大麦农艺性状的杂种优势与配合力分析

从中国不同大麦产区选取12份代表性的品种（系）,按NCⅡ设计配制成35个杂交组合,对7个主要农艺性状,株高、穗下节间长、穗长、单株穗数、每穗实粒数、单株粒重、千粒重的杂种优势与配合力进行了分析,旨在为杂交大麦育种的亲本选配提供依据。结果表明,不同性状的中亲优势表现不同,株高、穗下节间长、穗长、千粒重大多为正向优势组合,所占比例分别为90%、73.3%、73.3%、73.3%;单株穗数、每穗实粒数、单株粒重多呈负向优势,其中每穗实粒数负向优势组合所占比例高达76.7%。同一性状,不同亲本的一般配合力(GCA)不同,同一亲本,不同性状的GCA不同,组合间的特殊配合力(SCA)也是如此。GCA高的两亲本所配组合的SCA并非一定高,SCA是相对复杂的基因互作结果。因此,在杂交大麦育种的亲本选配上,应先考虑GCA高的亲本,在此基础上,筛选SCA高的组合。     

杂交粳稻亲本产量性状优异配合力的标记基因型筛选

提高杂交粳稻竞争优势的关键是改良其恢复系产量性状的配合力。为使之更富成效,选用115个SSR引物扩增6个粳稻BT型不育系和12个恢复系的标记基因型,并按NCII遗传设计配制72个F1组合,分析18个亲本的单株日产量、单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、千粒重5个性状的配合力,结合亲本SSR分子标记数据和性状配合力数据筛选了5个性状优异配合力的标记基因型。结果发现20个SSR标记基因型与亲本产量及其构成性状配合力显著相关。其中8个与亲本单个性状配合力相关;6个同时与亲本2个性状配合力相关;4个同时与亲本3个性状配合力相关;2个同时与亲本4个性状配合力相关。同时与多个性状配合力相关的标记基因型,对各性状的作用方向有正有负。RM152-165/170是单株日产量和单株有效穗数优异配合力效应最大的标记基因型,可使F1的相应性状值增加20.6%和12.7%。优异配合力的标记基因型可直接用于粳稻恢复系配合力的分子标记辅助改良。     

小麦芒长抑制基因B1近等基因系的鉴定及遗传分析

芒是小麦穗部重要的光合器官之一。本研究以一对芒长度存在差异的近等基因系SN051-1(长芒)与SN051-2(短芒)为材料,对其形态性状、穗和旗叶光合能力进行了调查,对芒长性状进行了遗传分析和分子标记分析。结果表明,SN051-1与SN051-2在抽穗期、开花期、株高、穗长、每株穗数、小穗数和穗粒数等性状方面均表现一致,仅芒的长度差异明显;SN051-1穗部的光合效率高于SN051-2穗部的光合效率,其千粒重也高于SN051-2;遗传分析证明二者芒性的遗传由单基因控制,短芒为显性。此外,我们筛选获得一个与芒长性状紧密连锁的、位于5A染色体长臂的SSR标记Xgwm291,与该基因间的遗传距离为4.99cM。因此,我们初步推断SN051-1与SN051-2可能是为位于5A染色体长臂的芒抑制基因B1的近等基因系。     

裸燕麦体细胞无性系的农艺性状变异

５６个１０－１品系（来源于１１个Ｒ０植株）和２１２个晋燕８号品系（来源于４５个Ｒ０植株）被评价。结果表明，组织培养能够获得有益的农艺性状。８２％的２０－１系谱和９３％的晋燕８号系谱在７个测定性状中至少有一个性状发生显著变异。对每个性状都有一些增加和降低的品系被发现，而且有益的农艺性状变化比不良的变化频率高。再生植物株后代扣进行证明：性状变异是可以遗传的，单株选择能够在作物改良中应用。获得的变异也证     

陆地棉亚红株突变的质量遗传规律研究

分析了陆地棉亚红株突变体的淡红叶性状与当日红花性状的质量遗传规律,结果显示,淡红叶性状是受一对不完全显性基因控制的质量性状。连锁分析表明:淡红叶性状与当日红花性状完全连锁,是受同一对显性基因控制的质量性状;淡红叶与棕絮性状符合两对性状完全独立分离规律,不存在连锁遗传关系。等位性测定显示,淡红叶性状与经典红叶性状杂交后代,符合两对显性基因控制的独立分离理论比例,表明控制亚红株突变的基因与控制经典红叶的R1基因不在同一基因位点。根据以上试验结果,推定陆地棉亚红株突变是一个新的质量突变性状,暂将它的基因符号定为RS。     

籼型杂交水稻农艺性状的配合力研究

如何有效利用杂种优势已成为水稻增产的关键。本研究按照NCII遗传交配设计,将三系野败型杂交水稻的恢复系和微核心种质构成的115份优异籼稻品种,分别与4个两系不育系及1个三系不育系测交,分析各农艺性状配合力、遗传力及相互关系。结果表明,除单株有效穗数、主穗实粒数外,其他农艺性状一般配合力差异均达到极显著水平;除单株有效穗数外,其他各农艺性状特殊配合力差异也均达到极显著水平。同一组合的不同性状、同一亲本的不同组合所表现出的特殊配合力效应都有所不同,表明亲本的一般配合力水平与特殊配合力间没有固定的联系。在育种实践中,选取一般配合力高的亲本,同时兼具较高特殊配合力是获取高产杂交稻组合的关键。     

杂交粳稻亲本米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型鉴定

杂交粳稻米质整体水平不如常规粳稻也是限制杂交粳稻广泛种植的原因之一。本研究选用115个SSR引物扩增6个粳稻BT型不育系和12个恢复系的标记基因型,并分析72个F₁组合谷粒长、谷粒宽、糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白米率、垩白度、糊化温度、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量10个米质性状的配合力,结合亲本SSR分子标记数据和性状配合力数据筛选了10个米质性状优异配合力的标记基因型。结果共鉴定出30个SSR标记基因型与亲本10个米质性状配合力显著相关,其中25个与亲本米质性状不良配合力相关,5个与优异配合力相关。标记基因型RM263-175/180和RM444-230/240可以使F₁整精米率分别提高3.2%和2.5%。RM3-120/150可以使F₁谷粒长缩短2.4%,RM444-180/240可以使F₁谷粒宽增加2.1%。RM428-273/294可以使F₁植株上的杂交稻米直链淀粉含量减少7.0%。有8个标记基因型同时也影响产量性状配合力。RM3-120/150同时可以使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加15.9%和10.9%。RM1211-150/160可使F₁的糙米率和精米率分别减少0.9%和1.1%,同时使F₁的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数分别增加21.8.%和20.4%。RM23-150/160可使F₁的垩白米粒率和垩白度分别增加44.1%和45.7%,同时使F₁的单株日产量和每穗总粒数分别增加11.2%和11.6%。这些结果可用于指导亲本米质性状和产量性状配合力的分子标记辅助改良以及未来杂交粳稻组合配置中的亲本选配。     

水稻几个披垂叶突变体的表型研究及其遗传分析

随着水稻功能基因组学的发展,水稻突变体已成为研究相关基因功能与表达的良好实验材料。同时,水稻突变体还可以为当今水稻常规育种和分子育种提供新的种质资源。本文主要阐述了几个水稻披垂叶突变体在株型、株高、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重等方面的特征特性,并分析了它们在与正常植株杂交后F1、F2群体表现。研究表明,突变体与野生型正常植株杂交的F1代在经济学性状和生物学性状上均表现出超亲优势,而在F2群体中表现出有规则的分离,3个突变体中披垂叶性状均为隐性基因控制。在突变体材料MR304中,控制披垂性状的为2对隐性基因,其中1对为主效基因。在突变体材料MR168和MR312中,控制披垂性状的均为单隐性基因。     

大白菜种质资源形态性状的多样性分析

植物遗传多样性的研究不仅与资源的收集、保存和更新密切相关,而且是种质资源创新和品种改良的基础。在遗传多样性评价的基础上,通过比较种质问的相似和相异性,探讨作物的起源和演化,研究种质问的亲缘和系统分类关系,已经成为种质资源研究的重要内容。通过对65份大白菜种质资源形态性状的调查与分析,发现在茸毛、中肋色、中肋长度、叶球重量等农艺性状方面存在显著差异,而且存在较大的极差,不同的性状在不同的材料之问表现出了不同程度的多样性。大白菜生长过程中的重要性状,如茸毛的变异系数达到了77．5％,中肋色的变异系数为53．5％;株高的极差达到60．0cm,叶片长度极差达到了62．0cm;直接影响植株开展度的中肋长度不仅变异系数较高,为40．0％,极差也较高,为49．6cm,同时,质量性状中也存在着许多明显的差异。由此可见,我国的大白菜种质资源中存在着极其显著的遗传差异和丰富的多样性,如此多样的资源为我们进行大白菜新品种选育提供了丰富的物质基础。     

Combining ability estimates for yield and fibre quality traits in 4 × 13 line × tester crosses of Gossypium hirsutum

The aim of this study was to estimate the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding and better quality cultivars. Seventeen genotypes and 52 F₁ hybrids obtained by crossing 4 lines and 13 testers in line × tester mating system during 2003 were sown in randomized complete block design in 2004. Line × Tester analysis revealed significant GCA and SCA effects for all the traits except fibre elongation. Preponderance of non-additive gene action was obtained for seed cotton yield per␣plant and majority of its component traits including fibre traits. Among the parents: PIL-8 for days to 50% flowering, CCH-526612 for boll weight, CITH-77 for number of open bolls per plant and CNH-36 for seed cotton yield per plant were detected with higher general combining ability. Parent, CCH-526612 for 2.5% span length, fibre strength and fibre elongation and AKH-9618 for micronaire value, fibre strength and fibre elongation were good combiners for fibre quality traits. The F₁s achieved high seed cotton yield by producing more number of open bolls. The high yielding hybrids with acceptable fibre quality traits were: CISV-24 × LH-1995, H-1242 × PIL-8 and RS-2283 × SGNR-2 deducted with significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield and fibre characteristics; 2.5% span length and fibre strength. These cross combinations involved at least one parent with high or average GCA effect for a particular trait.     

Quantitative trait loci for agronomic traits in soybean

There continues to be improvement in seed yields of soybean by conventional breeding, but molecular techniques may provide faster genetic gains. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the agronomic traits seed yield, lodging, plant height, seed filling period and plant maturity in soybean. To achieve this objective, 101 F₆‐derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87‐984‐16 × TN93‐99 were used. Experiments were conducted in six environments during 2002–2003. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis from data combined across environments ranged from 0.12 to 0.65 for seed yield and seed filling period, respectively. Composite interval mapping detected one QTL for yield (near Satt076), two for lodging (near Satt225 and Satt593) and four for maturity (near Satt263, Satt292, Satt293 and Satt591) in this population. Additional environmentally sensitive QTL for these traits, and for seed filling period and plant height are also reported. The QTL associated with agronomic traits that we report and the recently released germplasm (PI 636460) from this population may be useful in soybean breeding programmes.     

Genetic characterisation of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) emphasising genetic control of total glycoalkaloid content in the tubers

Two segregating resource populations were constructed, one of 216 clones using the tetraploid clones Cara and LT7 as parents and one of 176 clones using the tetraploid clones NT8 and LT7 as parents. The populations were used, in replicates, to estimate genetic parameters for total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content in the tubers, and for other agronomic and morphological traits such as tuber weight, dormancy and plant height. In both populations, the parental clones differed markedly in TGA-content and the progeny population was normally distributed for this trait after logarithmic transformation. Broad sense heritability estimate of TGA-content was 0.54 in Cara × LT7 and 0.50 in NT8 × LT7 and the trait proved to be inherited in a non-dominant manner. The minimum number of genes contributing to TGA-content was estimated to be between 3 and 7. None of the other traits recorded in this study showed a statistically significant genetic association with TGA-content. This suggests that tuber TGA-content may be genetically modulated without any significant adverse effects on other agronomic traits. The genetic parameters estimated in this study indicate that these populations are suitable for DNA-marker analysis for TGA-content in tubers. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The relation between grain yield and some related traits of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and their usefulness in a breeding program

Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate traits which can facilitate and improve selection for grain yield of spring barley. Five experiments were conducted in different environments to measure grain yield and yield related traits of breeding lines and exotic varieties. Differences for rate of canopy expansion were significant and offer the opportunity to select for a high weed suppressing potential but there was no relation to grain yield. Dry matter yield/m² at anthesis and its water-soluble-carbohydrate content were not correlated with grain yield/m² and number of grains/m². Variation in biomass among breeding lines with a similar development and plant height was small. Biomass standardized for plant height was stable across environments and showed a good correlation with number of grains and grain yield. The contribution of pre-anthesis assimilation to grain yield was only important under low yielding experimental conditions, but the differences among the genotypes for this trait were inconsistent. It may be difficult to select genotypes with a high potential contribution of pre-anthesis assimilation to grain yield.     

Prediction of genetic value for coffee production in Coffea arabica from a half-diallel with lines and hybrids

Genetic analysis of yield and morphological traits has been carried out in Coffea arabica from a half-diallel including the parental lines. The trial was established in west Cameroon with completely randomized single-tree plots. Observations included yield (four years), stem diameter, height and number of primaries. General combining abilities (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) as heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated. A significant SCA variance was observed for all the traits. Morphological traits, stem diameter, plant height and number of primaries, were genetically correlated to the yield. The hybrids were, on average, better performing than lines. There was no clear relationship between performance of lines and their general combining ability. Contribution of the seven lines to the SCA sum of squares was shown to be unequal for all the studied traits, one parent (Java) being far the most interactive. This variation of interactivity seemed to be related to different levels of residual heterozygosity among parental lines. Indirect prediction of yield using morphological traits gave the same value for expected genetic gain as the prediction based on cumulated yield over four years. The multitrait indirect selection for yield operated in a different way as far as GCA and SCA are concerned. The application of these results to coffee breeding strategies involving hybrid selection is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

模拟干旱胁迫下不同甘蓝型油菜品种发芽能力的配合力与遗传效应分析

选择7个干旱胁迫下发芽能力不同的甘蓝型油菜品种进行完全双列杂交, 将亲本及F₁代种子在10% PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下发芽, 测定相对单株鲜重、相对茎长、相对成苗率、相对发芽率、相对发芽势和相对活力指数, 用Griffing I方法对发芽性状进行一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)遗传分析。结果表明, 一般配合力方差在42个组合间各性状达到了极显著水平, 特殊配合力方差在42个组合间除了相对活力指数外的各性状也达到了极显著水平。其中, 中双9号上述6性状的一般配合力效应值最高分别为0.0656、0.0708、0.1185、0.1048、0.1096和0.0861; 中双6号一般配合力效应虽然不高, 但其组合中双6号×西农长角和中双6号×中双10号的特殊配合力效应较高, 是耐旱性较强的组合。     

Genetic analysis without replications: model evaluation and application in spring wheat

Genetic data collected from various plant breeding and genetic studies may not be replicated in field designs although field variation is always present. In this study, we addressed this problem using spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) trial data collected from two locations. There were no intralocation replications and an extended additive-dominance (AD) model was used to account for field variation. We numerically evaluated the data from simulations and estimated the variance components. For demonstration purposes we also analyzed three agronomic traits from the actual spring wheat data set. Results showed that these data could be effectively analyzed using an extended AD model, which was more comparable to a conventional AD model. Actual data analysis revealed that grain yield was significantly influenced by systematic field variation. Additive effects were significant for all traits and dominance effects were significant for plant height and time-to-flowering. Genetic effects were predicted and used to demonstrate that most spring wheat lines developed by the South Dakota State University breeding program (SD lines) exhibited good general combining ability effects for yield improvement. Thus, this study provides a general framework to appropriately analyze data in situations where field crop data are collected from non-replicated designs.     

转基因抗虫棉核不育系配合力及杂种优势分析

为了分析转基因抗虫棉不育系的配合力和杂种优势。采用6×6NCⅡ交配设计,分析了6份转基因抗虫核不育系与6份陆地棉亲本杂交后,9个性状杂种F1的超父本优势、竞争优势和配合力。结果表明,籽棉产量超父本优势的平均值为19.44%,22个组合具正向的杂种优势;竞争优势的平均值为-8.36%,16个组合出现正向竞争优势。单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显。父本值与F1平均值的相关关系表明,8个性状F1代平均值与父本值的相关性达到极显著水平。经配合力分析,A1、A4、B1、B5等亲本的GCA较好;SCA效应显著的6个性状中,A1×B6、A3×B3等组合的SCA效应均为正值。     

Quantitative trait loci for early maturity and their potential in breeding for earliness in Brassica juncea

A doubled haploid population of Brassica juncea, developed from a cross between two parental lines differing for days to maturity, was used to study the efficiency of indirect selection for a primary trait through selection of secondary trait(s) over direct selection for the primary trait when quantitative trait loci information is available for both primary and secondary traits, and applied. Days to maturity was considered as primary trait, while days to first flowering, days to end of flowering, flowering period and plant height were considered as secondary traits. An RFLP linkage map was employed for QTL analysis of maturity and maturity-determinant traits, and a stable QTL B6 simultaneously affecting these two types of traits was identified. This linked QTL explained 11.7% phenotypic variation for days to maturity, 20.7% variation for days to first flowering, 24.3% variation for days to end of flowering and 14.4% variation for plant height. Phenotypic evaluation of maturity and/or maturity-determinant traits, viz. days to first flowering, days to end of flowering and plant height revealed that limited genetic advance for early maturity can be achieved through phenotypic selection of the primary and/or the secondary trait(s). However, the estimates of genetic advance for early maturity based on combined phenotypic evaluation and linked QTL data was found to be, at least, three times higher compared to genetic advance based on phenotypic evaluation only, demonstrating the potential of marker-assisted selection in breeding for early maturity in B. juncea.     

Analysis of diallel cross for some physical-quality traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The combining abilities for physical-quality traits in peanut were examined to understand the type of gene action governing these traits, and to identify peanut genotypes suitable for use as parents in breeding for quality improvement. The F₁ hybrids including reciprocals from a six-parent diallel cross along with the parents were evaluated in a randomised complete block design. Data were recorded on five quality traits in peanut viz., shelling outturn, 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, Count and proportion of sound mature seeds. Substantial genetic variability was observed among the hybrids for the traits studied. Diallel analysis indicated that expression of majority of the quality traits is regulated predominantly by additive gene action suggesting possibility of early-generation selection, while non-additive gene action also plays an equally important role in the control of seed size. Significant reciprocal effect for all the traits denoted role of maternal parent in the expression of quality traits and importance of parental selection in quality breeding. Genotypes ICGV 86564 and TPG 41 were good combiners for seed size, while J 11 was a good combiner for improvement of shelling outturn and proportion of mature seeds. Association between general combining ability (GCA) effects and mean performance suggested that the performance per se of the genotype should be a good indicator of its ability to transmit the desirable quality attributes to its progenies. Though performance of crosses was found to be independent of parental GCA status, it is evident that at least one of the parents used in hybridisation should have large pods and seeds for obtaining better segregants.     

Molecular markers to exploit genotype–environment interactions of relevance in organic growing systems

One of the substantial differences between conventional and organic growing systems is the degree to which the farmer can control biotic and abiotic stresses; for organic growing systems varieties are needed with a broad adaptation to annually varying factors, while at the same time a good specific adaptation is necessary with respect to more constant climate and soil conditions. This combination of requirements implies that varieties for organic farming need to be better characterised with respect to genotype × environment interactions than varieties for conventional farming. Such interactions, which often are found for quantitatively expressed traits, are in general difficult to deal with in phenotypic selection. New approaches for QTL analyses (e.g. using physiological models) facilitate estimation of effects of genes on a trait (the phenotype) as a response to environmental influences. From such analyses, markers can be identified which may help to predict the trait expression of a plant genotype in relation to defined environmental factors. The application of markers to select for loci with specific interactions with the environment could, therefore, be especially important for plant breeders targeting organic farming systems.