分析和展望.     

RNA干涉技术及其在作物育种研究中的应用

RNA干涉(RNAi)是通过双链RNA(dsRNA)将同源mRNA高效特异降解,从而阻断特定基因的表达。作为一种新兴的下调表达技术在作物研究中得到广泛应用。本文简要概括RNAi的原理,回顾了近年来RNAi技术在作物基因功能研究、作物品质改良、作物抗病虫方面的应用,并对其存在的问题作了初步探讨。     

陆地棉种子油分和蛋白质含量的基因型×环境互作

陆地棉种子油分和蛋白质含量的基因型×环境互作崔瑞敏,崔淑芳(河北省农科院棉花研究所,石家庄,050051)现研究表明,具有重要经济价值的棉花种子品质性状,在栽培品种和种质资源中存在着广泛的变异性。种子油分和蛋白质含量的不同可能与年份、地点及其互作有关……     

中外海岛棉不同开花期棉子油分性状与物理性状研究

为了筛选出高油含量的海岛棉品种及最优花期,以中国新疆、埃及、美国、中亚海岛棉20个品种8个开花期所结的棉子为试验材料,采用生物学统计法和索氏抽提法,分析其物理性状以及油分性状的变化特征及其间的关系。海岛棉的种子油分指数和种仁油分指数存在明显的遗传变异性,变异系数均为12.86%;XH-36、XH-41、DJC-3、DJC-4、DJC-5、A-Za的棉子油分性状指标显著高于其他品种,且这6个品种在7月5日的油分性状最优,其次是6月30日和7月20日。该试验初步筛选出6个高油性状的优质海岛棉品种,同时相关性分析表明棉子的物理性状和油分性状间相互作用,共同影响棉子品质,且棉子油分性状受其物理性状调控。     

Correlation Analysis of Seed Kernel Oil Content and Major Economic Traits in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

One of the new directions in cotton breeding is to develop varieties with high oil content. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between the oil content of cottonseed kernels and other selected major economic traits of cotton. We used the DPS V3.01 data processing system to calculate linear correlation coefficients using experimental data for cottonseed oil content and other agronomic characteristics obtained from 108 cotton lines. There were no significant correlations between oil content and lint yield, boll numbers per plant, boll weight, and lint percentage. There were significant positive correlations between oil content and fiber uniformity, and oil content and elongation. The positive correlation between oil content and the fiber upper half mean length was not statistically significant. There were no significant correlations between oil content and fiber strength or fiber fineness. Oil content was weakly negatively correlated with Fusarium wilt resistance, but showed no correlation with Verticillium wilt resistance. The results of this study indicated that improvement of the oil content of cottonseed kernels will not affect lint production, and only weakly affect disease resistance. The results further indicated that such improvement may improve the fiber quality to some extent. Cottonseed kernel protein content and oil content were significantly negatively correlated. The findings indicated that it will be feasible to produce new varieties with high oil contents combined with good disease resistance, high lint yield, and better fiber quality. However, it will be very difficult to breed new varieties with both high oil and high protein content.     

棉子品质性状的遗传研究

本研究采用6个陆地棉亲本的Griffing双列杂交设计模式Ⅱ对5个棉子品质性状进行了Hayman双列遗传模型分析.结果表明,种子蛋白质和油分百分含量、种子蛋白质和油分指数及仁指都适合“加性—显性”模型.种子蛋白质百分含量和指数以显性效应为主且表现超显性;种子油分百分含量和指数以加性效性应为主且表现部分显性;仁指加性和显性效应都较重要,接近完全显性.在所研究的亲本中,不同性状的显、隐性基因频率,正负效应基因的比例,显、隐性基因的方向及狭义遗传力等都明显不同.     

棉籽蛋白的研究进展

棉籽蛋白是一个巨大的蛋白质资源,可以进行精加工,广泛用于食品工业。介绍了棉籽蛋白的组成、营养特性,以及影响棉籽蛋白的主要成分——棉酚的性质,论述了棉籽蛋白的各种生产工艺,介绍了棉籽蛋白在当前的应用情况。     

Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of oil content and seed index using two recombinant inbred lines and two backcross populations in Upland cotton

Cottonseed is one of the main by‐products of cotton. To explore the genetic composition of oil content (OC) and seed index (SI) is helpful for utilizing the cottonseed. Under multiple environmental conditions, the genetic structures of OC and SI were explored using two recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and corresponding backcross (BC) populations in Upland cotton. Twenty‐four and 31 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for OC and SI, respectively, were detected using composite interval mapping, in which 9 QTLs for OC and 18 QTLs controlling SI were simultaneously identified in more than two environments or two populations. Forty‐seven and 37 QTLs with main effects (M‐QTLs) for OC and SI and 114 and 74 QTLs involved in digenic interactions (E‐QTLs), respectively, identified by inclusive composite interval mapping. On average, the E‐QTLs explained a larger portion of the phenotypic variation than the M‐QTLs did. It was concluded that additive effects of single‐locus and epistasis derived from complementary loci with few detectable single‐locus effects played an important role in oil content and seed index in Upland cotton.     

Design and Experimental Analysis of Silicon Oil Clutch

采用热水浸提、醇沉法提取红枣多糖,对红枣多糖提取工艺与一般理化性质进行了研究.选择浸提固液比、温度、时间和浸提次数作为单因素进行梯度实验,确定其条件范围,再通过正交实验L9(33)进一步确定红枣水溶性多糖最佳提取工艺条件.结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:固液比1:7,浸提温度80℃,浸提时间2 h,反复浸提2次.理化性质研究结果表明,提取的红枣多糖中含有多肽和AA,为蛋白质复合多糖.     

Lowering seed gossypol content in glanded cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines

Cottonseed is a rich source of high quality protein, but its value as an animal feed is limited by gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic compound contained in glands located throughout the plant. This compound helps protect the plant from pests. Totally glandless varieties have been developed, but not adopted as these plants are left vulnerable to pests. This study describes a breeding strategy to decrease the levels of gossypol in the seed while maintaining a high enough concentration of toxin in vegetative plant parts to offer protection from pests. Preliminary studies indicated that crosses between varieties with different gland densities and distributions produced a range of glanding patterns. By selecting within the resulting progeny, we have identified F₇ generation progeny that have <0.30% total gossypol in the seed, while still possessing glands at critical locations on the vegetative plant parts. These new lines will be a valuable source of germplasm for developing low seed gossypol varieties. Seed from these varieties would provide a new source of inexpensive protein for animal feeding rations.     

油用牡丹经济价值和景观生态价值研究现状

油用牡丹是指结实能力强,能够用来生产种籽、加工食用牡丹油的牡丹类型。是牡丹组植物中产籽出油率高于或等于22%的种的统称。油用牡丹作为我国木本油料作物,具有很高的经济价值、生态价值和社会效益。其牡丹籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸及α-亚麻酸,经济价值显著；牡丹花体积大,单株开花量大,具有很高的观赏价值；油用牡丹具有耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄的特点,是荒山绿化的经济树种。主要介绍了我国油用牡丹的研究利用现状、经济价值、景观生态价值及发展前景,为我国推广种植油用牡丹、构建规模化产业体系等方面提供借鉴。     

高油大豆新品种淮豆8号的选育研究

大豆新品种“淮豆8号”是利用淮89-15为母本,菏84-5为父本通过有性杂交,采用单籽传法育成的高油高产夏大豆新品种。于2005年通过全国农作物品种审定委员会审定。该品种丰产性、稳产性好,产量水平2700~3000 kg/hm2。株型紧凑,叶片上部披针形,有利于通风透光。品质优良,突出表现在脂肪含量高,超过22%。抗倒伏,高抗大豆花叶病毒病。适应性较广,适宜在山东西南部、河南南部、江苏和安徽两省淮河以北地区种植。     

Contrasting patterns of fatty acid composition and oil accumulation during fruit growth in several olive varieties and locations in a non-Mediterranean region

Olive growing has expanded considerably in the last few decades outside of the Mediterranean Basin to non-traditional regions in the Southern Hemisphere. When growing olive genotypes (i.e., varieties) outside of their area of origin, the importance of environmental factors such as temperature and genotype × environment interactions in determining olive oil production and oil quality has been suggested. In several Mediterranean varieties and one South American variety, we assessed the dynamics of fruit growth and oil accumulation along with the evolution of fatty acid composition at multiple locations over two growing seasons. Oleic acid content (%), the principal fatty acid present in olive oil, showed four contrasting patterns during fruit growth when modeled against thermal time from flowering using linear and bilinear regressions: (1) a sharp linear decrease for the varieties ‘Arauco’ and ‘Arbequina’; (2) a plateau followed by a late linear decrease of moderate slope for ‘Barnea’ and ‘Manzanilla Fina’; (3) a slow linear decrease for ‘Frantoio’; and (4) no decrease in ‘Coratina’. Linoleic acid (%) showed linear increases in ‘Arauco’ and ‘Arbequina’ that appear to be inversely related to the decreases in oleic acid, while bilinear patterns were found for many other varieties. Both the rates of fruit growth and of oil accumulation were more important in determining maximum fruit dry weight and oil concentration (%), respectively, than duration when expressed on a thermal time basis. Temperature during oil synthesis was negatively related to final oil concentration. Experiments under controlled conditions would greatly contribute to our understanding of how fruit growth as well as oil quantity and quality are influenced by environmental factors.