黄淮海地区大豆品种苗期根系性状的遗传变异及与耐逆境胁迫的关系

从83份黄淮海地区代表性大豆地方品种和育成品种(系)中按根系类型选取32份,用以研究苗期根系性状的遗传特点、与地上部性状的相关以及与逆境胁迫的关系。大豆苗期一级侧根数、主根长、根干质量、总根长和根体积等性状,在品种间、各苗龄间均存在显著遗传变异;根系性状与整株干质量呈高度相关;根干质量、根总长和根体积的相对值与耐旱平均隶属函数值,一级侧根数、主根长、总根长、根体积、根干质量的相对值与耐铝毒平均隶属函数值呈极显著相关,且根系性状的相对值在品种间存在显著变异,可用做耐逆性选择的根系指标。     

棉花根系的生长特性及其与栽培措施和产量关系的研究 Ⅰ棉花根系的生长和生理活性与地上部分的关系

棉花主根长度、粗度及根重增长动态均随生育进程呈S型曲线变化规律。主根粗度及根重的垂直分布随土壤深度变化呈负指数曲线型变化趋势。棉株根系绝大部分(80.6％～95.4％)集中于0～30cm耕层内。根系伤流量随生育进程呈低一高一低变化,以盛蕾期最高;根系总吸收面积及活跃面积均随生育进程而增加。根系生长与地上部生长之间存在显著或极显著的线性回归相关关系,根系生长是一个地上部与地下部相互影响,相互促进的统一过程。地膜棉与露地棉相比较,表现主根长、入土深,主根粗度增加,根重增多,生理活性明显增强,根系横向分布广,根群分布浅。地膜棉根量的增长速度在生长前期比露地棉大,尤在7叶期前更为明显,生长后期则比露地棉小。这些特点是地膜棉植株健壮及高产的重要生物、生理基础。     

播种当年苜蓿根系形态特征的研究

对播种当年18个苜蓿品种材料根系形态特征进行了研究,结果表明：不同类型苜蓿根系形态指标差异明显;利用根系形态特征的10个指标对18个实验材料进行聚类,可分为4类;建议在苜蓿选种时,选取根颈直径大,入土深度深、主根长度长、侧根直径大、侧根发达的材料。     

乙烯抑制剂对钾缺乏棉花根系生长和侧根形成的影响（英文）

水培条件下,通过用乙烯前体1-氨基环丙烷基羧酸(ACC)和乙烯抑制剂氨氧基乙酸(AOA)、Co2+和Ag+分别处理棉花幼苗根系和叶片,研究其对钾缺乏棉花根系伸长和侧根形成的影响,探讨钾缺乏棉花根系伸长和侧根形成与乙烯生成增加之间的关系。结果显示,钾充分营养液中,添加ACC显著抑制了棉花根系伸长和侧根形成。钾缺乏营养液中,添加ACC加重了对根系伸长和侧根发生的抑制;添加AOA和Ag+分别显著降低了根系长度和侧根数;添加Co2+显著提高了根系长度,但其高浓度显著减少了侧根数。由此可见,钾缺乏诱导乙烯释放增加或许是根系伸长受抑制的原因。钾缺乏条件下Co2+处理叶片显著增加了叶面积、根系长度和侧根数,这表明改善叶片生长可积极调节根系生长和发育。     

种植密度对苦荞麦抗倒伏特性及产量的影响

为了明确苦荞麦抗倒伏特性和适宜的种植密度,提高产量,以‘西荞1号’苦荞麦为材料,研究了不同种植密度对苦荞麦抗倒伏特性及产量的影响。结果表明：种植密度大小显著影响茎秆和根系形态,随着种植密度的增大,田间透光率降低,株高和节间长度增加,主根长、一级侧根数和根体积减少,倒伏率增加,产量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。相关分析发现,苦荞麦茎秆和根系的特征与植株的抗倒伏特性密切相关。株高和节间长度与茎秆强度呈显著的负相关关系,与倒伏率则呈显著的正相关关系。适宜的种植密度（9×10⁵~12×10⁵株/hm²）能够减少荞麦倒伏的发生,提高抗倒能力,增加群体产量,值得推广应用。     

大豆根内胞囊线虫的时空动态研究

于2006-2007年田间自然生长条件下,研究大豆苗期(7~37 d)胞囊线虫(4号生理小种)在根系的时空分布动态。结果表明,大豆胞囊线虫分布与根系生长状况有密切关系。出苗后7 d已有线虫侵入根内,随着根系生长发育,单位根长线虫数以及线虫总数增多,单位根长内线虫数量呈S型曲线变化。随着出苗后天数的增加,主根和侧根内线虫数量变化呈相反趋势,其中主根内线虫密度减少,侧根内线虫密度增加至相对稳定值。随着土层的加深,主根和侧根内线虫密度差异减小;5~15 cm土层根系内线虫数量及其所占比例均最大。说明苗期大豆胞囊线虫主要分布在5~15 cm土层。     

马铃薯冠气温差变化特性与耐旱性的关系

冠气温差能够反映植物在干旱胁迫下的生理适应性。本研究以耐旱型马铃薯品种冀张薯8号和陇薯10号; 干旱敏感型品种大西洋和夏波蒂, 以及从秘鲁国际马铃薯中心引进的10份具有不同耐旱性的种质资源为材料, 在半干旱和半湿润2种环境下对其植株表型性状(株高、叶面积、叶鲜重、植被覆盖指数)、光合生理指标(光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素)以及冠气温差进行测定和耐旱性评价。结果表明, 所测性状指标中, 冠气温差、蒸腾速率和气孔导度对干旱胁迫最敏感; 冠气温差在不同供试马铃薯材料之间及干湿两种环境之间均表现出极显著差异性; 冠气温差的耐旱系数与植株表型性状及光合生理指标的耐旱系数均呈极显著正相关; 利用红外热成像技术监测冠气温差, 是进行马铃薯耐旱性评价的有效手段, 可为马铃薯耐旱育种研究提供理论依据。     

广东甜玉米不同品种耐旱性鉴定试验

采用塑料大棚遮挡自然降水的方法研究了不同水分胁迫下8个甜玉米品种散粉至吐丝间隔期（ASI）、营养器官和产量构成因素性状指标的变化。结果表明，在干旱胁迫下，各品种的散粉至吐丝间隔期（ASI）受到不同程度的延迟，营养器官和产量构成因素性状指标呈下降趋势。轻度干旱对各甜玉米品种上述性状的影响较小，中度干旱对其影响比较大，与正常水分条件相比部分品种受到的影响达到显著或极显著的差异。以散粉至吐丝间隔期（ASI）、产量及产量的耐旱系数为主并结合营养器官形态性状和产量构成因素进行耐旱性综合评价较为可行。粤甜13号和正甜38号耐旱性相对较好，在生产中可作为耐旱节水型的品种加以应用。     

地膜覆盖对不同芝麻品种农艺性状及产量构成因素的影响

为筛选芝麻高产稳产新品种,探索芝麻高产高效栽培新技术,选用冀航芝1号、冀航芝2号和冀航芝3号芝麻新品种,设置露地种植和地膜覆盖2种栽培模式,研究地膜覆盖对不同芝麻品种产量构成因素、主要农艺性状和抗病性的影响,比较不同芝麻品种不同栽培模式下的产量和经济效益。结果表明,地膜覆盖可显著增加芝麻的株高和茎粗,同时降低始蒴高度,增加有效果轴长和单株果节数,促进根系生长,增加主根长度、侧根数量和分布范围。地膜覆盖栽培对芝麻病害影响不明显,但可显著增强芝麻抗倒伏能力,冀航芝1号、冀航芝2号和冀航芝3号露地种植倒伏率分别是覆膜种植的3.5、2.8和3.0倍;相关分析和偏相关分析表明茎粗和株高对倒伏率的影响达到极显著水平;品种与栽培模式对小区产量、单株生产力、千粒重和单株蒴数有极显著影响;二者的互作对单株生产力和单株蒴数有极显著影响,对小区产量有显著影响,对千粒重无显著影响。地膜覆盖大幅度提高各品种净收入和成本利润率,覆膜种植冀航芝2号获得的经济效益最大,成本利润率达到126.57%。     

辽宁省玉米品种耐旱性评价及耐旱指标鉴定

在大田和旱棚条件下,对21份辽宁省主推及新审定玉米品种耐旱性进行评价,筛选适宜辽西半干旱地区种植的玉米品种。同时,通过玉米品种的形态生理指标与减产率的相关性分析,筛选耐旱鉴定指标。结果表明:1)耐旱性极强的品种为迪卡516和辽单588,耐旱性较强的品种为辽单575、辽单586、辽单1281和东单1331,适宜于东北半干旱区推广和大面积种植; 2)株高、穗位、叶绿素含量、叶面积、根系干重、气生根层数、气生根数等7个指标与减产率呈显著负相关,可作为耐旱鉴定指标用于玉米生育期间的耐旱性综合评价; 3)干旱胁迫会增加植株根冠比,降低收获指数,影响品种的干物质分配。     

旱地棉花育种产量分析

研讨了旱地棉花产量与其构成因素间的相互关系及各产量因素对皮棉产量的贡献和决定作用。通径分析表明，在干旱条件下，单位面积铃数与皮棉产量关系密切，对皮棉产量的贡献最大，决定程度（ｒ２＝０．６３２３）最高；在多雨条件下，衣分与皮棉产量关系密切，对皮棉产量的贡献最大，决定程度（ｒ２＝０．４４６２）最高。由此认为，水地棉花的主要育种目标应该是抗病、早熟和高衣分；耐旱棉花育种的主要目标应该是结铃性、铃重和保全苗的能力。     

山西省小麦苗期根系性状及抗旱特性分析

小麦苗期根系形态是成株期根系分布的基础,与抗逆和产量密切相关,全面认识苗期根系及抗旱特性,对于抗旱优异种质的利用和早期筛选具有重要意义。采用239份山西省小麦品种(系)在土培条件下,研究了苗期根系性状及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明,正常生长下山西小麦苗期根系性状多样性丰富,地方种变异最大;不同年代品种中,除最大根长随年代略下降外,其他性状均呈先升后降的趋势;不同根系性状对水分胁迫响应存在差异,总根长对水分最敏感,其次为根表面积、根体积和根生物量,最大根长和平均根数不敏感。苗期根系综合抗旱能力随年代呈先降后升的趋势,地方种和20世纪70年代品种多为中抗,80和90年代的品种抗旱性较低,2000年以后审定品种的抗性较高,其中旱地品种抗性最好。苗期根系抗旱特性与产量性状相关分析发现,最大根长、总根长、根体积和根生物量与雨养条件下的千粒重和产量显著正相关,最大根长和根生物量与成株期抗旱性也显著正相关。因此苗期最大根长和根生物量可作为半干旱地区旱地育种过程中抗旱性和产量的早期筛选指标。     

Genetic variation for maize root architecture in response to drought stress at the seedling stage

Although the root system is indispensable for absorption of nutrients and water, it is poorly studied in maize owing to the difficulties of direct measurement of roots. Here, 103 maize lines were used to compare root architectures under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Significant genetic variation, with medium to high heritability and significant correlations, was observed for root traits. Total root length (TRL) and total root surface area (TSA) had high phenotypical diversity, and TRL was positively correlated with TSA, root volume, and root forks. The first two principal components explained 94.01% and 91.15% of total root variation in well-watered and water-stressed conditions, respectively. Thus, TRL and TSA, major contributors to root variation, can be used as favorable selection criteria at the seedling stage. We found that stiff stalk and non-stiff stalk groups (temperate backgrounds) showed relatively higher mean values for root morphological diversity than the TST group (tropical/subtropical background). Of the tested lines, 7, 42, 45, and 9 were classified as drought sensitive, moderately sensitive, moderately drought tolerant, and highly drought tolerant, respectively. Seven of the 9 extremely drought tolerant lines were from the TST group, suggesting that TST germplasms harbor valuable genetic resources for drought tolerance that could be used in breeding to improve abiotic stress tolerance in maize.     

大豆根区逆境耐性的种质鉴定及其与根系性状的关系

依根系类型从黄淮海和长江中下游地区301份代表性材料中选取62份，以株高、叶龄、地上部干物重、地下部干物重为指标，采用平均隶属函数值方法鉴定了苗期耐旱性、苗期耐铝毒性，加上主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状鉴定了后期耐旱性，并通过钒钼黄比色法测定植株P含量鉴定了苗期耐低磷性。筛选出1级苗期     

棉花根系的生长特性及其与栽培措施和产量关系的研究 Ⅱ栽培措施对棉花根系生长的影响及其与地上部和产量的关系

本文研究了灌溉、施肥量与播种期对露地棉与地膜棉根系的生长特性及其与地上部的相互作用和产量形成的影响。结果表明,生长期灌水处理棉株根系入土浅,总长度减少,未灌水处理根量在深土层明显增加;重肥处理根系入土深,深土层根量增加。灌水及重肥处理根系新根量均增加,根系伤流量增大,生理活力增强。早播棉株主根深度增加,根重增大,尤在生育前期增长明显,同时.根系建成提前,根系分布范围广。灌水、重肥与早播处理棉株根重、地上部重及籽棉产量等均增加。棉株根量与产量间存在显著相关关系,蕾期根量对产量的效应最大。     

花铃期干旱胁迫复水后棉花产量和纤维品质的变化研究

以抗旱差异明显的中棉所45(CCRI 45)和中棉所60(CCRI 60)为材料,采用人工控水的方法,研究棉花花铃期不同干旱胁迫程度和干旱胁迫后复水棉花根系干物质质量、皮棉产量和纤维品质的变化。结果表明,CCRI 45根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),CCRI 60根系干物质质量增加幅度和皮棉产量在SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水最大,且达到显著水平(P0.05),但CCRI 45和CCRI 60根系干物质质量和皮棉产量在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水显著低于对照。CCRI 45纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((60±5)%)和SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,CCRI 60纤维上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、伸长率和断裂比强度在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫3 d和SRWC((60±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水均高于对照,但未达到显著水平,CCRI 45和CCRI 60在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫9 d后复水纤维品质显著低于对照。在SRWC((45±5)%)干旱胁迫6 d后复水,CCRI 45根系干物质质量和皮棉产量的增加幅度大于CCRI 60,表明CCRI 45的抗旱性高于CCRI 60,且补偿能力较高。同时,棉花根系干物质质量增加量与棉花皮棉增加量存在显著的正相关关系。本研究结论将为棉花生产上适时、适度采取抗旱栽培调控措施及开展棉花节水高产栽培技术研究提供理论依据。     

Root Phenotyping For Drought Tolerance in Bean Landraces From Calabria (Italy)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is cultivated throughout Latin America and Africa, and for the European community, in Italy and Spain, areas are mainly subjected to drought stress which is predict to worsen by regional climatic models. The aims of this work were to identify the drought‐tolerant and drought‐sensitive bean landraces using drought tolerance and phenotypic plasticity indexes and to dissect the root morphological and 2D‐architecture traits related to drought tolerance. Thirty‐one landraces from diverse gene pools and areas of the Calabria region (South Italy), with different habits and morphological traits, were screened for drought tolerance in a hydroponic system. Root phenotyping was conducted by image analysis. Drought tolerance screening identified two landraces as drought tolerant and sensitive, respectively. Under drought stress, the drought‐tolerant landrace exhibited several interesting root traits such as a higher root length, surface area and, above all, the fineness of the whole root systems and, with emphasis, of the higher order roots. Drought stress induced plastic root responses in both bean landraces but with contrasting patterns. The drought‐tolerant landrace exhibited a dimorphic‐rooted strategy, which could be included in future utility for bean breeding programmes in drought‐prone environments.     

裸苗移栽棉花根系形态特征的初步观察

 对收获期裸苗移栽、营养钵育苗移栽和直播棉花的成熟棉株根系形态特征进行了剖面观察,发现裸苗移栽棉株的侧根向四周呈伞面放射状生长,可见粗而健壮的优势侧根6~8条·株^-1;营养钵移栽棉株的侧根多向一侧呈鸡爪状极性伸展,可见优势侧根1~2条或2~3条;直播棉花为典型的直根系。经测定,裸苗移栽棉花一级侧根条数44条·株^-1,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的多15.8%和37.5%;根直径0.31 cm,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的粗20.5%和88%;根干重31.9 g·株^-1,分别比营养钵移栽和直播棉的重22.2%和75.3%。     

Quantitative trait locus mapping of drought and salt tolerance in an introgressed recombinant inbred line population of Upland cotton under the greenhouse and field conditions

Drought and salt tolerances are complex traits and controlled by multiple genes, environmental factors and their interactions. Drought and salt stresses can result in more than 50% yield loss in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). G. barbadense L. (the source of Pima cotton) carries desirable traits such as tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress along with high fiber quality. However, few studies have been reported on mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for abiotic stress tolerance using a permanent bi-parental population in multiple tests. The transfer of drought and salt tolerance from Pima to Upland cotton has been a challenge due to interspecific hybrid breakdown. This issue may be overcome by using introgression lines with genes transferred from Pima to Upland cotton. In this study, four replicated tests were conducted in the greenhouse each for drought and salt tolerance along with another test conducted in a field for drought tolerance using an Upland recombinant inbred line population of TM-1/NM24016 that has a stable introgression from Pima cotton. The objectives of the study were to investigate the genetic basis of drought and salt tolerance and to identify genetic markers associated with the abiotic stress tolerance. A total of 1004 polymorphic DNA marker loci including RGA-AFLP, SSR and GBS-SNP markers were used to construct a genetic map spanning 2221.28 cM. This population together with its two parents was evaluated for morphological, physiological, yield and fiber quality traits. The results showed that drought under greenhouse and field conditions and salt stress in the greenhouse reduced cotton plant growth at the seedling stage, and decreased lint yield and fiber quality traits in the field. A total of 165 QTL for salt and drought tolerance were detected on most of the cotton chromosomes, each explaining 5.98–21.43% of the phenotypic variation. Among these, common QTL for salt and drought tolerance were detected under both the greenhouse and field conditions. This study represents the first study to report consistent abiotic stress tolerance QTL from multiple tests in the greenhouse and the field that will be useful to understand the genetic basis of drought and salt tolerance and to breeding for abiotic stress tolerance using molecular marker-assisted selection in cotton.     

棉花早、中熟品系营养器官碳氮含量变化的差异及与干物质积累的相关性

为探究不同生育期棉花品种的干物质积累及产量与其碳氮代谢相关性,采用生育期不同的2个陆地棉近等基因系早熟系4003-10和中熟系4003-6,测定生殖生长阶段蕾期至吐絮期根、茎、叶的全氮、氨基酸、非结构性碳水化合物（己糖、蔗糖和淀粉）含量及棉株各部位生物量,比较2个品系的差异,并分析营养器官含氮量与生物量的相关性。结果表明,4003-6比4003-10具有更大的铃重、衣分及皮棉产量。生殖生长阶段4003-6叶片比4003-10具有较高的全氮、氨基酸、非结构性总碳、淀粉含量及碳氮比,表明前者叶片具有较强的碳氮代谢活性和碳水化合物生产能力;4003-6的根系氨基酸水平高于4003-10,且具有更高的氮素吸收效率。在营养器官中,根系含氮量对棉花植株地上部、根系、营养器官和生殖器官的生物量积累影响最大。早熟系4003-10单株根、茎、叶的含氮量与生殖器官生物量的相关系数均高于中熟系4003-6,表明早熟品系的吸氮能力对产量影响更大。