小麦种质资源抗旱耐盐性评价及种质筛选

为了解16份小麦种质材料的苗期抗旱性和耐盐性,本研究分别以20%PEG-6000溶液和0.20 mol/L NaCl溶液模拟干旱胁迫和盐胁迫,对其抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量、细胞质膜透性、苗长、根系性状、生物量等指标进行测定,应用隶属函数、因子分析和聚类分析等方法综合评价小麦苗期抗旱性和耐盐性。结果表明,在胁迫处理下,小麦的苗长、总根长、总根面积、总根体积、根鲜重、苗鲜重、根干重、苗干重和叶绿素含量均低于对照;细胞质膜透性的损伤程度均大于对照,但盐胁迫下损伤更为严重;抗氧化酶(SOD, POD, CAT)活性升高,且在干旱条件下SOD和CAT酶活性的增加量均高于盐胁迫。相关性分析表明各性状隶属函数值均值与总根面积和总根体积的相关性最大,因子分析表明总根面积、总根体积和苗干重可以作为小麦苗期抗旱性和耐盐性的综合评价指标。通过对16份种质材料进行综合评价最终筛选出3份苗期抗旱性和耐盐性均较高的小麦品种(‘40IBWSN93’,‘甘春25号’和‘MSN2’)和3份对干旱和盐胁迫敏感的小麦品种(‘京临春’,‘巴084123’和‘D39M1153’),为培育抗旱耐盐小麦新种质和挖掘小麦抗旱耐盐基因提供基础材料。     

胡麻重组自交系群体苗期抗旱性的鉴定与评价

以141份胡麻重组自交系为试验材料,进行苗期抗旱性鉴定及其抗旱指标筛选。测定了水分胁迫下株高、根长、叶鲜重、茎鲜重、根鲜重、根干重、叶干重、茎干重、根冠比等9个性状,利用主成分分析和相关分析进行抗旱指标的筛选,用综合抗旱能力D值对141份自交系材料进行苗期抗旱综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫时不同材料间变异丰富,9个表型性状平均变异系数为40.70%,根干重的变异系数最大,株高和根长变异系数最小;主成分和相关分析表明,根冠比和根部性状对抗旱性影响显著,可作为苗期抗旱性鉴定综合指标。综合抗旱能力D值聚类将供试自交系材料分为强抗旱、抗旱、弱抗旱和不抗旱四个类群,其中11、14号材料抗旱性最强。     

干旱胁迫下不同小豆品种根系生长规律研究

采用盆栽人工控水的方法,研究不同小豆品种根系对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,干旱胁迫抑制了小豆根系的生长,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,小豆的最大根长呈先增加后减少的趋势,根重、总根长、根表面积、根体积、株高、茎粗和叶面积呈减小的趋势,根冠比呈增加的趋势;不同品种小豆对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异,抗旱型品种的根重、总根长、根表面积、根体积、株高、茎粗和叶面积随干旱胁迫的加剧下降幅度小,根冠比显著加大。重度干旱胁迫下,品种间最大根长、根重、根体积、株高、茎粗、叶面积和根冠比差异在整个生育期间达显著水平。抗旱型品种冀红8937的根系更为发达,根冠比较高,中度干旱胁迫下,最大根长的增加幅度较大,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,其根重、总根长、根表面积、根体积、株高、茎粗和叶面积下降幅度较小,根冠比显著增加。     

不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态及生理特性

以12个花生品种为试验材料, 在人工控水条件下, 通过苗期及结荚期干旱试验, 对比分析花生品种苗期根系性状与抗旱性的关系。结果表明, 花生苗期与结荚期抗旱性基本一致。利用产量抗旱系数可把12个花生品种的抗旱性划分为强、中、弱3级, 抗旱性强的品种为A596、山花11和如皋西洋生, 中度抗旱品种为花育20、农大818、海花1号、山花9号和79266, 抗旱性弱的品种有ICG6848、白沙1016、花17和蓬莱一窝猴。山花11可作为花生强抗旱性鉴定的标准品种, 79266可作为花生弱抗旱性鉴定的标准品种。山花9号、山花11、花育20的根系抗旱机制为较大的根量及根系吸收能力, 而A596、如皋西洋生、农大818、山花11为较强的根系抗氧化能力及膜稳定性。相关分析表明, 苗期重度干旱胁迫下的单株根系干重、体积、总吸收面积、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量与品种抗旱系数的相关性达极显著水平, 对照与重度干旱胁迫下的以上性状呈极显著正相关。因此, 在花生出苗后10 d进行40%土壤相对含水量的干旱胁迫, 持续胁迫至出苗24 d的单株根系干重、体积、总吸收面积、根尖SOD活性和MDA含量可鉴定花生品种的根系抗旱能力, 正常水分下的性状值也能反映根系性状的抗旱级别。山花11可作为花生根系形态及生理优异抗旱性状鉴定的标准品种。     

大豆苗期根系与抗旱性基因型差异的研究

采用抗旱隶属函数值法在苗期对品种的抗旱性进行重复鉴定分级，利用扫描成像技术结合winRizo根系分析软件分析根系形成指标，并对根系构型、形态指标与抗旱性之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，大田和盆栽条件下的根系构型与大豆的抗旱性无明显相关；干旱胁迫条件下的根重、总根长、根体积的相对值在抗感品种之间达极显著差异，三者与平均隶属函数值．亦成极显著正相关。采用根重、总根长、根体积的相对值作为抗旱品种根系形态的指标是合理的，可作为大豆品种抗旱性改良的根系形态育种指标。     

干旱胁迫下大豆抗旱性鉴定

选用12个大豆品种进行室内干旱胁迫和盆栽干旱胁迫实验，对抗旱性进行鉴定筛选。结果表明，品种间苗期的吸水率、萌发率、发芽率、根长4项生理指标都存在差异，成株期的表现也各异，即苗期抗旱性好而成株期表现不抗旱的品种有海94，而苗期抗旱性差成株期表现抗旱的品种有赤豆、中作96-2。通过实验筛选出苗期与成株期均抗旱的品种为L65-1914。     

不同水分条件下不同抗旱性苦荞根系生长规律研究

为了探明不同抗旱性苦荞根系形态和生理特性与抗旱性的关系,为干旱胁迫下苦荞高产优质栽培管理及抗旱品种的筛选提供理论依据,采用人工控水的方法,研究并分析了正常供水、重度干旱条件下不同抗旱性苦荞品种迪庆苦荞（耐旱）、黑丰1号（旱敏感）根系生长形态和生理指标变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著增加了苦荞根冠比、根系丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量,而最大根长、根体积、根表面积显著降低。随着生育期推进,各处理苦荞最大根长、根体积、根表面积、MDA含量等指标均呈现逐渐增加趋势,根冠比、Pro含量呈现先增后减趋势。品种之间方差分析结果表明,重度干旱胁迫条件下,各测定时期迪庆苦荞的根冠比、最大根长、根体积、根表面积、根系Pro含量均显著高于黑丰1号,MDA含量则显著低于黑丰1号。回归分析表明,不同处理苦荞根表面积、最大根长等指标在测定时期内随时间变化的数学模型均符合指数函数,根体积、MDA含量等指标均符合一元二次方程的规律。干旱胁迫下苦荞根系与地上部分的生长均受到抑制,且表现为对地上部的影响大于对根系;与黑丰1号相比,迪庆苦荞耐旱性更强。     

水分胁迫下玉米杂交种光合抗旱指数与抗旱性评价研究

通过筛选抗旱玉米品种和抗旱评价指标,进而对其进行生理生化研究,最终实现干旱半干旱地区玉米抗旱节水,是研究玉米高产高效的重要课题。采用盆栽试验方法,选用辽宁省近几年最新选育的12个玉米杂交种,在水分胁迫条件下,对苗期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期玉米形态和光合生理等性状特征进行了研究和分析,找出了不同时期水分胁迫下光合抗旱指数与产量抗旱指数的相关性,筛选出了抗旱性较强的玉米品种。结果如下：苗期水分胁迫缩短了58％供试品种抽雄至散粉期时间,延长了83％供试品种的ASI,而铁研120在水分胁迫处理后ASI比对照短,且和其他品种相比,该品种苗期叶片叶绿素含量较高。相关分析表明,灌浆期水分胁迫处理,光合抗旱指数与产量均呈正相关关系,其中,蒸腾速率抗旱指数与产量抗旱指数相关性较强。不同水分胁迫时期的产量抗旱等级划分结果显示,铁研120和铁研58综合抗旱性较强,在苗期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期受到水分胁迫,在籽粒成熟期均能获得较高产量。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对小麦苗期性状的影响,在对照(200 μmol/L KH2PO4)和低磷(5 μmol/L KH2PO4)条件下比较了6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状指标。结果表明,小麦根系和地上部对低磷胁迫的反应不同,低磷诱导小麦根系伸长,根系生物量（根鲜重和根干重）增加,供试的6个小麦品种在低磷条件下的根系鲜重和干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平。低磷处理对地上部则表现出抑制作用,但对不同品种的影响程度差异较大。总体来看,低磷胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低磷胁迫影响的程度分别为：根系鲜重>最长根长>根系干重>地上部鲜重>地上部干重>苗长。6个供试小麦品种中,‘中国春’对低磷胁迫最为敏感,而‘京411’的耐低磷性相对较强。     

水稻品种苗期抗旱性筛选与评价

为了比较黑龙江省主栽粳稻品种苗期抗旱性,通过苗期反复干旱胁迫法,研究了干旱胁迫对水稻苗期各形态性状及反复干旱存活率等指标的影响,并通过聚类分析筛选抗旱性强的品种。结果表明,干旱处理后的株高、叶干重、叶鲜重、根数、根长、根干重等形态指标相对值均小于100%,幼苗存活率明显下降,不同品种下降幅度不同。通过对主成分分析和相关分析,得出株高、叶干重、根长及根干重可以作为水稻苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。经反复干旱存活率和聚类分析,筛选出‘东农426’、‘松粳6’、‘五优一’、‘松05-274’和‘松05-276’5份苗期抗旱性较好的品种。     

陆地棉品种根系特性与耐旱性关系的研究

研究了不同陆地棉品种棉花根系特性与耐旱性的关系。结果表明,耐旱型较非耐旱型棉花品种根系发达,主根长,各级侧根数量多且长,总根系长度长;一级侧根数、侧根总长、根系总长度与耐旱性呈显著或极显著正相关;棉花根系重量与生物学产量、子棉产量、皮棉产量呈极显著正相关。单位主根长度一级侧根着生密度可作为棉花耐旱性鉴定和选育的指标。     

7个玉米品种萌发和幼苗抗旱性研究

用高渗溶液PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫，对7个玉米品种进行发芽和幼苗培养试验。结果表明，干旱胁迫下所有玉米品种的发芽率、苗干旱存活率、苗高、根长、根数、苗鲜重、根鲜重、根冠比、叶面积、叶片失水率等性状都比正常水分下有所下降，但品种间表现出较大差异。用灰色关联分析综合评价玉米品种的抗旱性，初步筛选出3个抗旱较强品种：豫玉28、中科4号、秀青73-1。     

Tagging quantitative trait loci associated with grain yield and root morphological traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under contrasting moisture regimes

Plant breeding for drought-prone habitats envisages a favorable combination of grain yield and drought resistance. Though several components enhancing drought resistance have been identified in rice,their association with grain yield, under low-moisture stress, has been established in very few instances. We attempt to study the associations between rice grain yield and root system parameters both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. The doubled haploid population of IR64/Azucena was evaluated for root related traits at peak vegetative stage and grain yield related traits under both low-moisture stress and non stress conditions. ‘Mean environment’ was computed for yield related traits. Correlation and QTL mapping was attempted to find out the associations. The correlation between maximum root length and grain yield was positive under stress and negative in non stress. Genotypes with thicker and deeper roots, manifested higher biomass and grain yield under stress. Only one QTL found to increase days to flowering in non stress was also found to influence root volume and dry weight negatively under stress. The study suggests that loci enhancing grain yield and related traits were not pleiotropic with loci for desirable root morphological traits studied under low-moisture stress at vegetative stage, in the genetic material used in the study. It is thus possible to combine higher grain yield and desirable root morphological traits, favorably, to enhance productivity of rice under low-moisture stress. In rainfed ecologies, where deep roots contribute to enhanced drought resistance in rice, the results indicate the possibility of combining drought resistance with higher levels of grain yield. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Contrasting rice backcross inbred lines (BILs) for grain yield and heading under lowland reproductive stage moisture stress

Identification and understanding the role of physio-morphological drought responsive mechanisms leading to grain yield enhancement under water stress is a critical insight for designing appropriate strategies to breed drought-tolerant cultivars for any drought prone ecology. In this study, three pairs of contrasting BILs with varied maturity were characterized for several agronomical, physiological and morphological traits across a wide range of moisture stress environments at reproductive stage during 2012–2014. Within each group, BILs differ significantly for grain yield, heading, biomass and harvest index under drought stress, but showed similar yield potential, phenology and other traits under control condition. The most tolerant BIL, S-15 out yielded all BILs and standard checks under both conditions. Apart from superior agronomic performance, drought tolerant BILs maintained significantly higher assimilation rate, transpiration rate and transpiration efficiency compared to susceptible BILs under stress in all three groups. In addition, most tolerant BIL (S-15) showed significantly higher stomatal conductance than susceptible BIL (S-55) in early group. Among root traits, significant differences under stress was observed for root dry weight between contrasting BILs in each group, even though tolerant BILs had higher root length and root volume compared to susceptible BILs, which is non-significant. Hence, consideration of root traits an important strategy for drought avoidance in case of rice may not always contributes to significant yield improvement under moisture stress condition. Further, tolerant BILs also recorded significantly higher shoot dry weight and drought recovery score at seedling stage under stress. Our findings suggest that genotypes with higher photosynthetic efficiency and better plant water status are able to produce higher grain yield under drought stress environments.     

Mapping QTLs for seedling root traits in a doubled haploid wheat population under different water regimes

A deep and thick root system has a positive effect on wheat yield, particularly in drought environments. A doubled haploid (DH) population of 150 lines derived from the cross Hanxuan 10?×?Lumai 14 was used to map QTLs for seedling root characteristics. The DH lines were cultivated in an agarose gel-chamber under well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) regimes. Water stress was simulated by adding mannitol to the agarose gel. The seminal root traits, including maximum root length (MRL), seminal root number, total root length, project root area, root surface area, and seminal root angle were measured after 6?days of seedling development. Grain yields (GY) were measured in a field experiment. A total of 29 QTLs were identified for seedlings cultured under WW regimes, and 23 QTLs under WS regimes. Individual QTL accounted for phenotypic variations ranging from 4.98 to 24.31?%. The QTLs were distributed on 17 chromosomes, except 1D, 4D, 6B and 6D. Seven consistently expressed QTLs were detected for all the traits tested except MRL under both water regimes. The QTLs for root traits were unevenly distributed among chromosomes, and clustered in eight loci on seven chromosomes, showing pleiotropic effects on target traits. One region in the interval Xgwm644.2?CP6901.2 on chromosome 3B contained 9 QTLs affecting most root traits. The present data provide an insight into the genetic basis of seedling root development under different water regimes and may benefit breeding programs using marker-assisted selection (MAS) for root traits.     

黍稷芽、苗期抗旱性评价及抗旱资源鉴定

为了全面了解中国现存黍稷种质资源的抗旱性,研究黍稷在PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫下的抗旱表现,挖掘优异抗旱种质并筛选抗旱鉴定指标,本研究以前期构建的包含230份资源的黍稷微核心种质为试验对象,开展室内PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫处理下的芽、苗期抗旱性研究。通过对芽期和苗期抗旱性指标的测定发现:干旱胁迫下,芽期和苗期各指标较对照组均有下降趋势;芽期指标变异系数较苗期偏大,苗期根鲜重变异系数最大,根干重、苗鲜重、苗干重其次(变化范围在0.35~0.50之间)。相关性分析显示多数指标间相关性都达到了显著或极显著水平,其中相对根鲜重与相对根干重的相关性最高,而相对叶绿素含量与相对根长、相对苗长、相对根鲜重及相对苗干重的相关性均较低。采用平均值-标准差逐级分级法和分层聚类分析综合鉴定参试黍稷芽期和苗期抗旱性,发现芽期极强抗旱、强抗旱材料分别为3份和10份,苗期极强抗旱、强抗旱材料分别为24份和23份;其中紫秆黍(00003289)、乌克兰黍(00006438)和白糜子(00000101)三个品种在芽期和苗期均有很好的抗旱性,可作为后续全生育期抗旱研究和抗旱品种选育的优良资源。对芽期及苗期各抗旱鉴定指标进行相关性分析,结果表明芽期与苗期抗旱性没有显著相关性;主成分分析表明,相对苗长、相对苗鲜重以及相对叶绿素含量可作为评价黍稷苗期抗旱性鉴定的主要指标。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫下玉米胚芽鞘长与其抗旱性的关系分析

以6份抗旱性不同的玉米自交系为试材,用不同浓度的PEG-6000(polyethylene glycol,PEG)渗透溶液进行模拟干旱胁迫处理,分析玉米萌芽期中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长及苗长的变化,并将其与田间干旱胁迫处理下相应玉米自交系产量及产量相关性状的抗旱指数进行相关分析,以期揭示萌芽期玉米幼苗相关性状与其抗旱性的关系。结果表明:(1)萌芽期随着PEG浓度增加,玉米自交系胚芽鞘长、中胚轴长及苗长都呈下降趋势,其中苗长降低幅度最大,平均降幅为14%,中胚轴长次之,平均降幅为11%;(2)方差分析表明,不同玉米自交系幼苗的中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长在自交系间及PEG浓度间差异极显著,苗长在PEG浓度间差异极显著;(3)花期田间干旱胁迫下,各玉米自交系的千粒重、穗粒数及产量较正常灌溉明显下降,且其平均降幅分别为8%、14%、13%;(4)通过玉米田间产量及产量相关性状抗旱指数与萌芽期各性状相关性分析表明,中胚轴长与千粒重、穗粒数及产量的抗旱指数呈显著或极显著正相关。胚芽鞘长与千粒重、穗粒数及产量的抗旱指数呈极显著正相关,而在5%的PEG-6000渗透溶液模拟干旱胁迫下,胚芽鞘长与千粒重抗旱指数相关系数最高为0.832。因此,胚芽鞘较长的自交系其抗旱性较强,胚芽鞘长度可作为玉米早期抗旱性筛选的重要指标。     

Participatory selection assisted by DNA markers for enhanced drought resistance and productivity in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

In this study, a F₂ population derived from the cross between deep-rooted variety “Moroberekan” with shallow-rooted variety “IR20” were used to identify and validate of SSR markers associated with root morphological traits. The F₂ lines were divided into two groups. In the first group, 152 seedling having minimum of four tillers were chosen and separated into four plantlets to plant them in polyvinyl chloride pipes for root study under well-watered (WW) condition at maturity stage. The lines were genotyped using SSR markers. QTLs for maximum root length (MRL) and root dry weight showed co-segregation with RM472, RM7 and RM201. The same material was forwarded to next generation (F₃) to validate the linked markers under both WW and low-moisture stress (LMS) conditions. These three markers were associated consistently with MRL across generations. In the second group, 1240 F₂ plants were forwarded to F₅ using SSD breeding method to test the effectiveness of the marker-assisted selection (MAS) method for drought resistant. The high performing genotypic group was significantly superior to low performing genotypic group for MRL, grain yield, root volume, root dry weight and root number, indicating the efficiency of MAS for root-related traits under LMS. Comparing MAS with farmer selection in F₆, the results showed that MAS group means were significantly different from farmer group means for MRL, root volume, root dry weight and root number. Thus, MAS was combined with participatory selection to select five high-yielding and deep rooted promising lines. Identification of stable QTL for root morphological traits under WW and LMS conditions can aid in MAS and to introduce them into varieties with good yield potential and accepted by farmer.     

旱地小麦品种水分利用效率研究

以目前山西省12个旱地小麦主推品种和新育成品种为材料,在晋南旱地麦区进行大田试验,分析了在旱作栽培条件下,不同品种冬小麦品种籽粒产量、水分利用效率（WUE）的差异。试验表明,不同冬小麦品种之间产量、WUE和降雨生产力存在明显遗传差异,根据试验材料的籽粒产量和水分利用效率可分为3种类型：即高产高效型,产量在2900 kg/hm2以上,水分利用效率较高,平均为16.89 kg/( hm2?mm);中产中效型,产量在2700~2900 kg/hm2之间,水分利用效率平均为16.08 kg/( hm2?mm);低产低效型,产量在2700 kg/hm2以下,水分利用效率较低,平均为15.62 kg/(hm2?mm)。参试品种间耗水系数和降雨生产力间有明显的差异,耗水系数极差达132.11,降雨生产力极差达2.81 kg/(hm2?mm)。说明通过将抗旱、高水分利用效率和高产基因进行聚合杂交,可以实现抗旱高水分利用效率和高产性状统一于一体,培育出抗旱高水分利用效率和高产的小麦品种。高产高效品种可作为旱地小麦生产上的主推广品种加以应用,中产中效品种可作为搭配品种进行推广应用。