活性炭对小白菜游离小孢子培养的影响

以24个小白菜品种为材料,通过在NLN培养基中添加不同浓度活性炭,研究其对游离小孢子培养的影响.结果表明:在NLN-13培养基中添加活性炭(0.5 g/L),有利于小孢子胚的诱导和形成,供试材料(N4,N8)添加活性炭处理胚诱导率较未添加活性炭的处理分别提高19,66.5倍.采用添加活性炭(0.5 g/L)的NLN培养基对24份小白菜品种进行游离小孢子培养,有20份材料诱导出胚,培养成功率为83.3%.表明添加活性炭的培养基对小白菜游离小孢子培养有较好的效果.不同基因型间胚诱导率差别较大,每花蕾诱导胚数为0.4～86.7个.依据胚诱导率的高低可将其分为极易诱导、易诱导、难诱导和不能诱导出胚4类.B5 6-BA 0.2 mg/L NAA 0.02 mg/L 活性炭0.5 g/L 3%蔗糖 1%琼脂培养基有利于幼胚长成植株.     

提高大白菜游离小孢子胚诱导率的研究

采用游离小孢子培养方法,对提高大白菜小孢子胚诱导和形成的因素进行了研究。结果表明,24个大白菜品种（品系）在NLN-13液体培养基中有21个品种诱导出胚。各品种间小孢子胚产量差别极大,每花蕾产胚在0．1-14．66个之间。比较添加不同浓度蔗糖和激素的NLN培养基的培养效果,以NLN＋13％蔗糖的效果较好。接种后,小孢子在33℃高温预处理24—48h,产胚量较高。B5＋6．BA0．2mg／L＋3％蔗糖＋1％琼脂培养基有利于小孢子胚长成植株。     

通过游离小孢子培养方法获得小白菜三个变种的胚胎及植株

对普通小白菜、乌塌菜和菜■三个小白菜变种的12个基因型进行了游离小孢子培养试验.从供体母株上选取2～4mm长的花蕾,机械分离小孢子并将其置于含NAA0.5mg/L、6BA0.05mg/L和蔗糖13%的NLN82液体培养基中薄层培养,先在33℃下暗培养24h,后移至25℃下继续暗培养,2周后有9个基因型形成球形期至子叶期胚.将成熟的小孢子胚移至B_5无激素琼脂培养基上,继续发育为植株.     

小白菜小孢子胚状体诱导影响因素研究

以10个小白菜杂交种为试材,采用游离小孢子培养方法,研究影响小孢子胚状体形成因素的结果表明,不同品种胚状体的诱导率不同;NLN培养基中大量元素减半有利于小孢子胚诱导,其诱导率达到100%;培养基中添加0.05 mg/L的6-BA和0.2 mg/L的NAA可以提高胚状体诱导率;活性炭和琼脂糖对诱导胚状体发生和发育有促进作用,可使子叶胚的比例达90%以上;花蕾经4℃低温预处理24 h后的成胚率显著提高。     

小白菜小孢子胚状体诱导影响因素研究

以10个小白菜杂交种为试材,采用游离小孢子培养方法,研究影响小孢子胚状体形成因素的结果表明,不同品种胚状体的诱导率不同;NLN培养基中大量元素减半有利于小孢子胚诱导,其诱导率达到100%;培养基中添加0.05 mg/L的6-BA和0.2 mg/L的NAA可以提高胚状体诱导率;活性炭和琼脂糖对诱导胚状体发生和发育有促进作用,可使子叶胚的比例达90%以上;花蕾经4℃低温预处理24 h后的成胚率显著提高.     

油菜小孢子培养和双单倍体育种研究 Ⅰ.供体植株和小孢子密度对小孢子培养的影响

在油菜小孢子培养中,通过对供体植株两种生长状况和在NLN液体培养基中三种小孢子密度的研究表明,来自生长室的供体植株,每天摘除将开放的花朵,使其停留在蕾期阶段,油菜花蕾中处于单核期至双核期的小孢子同步化程度高,单核期小孢子核质比大,增长速度快,小孢子成胚的百分率高。平均每毫升NLN液体培养基中接种1个花蕾的小孢子的处理,成胚率最高,而且胚的分化较快。     

单倍体育种技术在油菜育种材料创新上的应用研究 I．甘蓝型油菜游离小孢子胚状体的诱导发生

利用游离小孢子培养技术，对9个甘蓝型杂交油菜（品种）组合的F1代进行离体小孢子培养。2月底，当供体植株的第一朵花开时，取长度在2．5－3．5mm的花蕾通过离心分离出小孢子，并在NLN13液体培养基中浅层培养诱导胚状体产生，培养30天左右，可见到多种类型的胚状体产生。其中，黔杂991、黔杂271和黔杂18分别诱导出了30个、12个和2个胚状体，其余组合未能产生胚状体。表明：不同基因型材料，不同培养密度和不同生理状态，其小孢子胚状体产生的频率差异较大。     

单倍体育种技术在油菜育种材料创新上的应用研究Ⅰ甘蓝型油菜游离小孢子胚状体的诱导发生

利用游离小孢子培养技术,对9个甘蓝型杂交油菜(品种)组合的F1代进行离体小孢子培养.2月底,当供体植株的第一朵花开时,取长度在2.5～3.5mm的花蕾通过离心分离出小孢子,并在NLN13液体培养基中浅层培养诱导胚状体产生,培养30天左右,可见到多种类型的胚状体产生.其中,黔杂991、黔杂271和黔杂18分别诱导出了30个、12个和2个胚状体,其余组合未能产生胚状体.表明:不同基因型材料,不同培养密度和不同生理状态,其小孢子胚状体产生的频率差异较大.     

大田油菜游离小孢子培养高频胚状体诱导及植株再生

以大田生长的双低油菜品系“9841”为供试材料，研究了影响小孢子培养反应的因素。结果表明：始花期前、后一周的主轴花序为起始材料经1-2d4℃低温预处理，B5培养基为提取液游离小孢子培养于含脯氨酸200mg/L、谷氨酰胺800mg/L、蔗糖13%的NLN培养基，32℃热激1d后转入25℃常温静置培养，二周后进行45rpm振荡培养，可提高胚状体的诱导频率及正常植株再生率。     

不结球白菜游离小孢子培养成胚影响因素的研究

以17个不同基因型的不结球白菜为供试材料,对影响小孢子胚胎发生频率的若干因素进行了研究。结果表明:在秋冬季日光温室内,供试植株主花序第一朵花开后第7~14天取样,即初花期是最佳取样时期;不同基因型间小孢子胚胎发生能力差异很大,在接种的17个基因型中,有12个诱导出胚,诱导成功率71%;其中102号产胚量最高,达到32.78个/蕾;在已产胚材料中,产胚量最高的基因型是产胚量最低的基因型的546倍;较易抽薹型材料的产胚能力大于易抽薹型和不易抽薹型。以B5有机成分代替NLN有机成分,能够提高产胚量,尤其是对难成胚基因型的小孢子胚胎发生有较好的促进作用,甘露醇对小孢子分裂无促进作用。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.