低磷胁迫对油菜不同生育期叶片光合作用的影响

油菜是中国的主要油料作物之一,对低磷胁迫敏感.土壤缺磷是油菜获得高产的重要限制因子.通过气体交换参数和荧光诱导动力学参数的测定和分析,研究了低磷胁迫对油菜不同生育期光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及能量分配的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,低磷处理明显降低了油菜蕾薹期、花期的净光合速率(Pn);油菜三个生育期的最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)没有显著下降,表明低磷处理没有影响到油菜叶片的原初反应中心;但是,低磷胁迫使油菜蕾薹期光系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)量子产量(φPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)、先化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著上升,能量分配方面天线热耗散(D)和PSⅡ反应中心过剩激发能(Ex)上升,PSⅡ光化学反应(P)下降.表明低磷胁迫导致油菜蕾薹期PSⅡ电子传递受阻,油菜植株启动了能量耗散途径应对低磷胁迫.     

基于叶绿素荧光参数的滴灌棉花氮素营养估测模型

【目的】建立基于叶绿素荧光参数的棉花叶片氮素营养监测模型,为棉花高效施氮及植株生长状况的无损监测提供方法。【方法】在水肥一体化滴灌条件下,以新陆早58号为试验材料,设置4个施氮水平,测定了棉花生长关键时期顶2(从顶部数起)至顶5叶的叶绿素荧光参数和氮素含量,分析了棉花叶片氮素含量与荧光参数的关系。【结果】(1)棉花出苗70 d后,叶片氮素含量以及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在光化学活性(Fv/F0)、PSⅡ潜在最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv’/Fm’)均随着棉花生长呈逐渐下降趋势。(2)不同氮素处理下,各叶片氮素含量以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和Fv’/Fm’均随施氮量的增加而上升,其中N2(240 kg·hm-2)处理下各荧光参数值最大。(3)叶片氮含量与Fv、Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ都呈现极显著正相关关系,与荧光参数ΦPSⅡ、Fv’/Fm’间呈现较好的指数函数关系,与荧光参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0呈现良好的线性函数关系。顶5叶可变荧光(Fv)与叶片氮素含量建立的关系模型(y=0.0022x+1.6243)的模拟效果最好,决定系数达到0.928,相关系数达到0.963,呈极显著正相关。【结论】适量施氮(240 kg·hm-2)能够提高PSⅡ的活性及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,进而改善棉花叶片光合能力。顶5叶氮素含量与叶绿素荧光参数Fv构建的模型精确度和拟合效果较其他荧光参数好,因此可以选用荧光参数Fv来监测棉花叶片氮素含量,进而监测植株的氮素营养状况。     

高纺锤树形下2个中间砧富士苹果生长与叶片光合特性的比较

为了明确SH1和Y-1矮化中间砧对富士苹果幼树生长及叶片光合作用的影响,为生产上矮化砧的选择利用提供理论依据,以分别嫁接在SH1和Y-1中间砧上的长富2号苹果树为材料,比较研究了2种中间砧对富士幼树生长、枝类组成和叶片光合指标的影响。结果表明,SH1、Y-1中间砧富士周年生长趋势基本一致,但Y-1春秋梢生长和新梢长度均显著低于SH1,短枝比率显著高于SH1,果实着色指数、硬度、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均有显著提高。SH1、Y-1中间砧富士叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化和年动态变化趋势存在差异,生长前期SH1组合叶片Pn高于Y-1,生长后期Y-1组合叶片Pn显著高于SH1;光响应参数和叶绿素荧光参数分析表明,生长前期Y-1的光饱和点(LSP)低于SH1、光补偿点(LCP)高于SH1,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)极显著高于SH1,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)极显著低于SH1,生长后期Y-1的LSP、ΦPSⅡ和ETR显著高于SH1,Y-1的叶绿素含量和净光合速率生长前期显著低于SH1,生长后期极显著高于SH1;不同中间砧木对嫁接品种生长和叶片光合特性的影响具有较大差异。Y-1中间砧富士树体矮化早花特性和易成型性均优于SH1,在生长前期Y-1中间砧富士叶片成熟滞后于SH1,叶片光合效能较低,而生长后期Y-1中间砧富士叶片光合色素积累、Fv/Fm等指标高于或显著高于SH1;总体Y-1中间砧富士叶片光合效能显著高于SH1,并能有效控制秋梢生长,有利于后期营养积累和花芽的形成。     

干旱胁迫下陆地棉光合叶绿素荧光参数与产量品质间的关联性分析

本研究在控制水肥条件下,以不同抗旱性的14份陆地棉为材料,通过测定现蕾期叶片的SPAD值、光合叶绿素荧光参数、吐絮期产量、分析光合叶绿素荧光参数与产量品质间的相关性,筛选出与抗旱性密切相关的指标.结果 表明,陆地棉18k0205的蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、光合速率(Pn)、光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量ΦPSⅡ和田间产量均高于其他陆地棉材料,而18K0319的纤维长度和断裂比强度均高于其他材料,这两个材料可作为优异抗旱种质资源进行育种实践.14份材料的光合叶绿素荧光参数与产量品质间的相关性分析表明,净光合速率(Pn)与衣分呈显著负相关,水分利用效率(WUE)与纤维长度呈显著正相关,与马克隆值呈显著负相关.光系统Ⅱ的有效量子产量ΦPSⅡ与衣分呈显著负相关.灰色关联度分析表明,产量与Fv/Fm、SPAD、单铃重紧密关联,关联系数0.85以上;纤维长度与WUE、Fv/Fm、Fm、SPAD紧密关联,关联系数0.90以上;衣分与SPAD、单铃重、Fv/Fm紧密关联,关联系数0.88以上;纤维断裂比强度与SPAD、qP、ΦPSⅡ紧密关联,关联系数0.89以上;马克隆值与FV/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、Gi紧密关联,关联系数0.87以上.研究结果表明陆地棉产量及纤维品质性状与Fv/Fm、SPAD、单铃重、ΦPSⅡ等重要性状紧密关联,上述研究结果为棉花抗旱种质资源筛选和鉴定提供一定的参考依据.     

不同光质对叶用莴苣光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响

通过研究不同光质(白光、红光、黄光和蓝光)对叶用莴苣叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,结果表明：不同光质对叶用莴苣叶绿素含量和Chla/Chlb影响差异显著。不同光质对叶片的净光合速率和CO2羧化效率影响很大,净光合速率以红光处理最强,黄光次之;CO2羧化效率以黄光的最大,红光次之。不同光质处理下叶用莴苣叶片的ΦPSII、ETR、qP、NPQ都以黄光处理最大,红光次之,Fv/Fm以红光下最大,黄光次之,蓝光最小。由此表明,黄光最有利于叶用莴苣的生长发育。     

水分胁迫对玉米叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以吉单261和京单28两个玉米品种为试验材料,研究水分胁迫对玉米叶片光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫下玉米叶片的最大净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点和表观量子效率均显著下降;基础荧光显著增加,最大荧光、可变荧光和PSⅡ光化学效率显著降低;随着光强增加,水分胁迫条件下的光化学猝灭系数和实际光化学效率下降幅度明显加剧;非光化学猝灭系数和表观电子传递速率增加幅度则明显减缓.表明水分胁迫使玉米叶片光合性能减弱,PsⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例减少,光合电子传递能力下降,PSⅡ潜在活性受到抑制,过多的光能多是以非光化学猝灭等其他形式耗散掉,从而保护光合机构免受伤害.     

外源硒对谷子叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探讨外源硒对谷子叶绿素荧光特性的影响,在大田条件下以‘长农35’为试验材料采用随机区组设计,在谷子抽穗期叶面喷施不同浓度亚硒酸钠,分析谷子叶绿素含量、叶片SPAD值以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化趋势。结果表明:叶面喷施亚硒酸钠提高了谷子功能叶的叶绿素含量并且显著影响谷子叶绿素的荧光特性,叶面喷施合理浓度的硒可以提高谷子叶片的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),对电子传递(ETR、ФPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)有增强作用,一定程度上降低了非光化学猝灭系数(q N),从而削弱PSⅡ光能的热耗散,增大PSⅡ的光化学效率。由此可见,叶面喷施硒对谷子叶绿素光和色素、叶片SPAD值以及叶绿素荧光参数相关指标有明显正效应,在谷子抽穗期叶面喷施硒浓度67.84 g/hm2对其叶绿素荧光特性增益效果最佳。     

外源2,4-表油菜素内酯对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗光合特性的影响

为探明外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对NaCl胁迫下燕麦光合作用的调控机理,以加燕2号、青引2号燕麦为材料,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究外源EBR对燕麦幼苗光合气体交换参数、荧光动力学参数、光合电子传递速率及PSⅡ光能分配情况的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了燕麦幼苗的光合色素含量,抑制了PSⅡ反应中心活性,导致燕麦幼苗PSⅡ光化学效率下降,净光合速率(Pn)显著降低。和NaCl胁迫相比较,添加外源EBR后,燕麦幼苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Chlx·c)含量显著增加;燕麦幼苗的Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用效率(WUE)显著升高,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)显著降低,最大荧光(Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ实际光合效率(ФPSⅡ)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、天线色素转化效率(Fv′/Fm′)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)及PSⅡ光化学反应能(P)显著升高,初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)及反应中心耗散能(E)、天线耗散能(D)显著降低。综上所述,外源EBR能够显著提高NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率,有效缓解NaCl胁迫对燕麦幼苗所产生的光抑制和PSⅡ反应中心损伤程度,提高燕麦幼苗的碳同化效率和光合能力,说明外源BRs对盐胁迫下燕麦光合作用起到正向调控作用,能够有效缓解盐胁迫对燕麦幼苗所造成的伤害。     

榆林不同树龄胡杨叶片叶绿素荧光特征比较

为研究榆林风沙草滩区不同树龄条件下引种胡杨的叶绿素荧光特性差异,以榆林红石峡沙地植物园的11种引种胡杨为研究材料,分别在其生长期和枯黄期测定叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、初始荧光(F₀)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、表观光合量子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),并对6年生胡杨设置施肥处理（有机肥0、75、150 kg/hm²）,测定其株高、胸径和冠幅等指标。结果表明,不同树龄条件下引种胡杨的叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Φ_PSII、ETR、qP和NPQ等参数均呈现显著差异,2年生密胡杨2号的叶绿素含量最高,而2年生、4年生、5年生胡杨的Fv/Fm、Φ_PSII、ETR和qP值高于其他供试材料;施肥处理明显提高了胡杨的株高和冠幅,且以有机肥150 kg/hm²处理下的增长量最大。综上,2年生、4年生、5年生胡杨为适宜榆林风沙草滩区的引种树龄,有机肥150 kg/hm²为最佳施用肥力水平。     

CO2加富对甜瓜光合荧光的影响

以薄皮甜瓜品种清雅白玉为研究对象,通过对薄皮甜瓜从苗期开始施用4种不同浓度CO_2后在伸蔓期对植株的光合及生长的影响,来揭示光合提高的初步机制,同时确定北方地区冬春季温室薄皮甜瓜栽培最适的CO_2浓度,为薄皮甜瓜的冬春季设施内栽培的精准施肥提供理论依据。甜瓜植株分别设(400±12)μmol/mol(CK)、(800±24)μmol/mol(T1)、(1 200±36)μmol/mol(T2)、(1 600±48)μmol/mol(T3)共4种CO_2浓度,测定甜瓜植株伸蔓期干鲜质量、叶绿素含量、光合参数、光响应曲线、CO_2响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,T3处理相对于CK使植株鲜质量增加116.03%、地上部分鲜质量增加118.66%、干质量增加78.70%、干鲜比降低17.28%、根冠比减少50.12%、净光合速率提高221.55%、气孔导度提高208.85%、胞间二氧化碳浓度提高429.74%、蒸腾速率提高394.49%、最大净光合速率提高71.52%、光饱和点提高64.07%、表观量子效率提高16.9%、光补偿点减少40.0%、RuBP的最大再生速率提高78.43%,PSⅡ实际量子产量提高44.3%,光化学淬灭qP、qL提高32.79%,43.14%,光合电子传递速率ETR提高41.1%;T1处理相对于CK使叶绿素a含量提高6.28%、Rubisco酶的最大催化速率提高52.8%和磷酸丙糖的运输速率(VTPU)提高35.13%,Fo降低11.69%、Fo′降低14.09%、Fm降低16.01%、Fm′降低18.92%、Ft降低22.03%。因此得出,CO_2施肥可以有效提高植株生长,提高光合作用、电子传递效率,提高光饱和点、CO_2饱和点,降低光补偿点,增大植物的生物产量,综合来说,T3((1 600±48)μmol/mol)处理效果最显著。光合作用提高的原因在低浓度是由于叶绿素含量的提高、磷酸丙糖的运输速率提高的结果,高浓度主要是由于PSⅡ实际量子产量、光合电子传递速率以及光化学淬灭提高的结果。     

加工新技术在浓缩苹果汁生产中的应用

简述了酶技术、膜技术、树脂吸附技术等若干食品加工新技术在浓缩苹果汁生产中的应用.     

膳食纤维蔬菜纸贮藏品质研究

对膳食纤维蔬菜纸的品质、贮藏条件及其营养成分变化进行了初步研究.结果表明,选择避光、低温的贮藏条件和透气、透湿性比较小的复合包装材料,既能有效地避免产品受潮变质,同时又可以减少维生素C氧化损失,最大限度地提高产品的贮藏质量.     

O/W型牛肉肌内脂肪的配制工艺

对模拟脂肪的配制工艺参数进行优化,并对显著影响模拟脂肪乳化稳定性的乳化剂、蛋白质和盐等因素进行进一步研究,确定最优配比.实验结果表明,油水比70:30(w1/w2)的条件下,主要影响成分的最优配比为单甘酯1.6%(w/w1 w2)、蔗糖酯0.4%(w/w1 w2)、大豆分离蛋白0.5%(w/w2)、乳清浓缩蛋白0.1%(w/w2)、氯化钠0.1%(w/w2).65℃条件下预热25 min并在19 000 r转速下乳化3×30 s,可获得稳定性更好的模拟脂肪.最终确定的模拟脂肪工艺为:预热→乳化→脱气→冷却.     

植物提取物对桃采后褐腐病(Monilinia.fracticola)的防治研究

在室温条件下,用3种植物提取物2号、5号和12号的不同浓度处理对桃果实采后褐腐病防治效果进行了探讨.结果表明,与仅接种褐腐病菌(M.fracticola)的对照(ck)相比,提取物2号的3个浓度处理均能显著抑制褐腐病菌对桃果实的侵染(P＜0.01),并且浓度越高抑制效果越明显,其中用50mg/mL浓度处理的桃果实腐烂率为0;提取物5号处理也能显著抑制桃果实采后褐腐病的发生,用12.5 mg/mL浓度处理的防治效果最佳,腐烂率也为0;提取物12号的3个浓度处理得到的果实病斑直径基本相同,而发病率是随着提取物浓度的升高而明显降低,但总体效果均显著好于ck(P＜0.01).     

THE RIGID-VISCOPLASTIC FINIT ELJMENT ANALYSIS OF NON-STATIONARY FLOW OF METALS IN THE EDGE ROLLING

The rigid-viscoplastic finite element formulations for the analysis of non-stationary deformation in the edge rolling is established on the basis of the simplified 3-D. element. A new method for obtaining inital velocity field is developed in this paper. It has been used successfully to analyse the non-stationary deformation in the edge rolling of lead plates. The calculated results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from expriements.     

Effects of planting soybean in summer fallow on wheat grain yield,total N and Zn in grain and available N and Zn in soil on the Loess Plateau of China

Dryland wheat is the major contributor to wheat production in the world, where water deficiency and poor soil fertility are key factors limiting wheat grain yields and nutrient concentrations. A field experiment was carried out from June 2008 to June 2011 at Shilipu (latitude 35.12°N, longitude 107.45°E and altitude 1200 m above sea level) on the Loess Plateau (a typical dryland) in China, to investigate the effects of rotation with soybean (Glycine max) green manure (GM) on grain yield, total N and total Zn concentrations in subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and on nitrate-N and available Zn in the soil. The benefits of crop rotation with soybean GM on wheat grain yields became more evident with time. In the second and third years, the grain yields of wheat rotated with soybean GM reached 4871 and 5089 kg ha⁻¹ at the 108 kg N ha⁻¹ rate. These yields were 21% and 12% higher than the highest yields of wheat under a fallow-winter wheat (FW) rotation. Rotation with soybean GM reduced the amount of N fertilizer required to obtain wheat grain yields and biomass levels similar to wheat grown in the FW rotation by 20–33%. In the first 2 years, average grain N concentrations over all N rates increased by 6% and 12%, and those of Zn increased by 26% and 14% under the soybean GM-winter wheat (SW) rotation, compared with the FW rotation. The increased grain N and Zn concentrations were found to be related to the increased concentrations of nitrate-N and available Zn in the soil, particularly at the sowing of winter wheat. However, grain N and Zn concentrations were not improved by rotation with soybean GM in the third year. This was attributed to the dilution effect caused by the more grain yield increase than its nutrient export. In conclusion, planting soybean for GM in fallow fields reduced the need for N fertilizer to enhance wheat yields in this dryland region. Change in wheat grain N and Zn concentrations was related to soil nutrient concentrations, and to the balance between increased grain yield and its nutrient export.     

野生食用菌最佳冻结与贮藏温度的筛选

测定了3种野生菌的冻结曲线,比较了液氮、速冻仓、冰箱预处理工艺对速冻品质的影响.发现鸡枞、牛肝菌、干巴菌的冻结点温度分别为-1.4℃、-1.1℃、-0.8℃;野生食用菌速冻后的冻藏温度在-18℃以下为适宜.     

Functional mechanisms of drought tolerance in maize through phenotyping and genotyping under well watered and water stressed conditions

Developing tolerant genotypes is crucial for stabilizing maize productivity under drought stress conditions as it is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting crop yields. Twenty seven genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) were evaluated for drought tolerance for three seasons under well watered and water stressed conditions to identify interactions amongst various tolerance traits and grain yield as well as their association with SSR markers. The study revealed considerable genetic diversity and significant variations for genotypes, environment and genotype × environment interactions for all the traits. The ranking of genotypes based on drought susceptibility index for morpho-physiological traits was similar to that based on grain yield and principal component analysis. Analysis of trait – trait and trait – yield associations indicated significant positive correlations amongst the water relations traits of relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential and osmotic potential as well as of RWC with grain yield under water stressed condition. Molecular analysis using 40 SSRs revealed 32 as polymorphic and 62 unique alleles were detected across 27 genotypes. Cluster analysis resulted in categorization of the genotypes into five distinct groups which was similar to that using principal component analysis. Based on overall performance across seasons tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified for eventual utilization in breeding programs as well as for QTL identification. The marker-trait association analysis revealed significant associations between few SSR markers with water relations as well as yield contributing traits under water stressed conditions. These associations highlight the importance of functional mechanisms of intrinsic tolerance and cumulative traits for drought tolerance in maize.     

冷却猪肉主要腐败微生物生长模型的建立

在4℃、7℃、12℃条件下,分别对托盘和真空包装的冷却猪肉进行了假单胞菌、乳酸菌和肠杆菌生长过程中的动态监测,并由此建立了微生物数学生长模型,为冷链失控条件下冷却猪肉的货架期预报奠定了理论基础.     

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) plant size hierarchy and yield variability: Emergence time is critical

Yam crops (Dioscorea spp.) present a very high and unexplained interplant variability which hinders attempts at intensification. This paper aims to characterize the plant-to-plant variability in yield and to identify its underlying causes for the two major yam species (Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea rotundata). Four field experiments were carried out between 2006 and 2009 in Benin. Yams were grown using a traditional cropping method (i.e. in mounds at 0.7 plants m⁻²) without biotic or abiotic stresses. In order to test interplant competition, a low density treatment (0.08 plants m⁻²) was included for D. alata in the 2006 experiment. Throughout four years of experimentation, yields varied from 12 Mg ha⁻¹ to 21 Mg ha⁻¹. Both yam species presented a high interplant coefficient of variation (CV) for tuber yield (42–71%). The unbiased Gini coefficient (G′) was used to measure how steep a hierarchy is in an absolute sense. CV and G′ of individual plant biomass both confirm clear plant size hierarchies from early growth. However, no difference in the CV of plant size and plant tuber yield was observed between high and low plant density. This implies that, despite early interaction between neighbouring plants, competition was not the driving factor controlling plant variability. In fact uneven emergence proved to be the primary cause. Yam emergence takes place over a long period (e.g. it took 51 and 47 days for the 90% central range to emerge for D. alata and D. rotundata, respectively), creating an early inter-plant size hierarchy which later affected tuber production. For both species, plants which emerged early initiated their tuberization earlier in the growing season and reached higher maximum yield regardless of weather conditions (e.g. 1200 and 764 g plant⁻¹ for early-emerging D. alata and D. rotundata plants respectively, and 539 and 281 g plant⁻¹ for late-emerging plants). Plant size hierarchization together with its observed left-skewed distribution, led to reduce total and marketable yield by increasing the proportion of small tubers. These results highlight the need to better understand the underlying mechanisms controlling the yams’ uneven emergence before attempting to improve traditional cropping systems.