子午岭林区植被自然恢复下土壤剖面团聚体特征研究

研究了子午岭林区七种植被类型土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数随植被恢复的变化规律以及这3个指标随土壤有机碳含量增加的变化规律。结果表明:植被恢复对>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数的影响可以达到70 cm土层;除白羊草群落外,0-70 cm土层上>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量随植被恢复逐渐提高,团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数随植被恢复逐渐减小,土壤结构随植被恢复逐渐改善。>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著对数相关关系(p=0.01,n=32),当有机碳含量低于18.1 mg/g时,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量随有机碳含量提高而明显提高、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数则随有机碳含量提高而明显降低,即土壤结构稳定性明显提高;当有土壤机碳含量高于18.1 mg/g,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体破坏率和水稳性团聚体分形维数渐趋稳定,即在白羊草、虎榛子、山杨和辽东栎阶段的0-5 cm土层土壤结构达到稳定状态。     

不同植被覆盖对养分在土壤水稳性团聚体中分布特征的影响

研究了重庆缙云山不同植被覆盖下土壤结构的稳定性,以及土壤有机碳和养分在水稳性团聚体中的分布特征.结果表明:不同植被覆盖对土壤水稳性团聚体的分布和土壤结构稳定性有显著影响.竹林土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量以及土壤结构的稳定性显著低于马尾松林和草地土壤.植被覆盖对养分在土壤水稳性团聚体中的分布模式没有显著影响,在>2mm水稳性团聚体和<0.053 mm粒级的粉砂与粘粒组分中,有机碳、全氮、全磷以及交换性K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的浓度最高;地表植被覆盖的变化对有机碳、全氮、全磷和交换性盐基离子在各粒级水稳性团聚体中的含量产生显著影响,草地和竹林土壤有机碳和全氮显著高于马尾松林土壤,主要表现在0.25-0.053 mm粒级水稳性团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,草地和竹林土壤显著高于马尾松林土壤;而草地土壤>2 mm水稳性团聚体和<0.053 mm粒级的粉砂与粘粒组分中的磷显著高于马尾松林和草地土壤.不同植被覆盖下土壤水稳性团聚体中交换性盐基离子均以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,占交换性盐基总量(Total exchangeable bases TEB)的91.8%～92.9%.草地土壤各个粒级的TEB都要大于其他两种植被覆盖下的土壤.     

植被恢复对干旱区生态光伏电站土壤团聚体组成及有机碳的影响

为给干旱区生态光伏电站植被恢复,土壤结构稳定性以及有机碳固持提供理论依据,选取光伏电站生态示范区内3种典型的人工植被樟子松、黄芪和苜蓿为研究对象,以未进行植被恢复工作的土地为对照,探究了不同植被恢复措施下0—40 cm土壤各粒径团聚体分布特征、稳定性水平和有机碳变化特征。结果表明:相比于对照,樟子松、黄芪和苜蓿地的水稳定性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量增加,微团聚体(<0.25 mm)含量降低,尤其是樟子松样地大团聚体含量最高。3种植被的水稳性团聚体MWD(平均重量直径)和GMD(几何平均直径)均显著高于对照,而D值明显低于对照,在整个土壤剖面中,土壤团聚体稳定性指标均以樟子松样地最佳,表明樟子松样地土壤结构改善效果明显,团聚体稳定性较高。土地的利用方式转变后,樟子松、黄芪和苜蓿地的有机碳含量和有机碳贡献率均增加,其中以樟子松样地最为突出,并且3种植被的有机碳含量增量主要源于0.25～0.053 mm粒级团聚体的贡献。樟子松样地较黄芪和苜蓿地土壤团聚体稳定性更高,更有利于提高有机碳累积量。     

不同植被覆盖对土壤有机碳矿化及团聚体碳分布的影响

植被覆盖通过其输入有机物料的差异影响着土壤养分和微生物活性,进而对其土壤的团聚过程和有机碳的矿化产生影响。该文通过对重庆缙云山四种植被类型覆盖(灌草丛、楠竹林、常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林)下土壤团聚体碳分布以及土壤有机碳矿化的分析,探讨了植被覆盖对这两者的影响以及两者的相互联系。植被覆盖影响着土壤有机碳矿化过程和团聚体碳分布。就土壤有机碳矿化累积量(42天)而言,表现为灌草丛常绿阔叶林针阔混交林楠竹林。不同植被覆盖土壤有机碳日均矿化速率在培养前期(前8天)差异较大,之后则趋于一致。除灌草丛土壤外,楠竹林、常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林覆盖土壤团聚体均以0.25～2 mm和0.25 mm团聚体为主,其总量达到65%以上。土壤团聚体平均重量直径表明灌草丛土壤结构稳定性要优于其它植被覆盖土壤,而楠竹林土壤结构稳定性最差。除灌草丛土壤外,0.25 mm团聚体是土壤有机碳的主要载体;其次是0.25～2 mm团聚体。简单相关和多元回归分析,表明土壤有机碳矿化系数与0.25 mm团聚体含量成负相关,与5 mm团聚体有机碳库成正比。因此,土壤团聚体对有机碳保护作用是土壤有机碳分配和矿化分解综合作用的结果。     

子午岭林区典型植被下土壤结构及稳定性指标分析

运用分形理论,研究了子午岭林区5种天然次生植被(以6 a天然恢复弃耕地为对照)下土壤结构特征,分析了土壤水稳性团聚体分维、孔隙分维、平均重量直径等3个指标在描述土壤结构稳定性方面的差异.研究表明,相对于弃耕地,各个植被群落均能明显改善土壤结构,降低土壤水稳性团聚体分形维数,提高孔隙分形维数,增强土壤结构的稳定性.土壤水稳性团聚体分维、孔隙分维q>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、土壤有机碳、容重的相关系数均达到了极显著水平,均能作为评价土壤结构稳定性的指标;而团聚体平均重量直径与土壤有机碳含量、容重相关性不显著,只与>5 mm团聚体含量和>0.25 mm团聚体含量有极显著正相关关系,因此,仅可作为大团聚体含量的评价指标.     

长期施用不同有机物料对土壤团聚体特征的影响

农业有机物料是重要的资源,为研究施用不同有机物料对土壤水稳性团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳的影响,采用对照(CK)、玉米秸秆(Str)、堆肥(C)、牛粪(PM)、沼渣(BgR)、生物炭(BC)6种处理,通过田间7年定位试验,利用湿筛法得到不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定土壤有机碳含量,计算了水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)值、分形维数(D)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))。结果表明:与对照相比,5种不同有机物料处理下0~15 cm土层水稳性大团聚体(0.25 mm)含量、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、土壤有机碳含量显著增加(P0.05),分形维数(D)、土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))显著减小(P0.05),土壤团聚体结构稳定性明显得到增强。土壤有机碳与水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm)含量间呈现出极显著正相关关系(P0.001)。生物炭和秸秆处理的团聚体稳定性变化最为明显,土壤结构改善效果最好,生物炭、沼渣处理最有利于促进土壤有机碳的累积。各处理15~30 cm土层,土壤团聚体及有机碳含量差异不显著(P0.05)。采取施用不同有机物料的方式对耕地进行保育,显著提高了耕作层水稳性大团聚体含量和有机碳含量,增强了团聚体结构稳定性,改善了土壤结构和肥力状况。     

接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳赋存的影响

通过一个月的室内培养试验,研究在不同土壤与植物残体施用下接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及土壤有机碳的影响。供试土壤为粘粒含量较低的潮土(86 g/kg)与粘粒含量较高的红壤(318 g/kg),试验前受试土壤的大团聚体全部人为破坏;供试植物残体为高碳氮比的玉米秸秆与低碳氮比的三叶草残体;供试蚯蚓为威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)。试验结果表明:不同土壤与植物残体施用下,蚯蚓对土壤水稳性团聚体分布、微团聚体分散性及土壤有机碳赋存的作用不同,潮土中施用两种植物残体时,接种蚯蚓均显著降低土壤粘粒分散率(P0.05),但不对水稳性团聚体分布及团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)产生影响,同时赋存于粘粉粒中的有机碳含量均增加;红壤中施用两种植物残体时,接种蚯蚓均显著降低土壤粘粒及粘粉粒分散率(P0.05),同时均形成2 mm大团聚体,2～0.25 mm大团聚体所占比例及MWD也显著增加(P0.05),相应赋存于2 mm大团聚体与2～0.25 mm大团聚体中的土壤有机碳含量均显著增加(P0.05)。两种土壤在施用植物残体且接种蚯蚓时均可显著增加土壤有机碳的含量(P0.05)。对于水土流失和土壤结构严重退化的地区,通过施用植物残体并接种蚯蚓是恢复土壤结构与增加土壤有机碳储存的重要生态工程措施。     

免耕对土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳储量的影响

以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,研究免耕条件下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳储量的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对黄淮海平原土壤结构和质量的影响提供科学依据。设置免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆不还田(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析土壤表层(0~20 cm)及深层(20~60 cm)水稳性团聚体分布特征、土壤有机碳以及团聚体有机碳的变化和相互关系。研究结果表明:由于减少了对土壤的破坏以及增加了秸秆还田和有机肥的施用,与常规耕作相比,NT和NTRR可提高表层土壤有机碳含量和储量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),以及大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量。其中,秸秆覆盖比施用有机肥对表层土壤有机碳储量和0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳储量的提高具有更显著的作用。与表层不同,深层土壤有机碳和大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量表现为NT相似文献   

不同土地利用与施肥管理下黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配变化

土地利用和土壤管理方式的变化强烈影响土壤结构及土壤有机碳的稳定机制。基于长期定位试验,通过分析土壤团聚体粒级及碳分布,以揭示和探讨不同土地利用和施肥管理下东北黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配特征及其稳定性机制。通过分析>0.25mm团聚体的变化,草地植被恢复和农田有机培肥团聚体稳定性显著提高。所有处理团聚体碳的分布趋势均表现为:>0.25mm团聚体>微团聚体>粉粘粒。草地粗颗粒有机碳总量和细颗粒有机碳总量均显著高于裸地和无肥处理(p<0.05),表明自然植被恢复可有效提高物理保护颗粒有机碳含量。农田有机培肥明显增加粗颗粒有机质(p<0.05),但并没有提高细颗粒有机质的量。物理保护颗粒有机碳占土壤总碳的比例为10.1%～18.6%,平均约15%。平均重量直径与粗、细颗粒有机碳的相关性达极显著水平(p<0.001),特别是与>2mm团聚体内各颗粒有机质组分碳的相关性更强(r≥0.9,p<0.001)。长期植被恢复和增施有机肥不仅可提高土壤碳库储量,并增强了土壤结构稳定性及土壤组分有机碳的物理性保护。     

喀斯特石漠化地区土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳分布特征的影响

分析石漠化地区三种常见的土地利用方式（撂荒地,AL;玉米地,CF;果树地,FD）对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布的影响,为喀斯特石漠化地区地力提升提供理论依据。采集同一区域不同土地利用方式土壤样品,采用干筛法和湿筛法进行团聚体分级,对比分析不同土地利用方式下土壤养分含量及土壤团聚体的粒径分布、结构稳定性、有机碳的分布特征。结果表明,FD各土壤养分均高于AL和CF,其中FD的土壤有机碳含量分别较AL和CF显著提高25.45%和21.86%,全氮含量显著提高22.42%和19.76%。FD > 5 mm机械性和水稳性团聚体组成均显著高于AL和CF,< 0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体组成则显著低于AL和CF。不同土地利用方式 > 0.25 mm团聚体组成（R_0.25）、平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）均表现为FD > AL > CF,团聚体破坏率（PAD）和不稳定团粒指数（E_LT）则表现出相反趋势。FD不同粒径团聚体有机碳含量分别较AL和CF提高了4.39% ~ 36.69%和8.11% ~ 27.51%,且 > 5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率分别较AL和CF显著提高了6.03%和9.64%,而 < 0.25 mm粒径团聚体有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率则显著降低了46.02%和57.42%。相关分析表明土壤有机碳含量与MWD、GMD、R_0.25 呈显著正相关,土壤有机碳含量是影响土壤团聚体稳定性最重要的土壤养分指标。在喀斯特石漠化较严重地区,采取退耕还林可提高土壤养分和改善土壤团粒结构,促进喀斯特石漠化生态环境的改善。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.